IAVIES  OF  THE  WORLD; 


GIVING  CONCISE  DESCRIPTIONS  OP  THE 


PLANS,  ARMAMENT  AND  ARMOR 


NAVAL  VESSELS 


OP 


TWENTY    OF   THE   PRINCIPAL    NATIONS. 


TOGETHER    WITH   THE 


LATEST  DEVELOPMENTS  IN  ORDNANCE,  TORPEDOES, 
AND   NAVAL  ARCHITECTURE, 


AND  A  CONCISE  SUMMARY  OF  THE 


PRINCIPAL  NAVAL  BATTLES  OF  THE  LAST  TWENTY  YEARS, 

I860— 188O. 


LIEUT.  EDWARD  W.  VERY,  U.S.N. 


NEW  YORK: 

JOHN    WILEY    &    SONS, 

15   ASTOR   PLACE. 

1880. 


\ 


COPYRIGHTED,  1880,  BY 
JOHN   WILEY   &   SON. 


PREFACE 


DURING  the  past  twenty  years  the  changes  in  the  "  materiel" 
of  which  fleets  are  composed  have  been  so  rapid  and  universal 
that  it  has  been  impossible  at  any  time  to  form  a  true  estimate 
of  the  strength  of  the  navy  of  any  maritime  power  that 
would  be  of  any  value  beyond  a  very  limited  time.  With 
displacements  advancing  from  5000  to  13,000  tons  ;  weight  and 
power  of  ordnance  developing  beyond  the  most  exaggerated 
conceptions  of  twenty  years  ago ;  torpedo  warfare  springing 
into  existence  and  developing  as  a  new  and  special  arm ; 
modifications  in  engines  and  boilers  by  which  speed  has  been 
developed  from  12  to  18  knots,  and  steaming  capacity  from 
2500  to  6000  miles ;  the  revolution  of  naval  tactics,  and  the 
entire  change  in  the  conditions  of  naval  warfare  brought 
about  by  the  development  of  armor  defence  and  the  ram  attack, 
—it  is  only  through  paying  the  closest  attention  and  under  ex- 
ceptionally favorable  circumstances  that  naval  officers  have 
been  able  to  comprehend  the  magnitude  of  the  general 
•  result. 

It  is  only  within  the  past  two  years  that  the  craze  for  naval 
development  has  subsided  to  a  slow  and  steady  advance,  and 
the  present  time  has  been  seized  upon  as  one  favorable  for 
measuring  the  actual  strength  and  resources  of  the  navies  of 
the  world. 

In  preparing  this  work  the  author  has  simply  aimed  ai 
representing  in  as  detailed  a  manner  as  possible  all  the 
elements  which  go  to  make  up  the  active  naval  strength, 
leaving  to  those  who  in  their  search  for  information  may 
have  recourse  to  the  data  herein  presented  to  estimate  the 


M29843 


PREFACE.  IV 

values  of  these  elements  as  they  are  developed  and  combined 
in  different  navies,  and  to  judge  for  themselves  of  the  true 
value  of  the  results  obtained. 

In  collecting  this  data  the  greatest  care  has  been  taken  to 
only  give  such  as  is  entirely  authentic.  For  the  most  part  it 
has  come  from  official  sources,  and,  wherever  it  has  been  neces- 
sary to  make  comparisons  or  to  give  opinions,  the  writer  has 
in  no  case  given  his  own  independent  ideas  on  the  subject. 
The  principal  authorities,  aside  from  official  records,  whose 
works  have  been  consulted  are  :  Reed,  White,  Dislere,  Marchal, 
and  De  St.  Bon,  on  Naval  Architecture  ;  Owens,  Mayevski, 
Sebert,  Miiller,  and  Cooke,  on  Ordnance ;  Schleeman  and 
Stotherd,  on  Torpedoes ;  and  Yon  Billerbeck,  on  the  iron-clads 
of  the  first  decade. 

EDWARD  W.  VERY, 

Lieutenant  U.  S.  Navy. 
WASHINGTON,  June,  1880. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

PART  I.— FLEETS 1 

Argentine  Confederation,  Austria,  Brazil,  Chili,  China,  Denmark, 
England  (Armored  Fleet,  Unarmored  Fast  Cruisers),  France 
(Armored  Fleet,  Unarmored  Fast  Cruisers),  Germany,  Greece, 
Holland,  Italy,  Japan,  Norway  and  Sweden,  Peru,  Portugal, 
Russia,  Spain,  Turkey,  United  States. 

THE  PRINCIPAL    BATTLES  OF  TWENTY  YEARS — 1860-1880. 

Bombardments  of  Earthworks. — Hatteras  Inlet,  Hilton  Head,  Fort 
Henry,  Roanoke  Island,  Fort  Donelson,  Fort  Darling,  Fort  Hind- 
man,  Grand  Gulf,  Simonoseki,  Kagosima,  Fort  Wagner,  Fort  Mc- 
Allister, Fort  Fisher,  Danube  Forts,  Callao. 

Bombardments  of  Masonry  Forts.—  Fort  Sumter,  Forts  Jackson  and 
St.  Philip. 

Passages  of  Forts. — Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  Vicksburg  Earth- 
works, Port  Hudson  Earthworks,  Fort  Morgan,  Vicksburg  Earth- 
works (second  time). 

Assaults. — Fort  Sumter,  Fort  Fisher,  Korean  Forts. 

Deliberate  General  Actions. — Memphis,  Helgoland,  Lissa. 

Dfishes. — Passages  of  the  Mississippi,  Vicksburg,  Charleston. 

Iron-Glads  against  Wooden  Vessels.  —  Hampton  Roads,  Roanoke 
River,  Albemarle  Sound,  Black  Sea,  Ylo  Bay,  Iquique  Harbor. 

Duels. — Monitor  and  Merrimac  ;  Alabama  and  Hatteras  ;  Wre- 
hawken  and  Atlanta  ;  Kearsarge  and  Alabama  ;  Meteor  and  Bou- 
vet  ;  Alrnirante  Cochrane,  Blanco  Encalada,  and  Huascar. 


PART  II.— NAVAL  ORDNANCE „ 175 

Austria. — Tables  of  Weight  and  Measurement.    Uchatius  Construc- 
tion. 

Argentine  Confederation,  Brazil,  Chili,  China,  Denmark 
KnyluiKl.—  Tables  of  Weight  and  Measurement.    Woolwich  Guns, 
Armstrong  Guns.    Gun-Carriages.    Gunpowder.    Carl  ridges.     Pro- 
jectiles.    Fuses.      Primers.     Sights.    Palliser  Construction,    Whit- 
worth  Construction,  Vavasscur  Construction. 


covrK.vrs.  vi 

PAGE 

France. — Tables  of  Weight  and    Measurement.      Guns.     Carriages. 

Gunpowder      Cartridges.    Projectiles.    Fuses.    Primers.     Sights. 

Aceessories. 
(i<  r many  — Tables  of  Weight  and  Measurement.    Guns.    Carriages, 

Gunpowder      Projectiles.     Fuses. 
Italy  — Tables  of  Weight  and  Measurement.   Guns. 
Greece,  Holland,  Japan. 
Sweden  and  Norway. — Tables  of  Weight  and  Measurement.    Guns. 

Nordenfelt  Machine- Gun,  Palmcrantz  Machine- Gun. 
Russia. — Tables  of  Weight  and  Measurement.    Guns. 
Peru,  Portugal,  Spain,  Turkey. 
United  States.  — Tables  of  Weight  and  Measurement.  Guns.  Carriages. 

Gunpowder.    Projectiles.    Fuses.    Sights.   Accessories.   Hotchkiss 

Machine-Gun,  Gatling  Machine- Gun. 
Small-Arms. — Snider,  Tabatiere,  Krnka,  Springfield,  Peabody-Mar- 

tini,    Werndl,   Mauser,  Le  Gras  (Chassepot),  Berdan,  Remington, 

Hotchkiss  Magazine. 
Recapitulatory  Table  of  Naval  Ordnance.     Penetration  Tables. 


PART  III.— TORPEDOES 323 

Whitehead,  Lay,  Harvey,  Menzing,  French  Towing,  American  Spar- 
Torpedo.  Torpedo  Vessels — Pietro  Micca,  Ran,  Ziethen,  Vesuvius, 
Uzreef,  Alarm,  Intrepid,  Destroyer,  Uhlan.  Torpedo  fymin— 
Thorneycroft,  Yarrow,  Herreshoff ;  Ship's  Boats  ;  Submarine 
Boats.  Drifting  Torpedoes.  Defences  against  Torpedoes.  Defen- 
*/'/•<>.  ']'<> rpcd vex — Frame  Torpedo,  Brooks' s  Torpedo,  Singer's  Tor- 
pedo, Barrel  Torpedo.  Torpedo  Fuses.  Clearing  Channels  of 
Torpedoes.  Actions  with  Torpedoes  during  twenty  years. 


PART  IV. — ARCHITECTURE  AND  CONSTRUCTION 355 

Architectural  Development  of  the  Unarmored  Fleet;  Chart  of  the 
Arcliiicciunil  Development.  Constructional  Development  of  the 
rnaniiored  Fleet — Wooden  ( 'onstruct ion,  Diagonal  Construction, 
Composite  Construction,  Iron  Construction,  Iron  Sheathed  with 
Wood.  Architectural  Development  of  Armored  Vessels,  Katiosof 
i  lie  Principal  Elements  of  Iron-clad  Vessels  to  their  Displacement. 


PART  V. — PERSONNEL;  BUDGETS 397 

Argentine  Republic,  Austria,  Bra/.il,  Chili,  England,  France,  Ger- 
many, Holland,  Italy,  Japan,  Norway  and  Sweden,  Russia,  Spain, 
Turkey,  United  States,  Denmark,  Greece,  Peru,  Portugal.  Table 
of  Budgets  of  Sixteen  Navies,  from  1875  to  1880. 


IP.ART  I. 


FLEETS. 


FLEETS. 


AEGENTINE. 


ARGENTINE    CONFEDERATION    IRON-CLADS. 


nil 

i 

1 

TYPE  AND  NAME. 

5J           <w 

£•«        o 

1 

i 

•o 

oo 
= 

BATTEBT. 

|&          | 

H  ;  | 

i3       « 

Q 

I 

Indicate 
power. 

Maximu 

j 

1 
1 

•BOJ  f 

Ft.     JFt. 

Ft. 

Tons. 

Knots. 

In. 

Ft. 

til    El  Plata.... 

165      44     101^ 

1.800 

750 

12 

tyi 

12 

II  9-inch  Armstrong, 

«||  |  El  Andes.... 

165   j  44     mi  ., 

1,800 

750 

12 

^ 

12 

II  9-inch 

GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET. 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

S 

0 

TYPE  AITD  NAME. 

j 

l 

Iron  Screw  Gun-  Iron  Cor- 
Gun-boats.  boats.  vettes. 

Tons. 

800 

800 
750 
750 
750 
750 
1,000 
400 
400 

4 
2 

1 
1 
1 

1 
6 
1 
1 

*  fCoronel  Paz 

Tons. 
700 

600 
300 
120 
120 
150 
220 
Thorney 

3 
2 

1 
1 

1 
1 

croft 

Uruguay  

I^Pavon  
<§  {_  Gualeguaz  

Constitucion 

Republica           

f  Luisita  

Berme  jo    

i      1 

a  -/:  1  Choelechoel  
SB  i 

Almirante  Brown  
Vigilante 

^     [Rio  Negro 

Torpedo  vessels  

ARGENTINE. 


EL  PLATA. 


EL    ANDES. 


,  High-sided  ram  monitors.  Armored  belt,  casemate,  and 
single  turrets.  Ram  bow  and  round  stern.  Twin  screws  and 
half  sail-power.  (See  Buffel,  Dutch.) 


PARANA. 


URUGUAY. 


Iron,  fcecon£4e)aSs  corvettes,  sheathed  with  wood,  carrying 
two  n'-i-iiK-h  pivots  amidships,  two  20-pdrs.  in  broadside,  and  a 


light  forecastle  gun.    Covered  poop  and  forecastle.      Bridge 
just  forward  of  the  main -mast.     Single  screw,  full  sail-power. 


CONSTITUCION, 


REPUBLICA. 


BERMEJO. 


PILCOMAVO. 


Iron,  double-screw,  second-class  gun-boats,  carrying  one  12- 
inch  gun  firing  through  a  bow-port.     (See  Alpha,  Chinese.) 


AUSTRIA, 


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AUSTRIA. 


TEGETTHOFP. 

Partial  armored  belt  and  long  redoubt.  Ram  bow, 
straight  overhanging  stern.  The  armored  belt  encircles  the 
water-line  aft  and  as  far  forward  as  the  commencement  of  the 
bow-frames,  where  it  ends  in  an  armored  bulkhead,  the  lower 
edge  being  carried  forward  in  a  heavy  steel  deck,  the  thickness 
of  the  belt  being  carried  out  to  the  bow  with  cork  filling. 
The  belt  rises  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams.  The 


redoubt  has  an  overhang  of  five  feet,  being  cut  back  in  the 
wake  of  the  centre-ports  as  a  protection  to  the  muzzles  of  the 
guns.  The  corners  are  cut  and  hollowed  for  angular  ports, 
giving  bow  and  beam  fire.  The  sides  are  given  a  rank  tum- 
ble home  forward  and  abaft  the  redoubt,  to  open  the  fore- 
and-aft  fire.  An  armored  pilot-house  rises  well  above  the 
spar-deck  rail  at  the  forward  end  of  the  redoubt.  A  heavily 
armored  athwartship  bulkhead  crosses  the  redoubt  just  abaft 
the  forward  guns  as  a  protection  from  raking  fire.  Three-quar- 
ter sail-power,  barkentine  rig,  single  screw. 


CU8TOZA. 


ERZHEBZOG  ALBRECHT. 


Armored  belt  and  double-decked  casemate ;  ram  bow,  round 
overhanging  stern,  single  screw,  full  sail-power.     The  armored 


AUSTRIA. 


belt  encircles  the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck 
beams,  the  casemate  rising  sheer  to  the  top  of  the  spar-deck 
rail.  Forward,  the  side  is  carried  back  from  the  main-deck  up, 


parallel  to  the  keel,  to  open  bow-lire  from  the  forward  £juns. 
Aft,  the  side  is  recessed  for  the  upper  deck  alone.  Stern-lire  is 
secured  from  a  single  unprotected  heavy  spar-deck  rifle  work- 
ing in  three  ports  for  stern  and  beam  fire.  The  Albrecht 
has  1200  tons  less  displacement  than  the  Custoza,  with  a 
lighter  battery  and  a  speed  one  half  knot  less.  The  case- 
mare  guns  each  work  in  two  ports  for  fore-and-aft  and  beam 
fire.  * 


LISSA. 


KAISER. 


Armored  belt,  casemate,  and  spar-deck  redoubt.  Earn  bow, 
round  overhanging  stern,  single  screw,  full  sail-power.  The 
belt  encircles  the  ship  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams. 
There  is  no  fore-and-aft  fire  from  the  casemate,  that  being 
secured  by  an  upper-deck  redoubt  mounted  on  the  forward 
end  of  the  casemate  and  having  an  overhang  of  about  five 
feet.  (See  Sultan's  spar-deck  redoubt.)  Mixed  construction, 
the  armored  part  of  the  hull  being  of  wood  and  the  unarmored 
upper  wrorks  of  iron. 


DON  JUAN. 


KAISER  MAX. 


PRINZ  EUGEN. 


Armored  belt  and  casemate,  ram  bow,  round  overhanging 
stern,  single  screw,  full  sail-power.  The  belt  encircles  the 
water-line 'to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams,  coming  down 
forward  in  a  curve  over  the  point  of  the  ram.  The  casemate 
rises  to  the  spar-deck  beams.  The  side  forward  on  the  main- 


8 


AUSTRIA. 


deck  is  recessed  to  open  forward  fire  from  the  casemate.     No 
after-fire  from  the  casemate,  that  being  secured  by  unprotected 


light  stern-guns.     These  ships  are  rebuilt  from  broadside  iron- 
clads. 


FERDINAND  MAX. 


HAPSBURG. 


SALAMANDER. 


Broadside  frigates;  ram  bow,  round  stern,  single  screw, 
full  sail-power.  The  armor  is  complete  from  below  the  water- 
line  to  the  spar-deck  beams,  coming  down  forward  in  steps, 
below  the  point  of  the  ram,  to  give  a  heavy  support  and  a  strong 


FERDINAND    MAX. 


junction  between  the  wooden  hull  and  the  armor.  Armored 
pilot-house  just  abaft  the  main-mast.  There  is  a  light  armored 
traverse  forward,  forming  the  forward  part  of  the  spar-deck 
rail  and  protecting  a  bow-gun  working  in  two  large  bow-ports 
for  fore-and-aft  and  beam  fire.  The  Ferdinand  Max  is  the 
frigate  that  sank  the  Re  d' Italia  by  ramming  at  the  battle  of 
Lissa. 


AUSTRIA. 


MAROS. 


LEITHA. 


Single-turreted,  light-draft  river  monitors.  The  freeboard 
is  38  inches  amidships  and  20  inches  forward  and  abaft,  the 
deck  being  curved  fore  and  aft.  The  turret  is  revolved  by 
hand,  having  on  top  of  it  an  armored  pilot-house.  The  weak- 
ness in  the  hull  armor  is  made  up  by  sinking  the  ship  when 
going  into  action  until  only  the  amidship  part  is  out  of  water. 
The  bow  and  stern  ends  are  completely  unarmored. 

SPALATO  (LATE  DRACHE). 

Originally  a  sister-ship  to  the  Salamander;  now  being 
rebuilt  as  a  citadel-ship  on  the  general  plan  of  the  Inflexible, 
but  to  carry  one  turret  armed  with  two  17-inch  rifles. 


AUSTRIAN    GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET. 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Disnlace- 
irient. 

Guns. 

TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Guns. 

:|3 

Radetzky  
Laudon 

Tons. 
3,380 

3380 

15 
15 

rfl 

Narenta  
Sansego  

Tons. 
530 

344 

2 
2 

Donau 

2400 

11 

Move  

364 

2 

Saida 

2400 

11 

Miraniar 

1,800 

2 

1  690 

14 

Elisabeth     

1,540 

5 

• 

Erzherzog  Friedrich 

1  540 

14 

I 

Garguano  

1,355 

2 

I 

1  940 

4 

i 

Triest  

885 

2 

i 

Helgoland  

1,790 
1  320 

5 
4 

Paddle  G 

Andreas  Hofer  
Taurus             

816 
560 

3 
3 

1  320 

4 

Triton     

177 

2 

1  320 

4 

2  I 

Greif  

1,330 

2 

^ 

886 

4 

Fantasie       

325 

fHun 

886 

4 

Pola  

895 

2 

Zara 

815 

2 

III 

2,115 

2 

i 

640 

2 

354 

2 

5  - 
O 

560 

2 

Gemse       

2 

I 

560 

2 

i 

Alnoch 

177 

i 

Kerka 

530 

2 

I 

Thurn  Taxis  

118 

40 

School-ships.    Guard-ships.    Hulks.    Store-ships.     Thorneycroft  torpedo-boats  rigged 
for  Whitehead  torpedoes. 


10 


BRAZIL. 


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BRAZIL. 


11 


SOLIMOES. 


JAVARI. 


Double-turreted,  low-freeboard  monitors  of  the  American 
type.    No  overhang.    Twin  screws.    Guns  loaded  by  hydraulic 


SOLIMOES. 

•apparatus  outside  the  turrets.  ~No  port  stoppers  or  shutters. 
Magazines  and  shell-rooms  under  the  turrets.  Pilot-house  just 
abaft  the  forward  turret.  Flying  deck  communicating  with 
the  lower  deck  by  a  musket-proof  passage,  and  armed  with 
two  9-pdr.  "Whitworth  rifles  and  two  Gatling  guns  for  defence 
against  torpedo-boats.  Armor  of  decreasing  thickness  at  bow 
and  stern.  Boats  stow  on  the  flying  deck  without  davits,  being 
hoisted  in  and  out  by  a  derrick  and  the  signal-mast.  Water- 
closets  and  bath-rooms  on  the  flying  deck. 


LIMA  BARROS. 


SILVADO. 


BAIIIA. 


Double-turreted,  high  freeboard  vessels  with  a  drop  rail ; 
three-quarter  sail-power.  (See  Prinz  Hendrik,  Dutch.)  The 
.Silvado  is  unseaworthy. 

BRAZIL. 

Armored  belt  and  casemate  ;  ram  bowr,  round  stern.     The 


belt  encircles  the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  upper  deck. 


BRAZIL. 


The  casemate  springs  up  sheer  from  the  upper  deck  with  ports: 
in  all  four  faces  for  all-around  lire.  There  is  no  direct  com- 
munication between  the  forward  and  after  parts  of  the  ves- 
sel except  through  the  casemate  ports.  Single  screw,  full 
sail-power. 


CABRAL. 


COLOMBO. 


Similar  to  the  Brazil,  but  smaller.  In  these  vessels  the 
casemate  is  divided  into  two  sections  by  the  engine,  which  pro- 
jects into  it. 


TAMANDARE. 


BARROSO. 


Similar  to  the  Brazil,  but  smaller  and  having  no  fore-and- 
aft  lire  at  all. 


THE    SIX    RIVER    MONITORS. 


Single-turreted,  light-draft  river  monitors,  the  turrets  being- 
square  and  mounted  on  turn-tables. 


BRAZILIAN    WOODEN    FLEET. 
(STEAM.) 


TYPE  AXT>  NAME. 

Guns. 

TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Guns. 

1  Paddle-wheel  Screw  Gun  Pad.  II.-  Screw 
j  Gun-boats.  boats.  Corvetio  Corvettes.  Fri^K.-. 

[Amazonas  .  .  . 

14 

14 
3 
6 
8 
3 

4 

3 
1 
1 

2 

1 

1 

1  Paddle-wheel  Paddl-ewheel 
Transports.  Tenders.  Gun-boats. 

Greenhalgh     ...               .   . 

2 
4 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
2 
1 
Z 
2: 

Taquary  

Trajano  
Vital  de  Oliveira  

Mn~o 

Henrique  Martins  

L.  Felippe  CamarSo 

f  Bonifacio  

Braconnot  

Paraense            .  . 

Apa 

Moema 

'  Araffuary  

Pedro  AflTonso  

Forte  de  Coimbra  

Ypiranga  

MoHoirft 

1 
Henrique  Diaz  

Vidal  de  Nepreiros  

Punes  

Fernandas  Vieira  

, 

CHILI. 


13 


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CHILI. 


ALMIRANTE  COCIIRANE. 


BLANCO  ENCALADA. 


Armored  belt  and  redoubt,  ram  bow,  round  stern,  twm 
screws,  three-quarter  sail-power.  The  armored  belt  encloses 
the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams.  The  re- 
doubt is  crenelated,  the  after-part  having  an  overhang  of  about 


ALMIRANTE  COCHRANE. 


five  feet,  thus  giving  clear  forward  fire  to  the  first  two  pairs 
of  guns.  The  ship  s  side  forward  and  abaft  the  redoubt  is 
given  a  rank  tumble  home  to  open  the  fire.  Clear,  flush  upper 
deck. 


HUASCAR. 


Sea-going  turret  vessel.     Swan-breasted  ram  bow,  pointed 


>Tcni.  > ingle  screw,  three-Quarter   sail-power.     Armored  belt 
encircling  the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  upper-deck  beams. 


CHILI.  15 

Tripod  fore-mast  with  the  single  turret  just  abaft  it.  No  direct 
bow-tire  on  account  of  a  topgallant  forecastle,  and  no  direct 
stern-tire  from  the  turret  owing  to  a  poop-cabin.  Light,  unpro- 
tected poop-guns  secure  tire  in  this  direction.  Drop-rail  in 
wake  of  the  turret.  Armored  pilot-house  just  abaft  turret. 
(Captured  in  1879  from  the  Peruvians.) 


1C 


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Frigates. 

13 

Light   River  Gun- 

boats. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Tons. 

Knots. 

'Alpha  i 

118 

27 

9 

325 

300 

9 

I  11  -inch  Armstrong. 

Beta  

118 

27 

9 

325 

300 

9 

I  11-inch 

. 

Gamma  

120 

30 

9 

400 

340 

9 

112^-inch   *   " 

] 

Delta 

120 

30 

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400 

340 

9 

1  12^-inch        " 

|- 

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125 

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440 

389 

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t 

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440 

389 

10 

I  12-inch  Vavasseur. 

a 

Fu  Shing  

128 

29 

10^ 

440 

389 

10 

1  12-inch 

Lung  Lang  

125 

23 

JQ1/ 

440 

389 

10 

I  12-inch 

>  Torpedo-boats.    Transports.    Junks.    Hulks.    Guard-  and  School-  Ships. 

RIVER   GUN-BOATS. 

Iron,  twin-screw  gun-boats,  carrying  one  heavy 'gun  firing 
through  a  musket-proof  bow-port.  Hydraulic  loading  appa- 
ratus underneath  the  covered  forecastle.  Magazine  and  shell- 
rooms  under  the  gun,  with  side-hatches  and  railways  for  trans- 
porting the  ammunition  to  the  muzzle.  Bridge  across  the 
after-part  of  the  high  musket-proof  rail,  with  steering-wheel 


just  abaft  it  and  so  low  as  only  to  permit  the  helmsman's  head 
to  come  above  the  rail.  After-rail  low,  with  a  musket-proof 
booby-hatch  over  the  engine-room. 


DENMABK. 


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18 


DKXMAKK. 


DANISH    UXARMORED   FLEET, 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Guns. 

TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Guns. 

,.  fNielsJuel  

1-jSjalland  
•c 
fe  ^Jylland 

Tons. 
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2,350 
2,420 
1,175 
1,176 
1,546 
350 
350 
240 

26 
26 
2b 
14 
14 
5 
1 
1 
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Storebelt  

Tons. 
240 

240 
145 
145 
145 
145 
145 
95 
50 

: 

2 
2 
2 
2 

2 

1 
1 

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Thure 

1  fHeimdal  
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jj  fFalster  
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Schroedersee  
Willemoes  

Krieger  
Marstrand 

Hauch 

O  |_  Oresund 

Drogden 

DANMARK. 


PEDER  SKRAM. 


Broadside  iron-clad  frigates  (See  Ferdinand  Max,  Austrian), 
gtill  capable  of  forming  part  of  cruising  fleet,  but  of  little  use 
beyond  harbor  defence. 


ROLF   KRAKE. 


Monitor  gun-boat,  having  a  superstructure  forming  a  cov- 
ered forecastle  forward  and  officers'  quarters  aft,  the  upper  line 


ROLF  KRAKE. 


of  the  superstructure  being  cMi-rii-d  along  by  a  rail  in  wake  of 
the  turrets,  which  may  be  dropped  in  action.  Her  turrets  are 
small,  containing  <mt'  gun  t'uch  and  capable  of  being  turned  by 
hand  or  by  steam  (Coles  system).  The  armored  belt  comes 


DKN.M  ARK. 


19 


to  the  height  of  the  deck-beams,  and  the  deck  is  convex,  plated 
with  f-inch  steel.  An  armored  pilot-house-is  placed  well  aft. 
She  has  full  sail-power. 


LINDORMEN. 


GORM. 


(See 


Single-turreted,    breast-work,   light-draft    monitors. 
Buffel,  Dutch.) 

HELGOLAND. 

Casemated  iron-clad  frigate  with  complete  armored  belt. 
No  bow  or  stern  tire  from  the  casemate,  which  carries  four  10J- 
inoh  Krupp  rifles.  Forward  on  the  upper  deck  is  placed  a  12- 
inch  Krupp  pivot  for  bow  and  beam  fire.  Her  armor  at  the 
water-line  is  12  inches,  diminishing  to  6  at  the  bow  and  stern. 
She  is  provided  with  apparatus  for  discharging  Whitehead  tor- 
pedoes from  each  beam  above  water. 

ODIN. 

Armored  belt  with  elevated  casemate.  (See  Brazil,  Brazil- 
ian.) The  casemate  contains  four  lOJ-inch  Armstrong  muzzle- 
loaders,  each  of  which  tires  from  two  ports.  She  has  no  spars 
except  signal-masts. 


INGOLF. 


ABSALON. 


ESBERN  SNARE. 


FYLLA. 


DIANA. 


Armored  gun-boats,  having  fine  lines  and  an  armored  belt 
from  two  feet  below  the  water-line  to  the  deck-beams.    Three 


INGOLF. 


unprotected  pivot-guns  working  amidships  on  centre-pivot  car- 
riages and  firing  over  the  rail.  Full'  sail-power  and  hoisting 
screw. 

The  wooden  fleet  is  of  the  ordinary  type  of  old-style  steam 
corvettes  and  gun-boats. 


20 


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ENGLAND. 


WARRIOR. 


BLACK  PRINCE. 


DEFENCE. 


RESISTANCE. 


Armored  broadside  frigates.  The  armor  of  these  ships  con- 
sists of  a  long  casemate  covering  the  battery  only,  and  extend- 
ing from  about  two  feet  below  the  water-line  to  the  spar-deck 


beams.  The  bow  and  stern  sections  are  left  completely  un- 
protected, the  armor  forward  and  aft  ending  in  athwartship 
bulkheads.  The  hull  is  divided  into  a  number  of  very  large 
water-tight  compartments.  The  extreme  forward  part  of  the 
upper-deck  rail  is  recessed  to  permit  straight-ahead  fire  from  the 
fore-castle  guns.  The  bows  of  these  ships,  although  not  built 
especially  for  ramming,  are  made  very  heavy  to  permit  of  this 
mode  of  attack  with  safety.  Full  sail-power. 


HECTOR. 


VALIANT. 


Armored  broadside  frigates  with  swan-breasted  ram  bows. 
The  armor  of  these  ships  consists  of  a  belt  around  the  main- 


VALIANT. 


deck,  whilst  the  boilers  and  engines  are  in  a  casemate.     The 
water-line  forward  and  abaft  is  unprotected.     Full  sail-power. 


ACHILLES. 


Armored  broadside  frigate  with  straight  bow  strengthened 
for  ramming.     The  armor  of  this  ship  consists  of  a  water-line 


ENGLAND. 


a 


ACHILLES. 


belt  the  height  of  the  gun-deck  beams  and  a  casemate  for  the 
battery.  Full  sail-power.  No  bow-fire  except  from  an  unpro- 
tected forecastle  gun,  (See  Warrior.) 


NORTHUMBERLAND. 


MINOTAUR. 


AGINCOURT. 


Armored  broadside  frigates,  swan-breasted  bow  for  ram- 
ming.    The   armor  in   these   ships  may  be  called  complete, 


MINOTAUR. 


forming  a  belt  rising  to  the  height  of  the  spar-deck  beams  fore 
and  aft.     Full  sail-power  (5  masts). 


BELLEROPHON. 


REPULSE. 


LORD   WARDEN. 


Armored  broadside  frigates  with  ram  bows.  The  armor  in 
these  ships  is  complete,  rising  to  the  height  of  the  spar-deck 
beams,  and  in  addition  having  a  casemated  forecastle.  The 
Lord  Warden  and  Repulse  have  wooden  hulls,  having  been 


LORD  WARDEN. 


originally  laid  down  for  wooden  line-of -battle  ships.     The  Bel- 
lerophon  carries  heavier  armor  and  more  effective  backing  at 


ENGLAND. 


the  water-line  than  any  of  the  foregoing  ships.  •  These  ships 
have  full  sail-power.     The  Bellerophon  is  a  good  sailer. 


PALLAS. 


RESEARCH. 


Armored  belt  and  redoubt,  the  side  being  cut  back  just  for- 
ward and  abaft  the  redoubt  to  permit  the  broadside  guns  to 


fire  well  forward  and  aft  through  adjacent  ports.  These  ships 
have  wooden  hulls,  having  been  originally  laid  down  ,f  or  wood- 
en frigates.  The  Pallas  is  a  remarkably  fine  sailing  ship. 


HERCULES. 


SUPERB. 


PENELOPE. 


Armored  belt  and  long  armored  redoubt,  the  sides  being 
cut  back  for  bow-fire.     The  Hercules  has  armored  breastworks 


at  the  bow  and  stern  on  the  battery-deck  for  heavy  bow  and 
stern  guns.     The  Superb  is  the  late  Memdouhieh  (Turkish). 

*  The  Pallas  and  Research  were  sold  out  of  service  in  1880. 


26 


ENGLAND. 


SULTAN. 


Armored  belt  and  long  armored  redoubt.     The  side  for- 
ward of  the  redoubt  is  cut  back  for  forward  lire,  but  instead  of 


the  forward  and  after  breastworks  of  the  Hercules,  an  upper 
redoubt  is  built  at  the  after-end  of  the  main  one,  projecting 
clear  of  the  side,  and  from  which  clear  bow  and  stern  fire  is 
available. 

8WIFTSURE.  TRIUMPH.  AUDACIOUS. 

INVINCIBLE.  IRON  DUKE. 

Armored  belt  and  short  casemate,  on  which  is  mounted  an 
upper-deck  redoubt.  The  gun-deck  casemate  does  not  permit 
01  bow-fire,  as  the  lines  of  the  ship  are  not  broken  forward  or 
abaft  it.  The  upper  redoubt  projects  clear,  of  the  side  over  the 
lower  casemate,  and  has  its  corners  cut  oft'  to  permit  of  angular 


IRON    DUKE. 

A — Wound  made  in  the  Vanguard  by  the  Iron  Duke. 

ports  being  cut  tlmt  give  fore-and-aft  and  beam  fire.  This  re- 
doubt has  no  athwartship  bulkhead.  The  magazines  are  direct- 
ly under  the  casemates.  The  boat-davits  are  near  the  amidship 


ENGLAND. 


line,  eo  that  the  boats  are  kept  well  inboard.     (The  Vanguard, 
sunk  by  collision  with  the  Iron  Duke,  belonged  to  this  type.) 


ALEXANDRA. 


Armored  belt  and  double-decked  casemate,  ram  bow,  and 
overhanging  stern.  The  forward  part  of  the  belt  is  carried  down 
in  a  curve  over  the  ram.  The  side  forward  from  the  gun-deck 
beams  up  is  carried  well  back  parallel  to  the  keel  to  give  fore- 
and-aft  lire.  There  is  no  stern-fire  from  the  main-deck  case- 
mate. The  after  bulkhead  rises  straight  from  the  belt  to  the  top 
of  the  upper  casemate.  This  casemate  is,  however,  shorter  than 
the  lower  one,  and  its  forward  bulkhead  being  carried  down 


separates  the  main-deck  casemate  into  two  chambers,  forming  a 
double  protection  for  the  after-guns.  The  corners  of  both 
casemates  are  cut  off  for  angular  ports  to  give  fore-and-aft  and 
beam  fire.  The  hull  is  divided  longitudinally  by  an  armored 
bulkhead  rising  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams,  one  set 
of  engines  and  boilers  being  in  each  compartment.  Twin 
screws  and  full  sail-power. 


TEMERAIRE 

Armored  belt,  redoubt,  and  two  barbette  turrets.  Earn 
bow.  The  armored  belt  is  carried  down  in  a  curve  over  the 
ram.  No  stern-fire  from  the  casemate,  the  forward  corners 
being  cut  for  angular  ports,  and  the  side  forward  being  carried 
back  for  bow-fire.  The  casemate  is  cut  in  two  chambers  simi- 
lar to  the  main-deck  casemate  of  the  Alexandra.  The  barbette 
turrets  forward  and  abaft  the  casemate  are  oval  in  shape,  and 


ENGLAND. 


the  guns  are  mounted  on  Moncrieff  carriages.  The  armor  of 
the  "body  of  the  turrets  does  not  come  below  the  spar-deck 
beams,  but  an  armored  shaft  is  carried  down  to  the  level  of 
the  belt,  through  which  ammunition  is  passed  and  cominu- 


TEMERAIRE. 


nication  given.  The  hull  is  divided  longitudinally  by  an  ar- 
mored bulkhead  similar  to  the  Alexandra.  Twin  screws  and 
auxiliary  sail-power.  (Brig  rigged.) 


SHANNON. 


Partial  armored  belt  and  partial  spar-deck  breastwork.  The 
belt  is  carried  around  the  stern  as  a  protection  to  the  steering- 
gear,  but  ends  just  abaft  the  foremast  in  an  armored  bulkhead,, 


which  rises  sheer  to  the  height  of  the  spar-deck  rail.  From 
the  foot  of  thi>  bulkhead  an  iron  deck  is  carried  forward  to  the 
stem,  ending  as  a  support  to  the  rain.  A  breastwork  on  the 
spar-deck  forward  forms  a  protection  for  the  bow-guns,  the 


ENGLAND.  29 

topgallant  forecastle  being  carried  to  its  after-edge.  The  cor- 
ners of  the  breastwork  are  cut  for  angular  ports,  and  the  rail 
forward  is  carried  back  parallel  to  the  keel.  The  rail  aft  is 
recessed  and  cut  back  for  after  angular  ports,  but  the  guns  are 
not  protected  by  armor.  An  armored  conning  tower  is  placed 
at  the  forward  part  of  the  breastwork.  A  single  gun  is  used 
aft,  working  on  a  turn-table  for  shifting  from  one  port  to  the 
other. 


NELSON. 


NOKTIIAMPTON. 


Partial  armored  belt  and  partial  forward  and  after  spar- 
deck  breastworks.  The  armored  belt  extends  for  three  fifths 
of  the  length  of  the  ship  amidships,  ending  in  armored 
athwartship  bulkheads,  which  rise  to  the  height  of  the  spar- 


deck  beams.  A  heavy  iron  deck  prolongs  the  lower  edge  of 
the  belt  to  the  bow  and  stern,  protecting  the  steering-gear  aft 
and  forming  a  support  for  the  ram  forward.  The  guns  are  all 
carried  on  a  covered  deck,  giving  a  flush  spar-deck.  The 
breastworks  on  the  main-deck  at  the  bulkheads  form  a  side  pro- 
tection for  the  forward  and  after  guns,  the  corners  being  cut 
for  angular  ports  and  the  side  recessed  for  fore-and-aft  tiiv. 
These  ships  have  twin  screws  and  an  armored  longitudinal 
bulkhead  similar  to  the  Alexandra. 


MONARCH. 


NEPTUNE. 


Armored  belt  and  revolving  Coles  turrets  on  the  spar-deck. 
The  belt  rises  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams,  and  amid- 
ships is  carried  up  to  the  spar-deck  beams  to  cover  the  lower 
part  of  the  turrets  and  machinery.  An  armored  bulkhead  rises 


30 


ENGLAND. 


well  forward,  forming  on  the  spar-deck  a  forecastle  breastwork 
for  the  bow-guns.  The  spar-deck  rail  in  wake  of  the  turrets 
mav  be  dropped  to  open  their  lire.  The  Neptune  has  110  pro- 
tected stern-lire.  The  belt  of  the  Monarch  is  carried  up  aft  to 


Sf 


the  height  of  the  spar-deck  beams,  forming  a  breastwork  for 
the  stern-guns.  (See  Hercules.)  The  Neptune  is  the  late  In- 
dependenzia. 


INFLEXIBLE. 


AJAX. 


AGAMEMNON. 


CONQUEROR. 


Casemated,  double-turreted,  mastless,  sea-going  iron-clads. 
Ram  bows.  The  armored  casemate  is  rectangular  and  encloses 
the  middle  third  of  the  vessel.  The  lower  edge  of  the  case- 
mate is  prolonged  fore  and  aft  in  a  heavy  iron  deck,  which 
forward  curves  down  below  the  point  of  the  ram.  Short  un- 
armored  forecastle  and  poop  structures,  carried  along  in  line 


with  the  keel  to  the  smoke-stacks.  The  turrets  are  placed  di- 
agonally to  open  the  full  fore-and-aft  fire.  Forward  and  abaft 
the  casemate  is  a  cork  belt  of  the  thickness  of  the  armor,  to  give 


ENGLAND. 


31 


the  ship  floating  power  in  case  the  unprotected  sections  are 
pierced.  The  ship  is  divided  in  two  by  a  longitudinal  bulk- 
head. Twin  screws. 


DREADNOUGHT. 


ORION. 


BELLEISLE. 


Armored  belt  and  breastwork,  sea-going  monitors.  The 
armor  is  complete  fore  and  aft,  and  is  carried  down  in  a  curve 
forward  below  the  point  of  the  ram.  Throughout  the  middle 
third  a  casemate  rises  to  protect  the  bottom  of  the  turrets  and 
give  them  a  good  elevation  above  the  water-line.  Forward  and 
abaft  this  casemate,  and  in  line  with  it,  an  unarmored  super- 
structure is  carried,  stopping  short  of  the  bow  and  stern.  This 


r^frrHFr--^ 


DREADNOUGHT. 


forms  roomy  quarters  and  gives  the  ship  an  increased  free- 
board and  stability.  The  turrets  are  amidships  and  in  line 
with  the  keel.  Between  them  is  a  musket-proof  superstruc- 
ture, expanding  into  a  flying  deck  having  at  its  forward  end  an 
armored  pilot-house.  Longitudinal  armored  bulkhead,  similar 
to  the  Alexandra. 


DEVASTATION. 


THUNDERER. 


DEVASTATION. 


Armored  belt  and   breastwork,  double-turreted,  sea-going 
monitors.     The  armored  belt  from  forward  to  the  forward  tur- 


32 


ENGLAND. 


ret  comes  only  to  the  height  of  the  water-line.  The  breast- 
work differs  from  that  of  the  Dreadnought  in  not  coming  out 
to  the  side,  but  the  freeboard  necessary  is  obtained  by  carrying 
around  it  and  well  forward  and  aft  a  musket-proof  super- 
structure. A  musket-proof  superstructure  also  rises  between 
the  turrets,  expanding  into  a  flying  deck  with  an  armored  pilot- 
house at  its  forward  end. 


GLATTON. 


Armored  belt  and  breastwork,  single-turreted,  coast-defence 
monitor.  The  armored  belt  rises  to  the  upper-deck  level,  and 
is  of  the  same  thickness  from  stem  to  counter.  It  has  an  over- 


£H5 


.ofl 


hang  beyond  the  hull  of  2£  feet  amidships.  The  breastwork 
surrounds  the  turret  and  smoke-stack  and  does  not  come  out 
to  the  side.  Forward  and  abaft  a  narrow  superstructure  car- 
ries along  the  line  of  the  breastwork.  Abaft  the  turret,  which 
is  situated  well  forward,  a  musket-proof  superstructure  rises, 
expanding  into  a  flying  deck,  with  an  armored  pilot-house  at 
its  forward  extremity. 

CYCLOPS.  GORGON.  HECATE.  HYDRA. 

ABYSSINIA.  MAGDALA.  CERBERUS. 


Armored  belt  and  breastwork,  double-turreted,  coas-tdef  ence 
monitors.     The  breastwork  Occupying  somewhat  more  than  the 


ENGLAND.  33 

middle  third  of  these  vessels  surrounds  the  turrets  and  smoke- 
stack, but  does  not  come  out  to  the  side.  Musket-proof  pas- 
sages or  tubes  and  ventilators,  together  with  an  armored  pilot- 
house, extend  above  a  light  flying  deck.  The  Cerberus  is  sta- 
tioned permanently  at  Melbourne,  having  had  a  temporary  rail 
and  upper  deck  built  on  her  for  her  passage  out.  The  Abys- 
sinia and  Magdala  are  permanently  stationed  at  Bombay. 


HOTSPUR.  RUPERT. 


Armored  rams.      The  armor-belt  completely  encircles  the 
hull  and  is  carried  down  in  a  curve  forward  below  the  point  of 


the  ram.  Each  vessel  is  provided  with  a  breastwork  and  single 
turret.  That  of  the  Hotspur  is  fixed  and  has  four  ports,  the 
gim  being  worked  on  a  turn-table.  That  of  the  Rupert  is  of 
the  Coles  type  of  revolving  turret.  The  breastwork  surrounds 
the  foot  of  the  turret  and  the  smoke-stack.  Both  vessels  have 
a  high  superstructure  from  abaft  the  turret  to  the  stern,  rising 
two  thirds  the  height  of  the  turret,  and  each  carries  a  stern-gun, 
the  side  being  recessed  at  each  counter  for  stern-fire.  The  Hot- 
spur carries  an  armored  pilot-house  on  top  of  her  turret ;  the 
Rupert  has  two,  one  on  each  side,  abaft  the  turret  in  the  dead- 
angle.  At  present  the  turret  of  the  Hotspur  is  being  changed 
to  a  revolving  one  like  the  Rupert's. 


PRINCE   ALBERT. 


Four-turreted  monitor.  This  ship  has  a  wooden  hull,  hav- 
ing been  cut  down  from  a  line-of-battle  ship.  Her  armor-belt 
encircles  her  hull  and  she  has  no  breastwork ;  her  Coles  tur- 
rets being  protected  about  their  lower  parts  by  the  armored 
deck.  This  vessel  is  only  fit  for  harbor  defence. 


SCORPION.  WYVERN. 


Armored   belt,   double-turret ed    iron-clads   with  full  sail- 
power.  These  vessels  are  high  sided,  the  high  rail  between  the 


34  ENGLAND. 

fore  and  mizzen  masts  dropping  to  unmask  the  turrets.  The 
armor-belt  encircles  them.  They  have  strengthened  ram  bows, 
a  long,  high  forecastle  extending  to  the  fore-mast  and  making  a 
dead-angle  for  the  forward  turret,  and  a  high  poop  to  the  miz- 
zen-mast,  making  a  dead-angle  for  the  after  turret.  The  fore 
and  main  masts  are  tripod  masts.  These  vessels  are  bark 
rigged,  with  full  sail-power,  and  when  their  side  rails  are  up 
they  have  the  appearance  of  ordinary  corvettes.  They  were 
built  for  the  Confederates  during  the  war  of  the  American 
Rebellion. 

VIPER.  VIXEN.  WATERWITCH. 

Casemated  gun-boats.  These  vessels  have  rectangular  case- 
mates about  the  boilers  and  engines  (see  Inflexible),  the  for- 
ward bulkhead  rising  above  the  spar-deck  level,  and  being  pro- 
vided with  two  ports  for  bow-fire.  They  are  only  intended 
for  bow-fire  and  end-on  attack.  The  "Waterwitch  is  a  double- 
ender,  having  steering-gear  at  each  end,  and  at  present,  instead 
of  steam  boilers  and  engines,  she  has  a  hydraulic  motor. 

POLYPHEMUS. 

Armored  ram.  .The  transverse  section  of  this  ship  is  top- 
shaped,  showing  above  water  a  convex  upper  deck  surmount- 
ed by  a  light  musket-proof  superstructure.  In  addition  to  her 
heavy  ram,  she  is  provided  with  apparatus  for  firing  the 
Whitehead  torpedo,  ahead  and  from  each  beam. 

EREBUS. 

Old-type  casemated  floating  battery,  completely  armored. 


•WTVERN. 


36 


ENGLAND. 


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ENGLAND. 


37 


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ENGLAND. 


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ENGLAND. 


39 


ENGLISH    UNARMOKEI)    FLEET  -  (CONTINUED.) 

(NEW  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

DSr 

Const  ructio 
Material. 

n     Indicated 
Horse-power 

Maximun 
Speed. 

BATTERY. 

f  Curlew.... 

Tons. 

Knots. 

* 

Lapwing  

ell 

1 

1 

Maerpie 

11 

Philomel  

857 

Ss 

Plover 

Oc 

y 

Ringdove 

k    774 

Composite 

977 

i-  10  | 

I  7-inch  pivot 
II  40-pdrs 

1  Seagull  

If 

Swallow  

I 

Vulture  

5 

LWoodlark... 

f  Avon  

eofi 

Beacon  
Boxer  

506 

KQ7 

i 

Cracker  

ROQ 

Dwarf 

Elk  
Flirt  

472 

coo 

Fly  

4SQ 

i 

Growler  . 

}•     584 

696 

II  64-pdrs. 

i 

Hart  

608 

II  20-pdrs. 

gl 

OH 

Hornet  

506 

• 

Ss 

Lynx 

K0« 

nj 

Midge 

472 

<s 

Pert   ... 

502 

ij 

Rocket  .  .   . 

632 

1 

Teazer  

489 

« 

Thistle 

641 

Frolic 

896 

Kestrel. 

835 

Ready  f.. 
Rifleman  
Dart  .                               1 

-     592 

omposite 

891 
715         1 
336          1 

.     ,0     j 

n  64-pdrs. 
H  20-pdrs. 

Newport  

570 

omposite 

335 

10     \ 

II  64-pdrs. 

1 

Torch  J 

281 

1 

II  20-pdre. 

40 


ENGLAND. 


ENGLISH     UNAKMORED     FLEET (CONTINUED.) 

(NEW  CRUISERS.) 


TTPE  AND   N'AMK. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Construction 
Material. 

Indicated 
Horse-power. 

Maximum 

Speed. 

BATTERY. 

f  Firebrand    

Tons. 

Knots. 

Firefly   

Firm 

Forester 

455 

Composite 

360 

9  -! 

II  64-pdr. 
II  20-pdr. 

Forward  
Foxhound  
Ariel  
Contest 

1 

540 
515 

} 

tf* 

Coquette 

406 

a 

Cygnet 

532 

fr 

Decoy  
Express  

459 
438 

^ 

fft 

Foam  

406 

Goshawk 

430 

y    to 

Composite 

484 

10.1    ) 
j.    to    V 

II  64-pdr. 

8 

Mallard 

455 

398 

10.8   f 

II  20-pdr. 

Merlin  

488 

Moorhen  

387 

Mosquito 

501 

Sheldrake  
Swinger  

367 
461 

[Zephyr  
fDee 

j 

534 

J 

Don 

« 

Esk  
Medina  

1 

Medway 

i 

Sabrina               

Slaney  
Spav 

363 

Iron 

310 

9.5 

Ill  64-pdr. 

| 

Tay 

s 

Tees  
Trent  

Tweed 

J 

ENGLAND. 


41 


ENGLISH     UNARMORED    FLEET (CONTINUED.) 

(NEW  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Construction 
Material. 

Indicated 
Horse-power. 

Maximum 
Speed. 

BATTERY. 

Britomart             .  .  . 

Tons. 

Knots. 

Bruiser         

Cockatrice  
Cromer               .  .  . 

( 

160 

1 

Heron        

330 

Wood  -j 

to 

277 

r  8 

H  64-pdr. 

Netley  

Orwell  

Speedy 

Tyrian            

Dapper 

- 

Earnest 

Fervent 

( 

140 

Skylark 

284 

Wood  -j 

to 
272 

8 

H  64-pdr. 

Thrasher             .... 

1 

Whiting      

f 

Ant  

1 

2* 

Arrow 

3 

Badger                  .  . 

s 

Blazer                    .   . 

Bloodhound     

Bonita       

Bulldog 

Bustard 

Cornet               

( 

168 

) 

Cuckoo  

254 

Iron    •< 

to 

268 

[  9 

I  10-inch. 

Fidget 

Gadfly 

Griper           

Kite 

• 

Mastiff  
Pickle  

[Pike  

J 

EXGLAND. 


ENGLISH     UNARMORED     FLEET (CONTINUED.) 

(New  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  N  AM  K. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Construction 
Material. 

Indicated 
Horse-power. 

Maximum 
Speed. 

BATTERY. 

fPincher 

Tons. 

Knots. 

Scourge 

« 

Snake       

168 

Snap  

254 

to 

268 

8 

I  10-inch. 

O  •( 

Tickler 

3 

9 

Weasel             

d 

Hunter  

249 

Wood 

131 

8 

H  64-pdrs. 

Plucky  

196 

Iron 

224 

I  9-inch. 

L  Staunch 

180 

134 

I  9-inch 

INCONSTANT. 


Iron  frigate  sheathed  with  wood  and  coppered.  Straight 
bow,  round  stern.  Hail  cut  back  on  each  side  of  the  bow- 
sprit to  permit  bow-fire.  Gun-deck  battery  composed  of  ten 
9-inch  rifles  in  broadside,  the  ports  being  very  widely  spaced. 
Long  topgallant  forecastle  and  flush  aft.  Spar-deck  battery 
composed  of  six  7-inch  rifles.  One  bow-gun  under  the  fore- 
castle working  in  four  ports  (one  each  side  ahead  and  one 
each  side  abeam),  the  gun  being  transported  from  one  to  an- 
other by  turn-tables.  One  stern-gun  working  on  turn-tables 
in  three  ports  (one  astern  and  one  on  each  quarter).  The  re- 
maining four  guns  are  arranged  as  pivots,  so  that  all  may  be 
used  on  one  side  if  desirable.  They  secure  in  pairs  amidships. 
The  ports  for  these  guns  are  cut  in  pairs  forward  and  abaft  the 
gun-deck  ports.  The  strength  of  lire  of  this  ship  is  :  ahead,  one 
7-inch ;  abeam,  six  7-inch,  five  9-inch ;  astern,  one  7-inch.  The 
stability  of  this  ship  being  originally  deficient,  part  of  her 
double  bottom  was  filled  with  180  tons  of  cement,  thus  re- 
ducing her  estimated  speed  nearly  one  knot.  Her  coal  supply 
permits  steaming  2160  miles  at  a  speed  of  ten  knots.  Greatest 
speed  attained  at  sea  for  twenty-four  consecutive  hours,  15 £ 
knots. 


SHAH. 


RALEIGH. 


Iron  frigates  sheathed  with  wood  and  coppered.     General 
type  similar  to  the  Inconstant.     The  gun-deck  battery  of  the 


ENGLAND. 


43 


"Shah  is  a  broadside  one  of  sixteen  7-inch  rifles  and  two  64-pdrs., 
the  latter  being  just  forward  of  the  cabin  bulkhead  (separated 
from  the  main  battery).  The  spar-deck  battery  consists  of  one 


10-inch  rifle  under  the  topgallant  forecastle,  working  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  Inconstant's  ;  one  10-inch  rifle  stern-gun  working 
in  two  ports,  the  quarter-rail  being  recessed  for  the  purpose,  so 
as  to  get  stern  and  beam  fire  ;  six  64-pdrs.  in  broadside  (two 
forward  and  two  abaft  the  gun-deck  battery,  and  two  abreast 
the  after  smoke-stack).  The  Raleigh's  battery  is  similar  to  the 
Shah's  in  arrangement,  but  is  smaller  in  number.  (Fourteen 
guns  on  gun-deck ;  six  on  spar-deck.) 


BOADICEA. 


BACCHANTE. 


EURYALUS. 


Iron-sheathed  frigates  of  the  same  general  type  as  the  above. 
The  battery  is  all  under  cover  ;  the  broadside  battery  being  en- 
tirely on  the  gun-deck,  the  bow-gun  under  the  topgallant  fore- 
castle, and  the  stern-gun  in  the  spar-deck  cabin.  The  Boadicea 
has  a  straight  stem,  the  other  two  ram  bows.  In  order  to  per- 
mit the  latter  arrangement  the  wood  sheathing  was  covered 
with  zinc  in  place  of  copper,  to  allow  of  direct  connection  with 
the  iron  ram  without  danger  of  galvanic  action.' 


ROVER. 


ACTIVE. 


VOLAGE. 


First-class  corvettes,  iron  sheathed  with  wood.  Of  the 
same  general  type  as  the  Inconstant,  except  that  the  battery  is 
all  carried  on  the  spar-deck.  Strength  of  fire  :  Ahead — Rover 
and  Active,  one  7-inch ;  Yolage,  one  64-pdr.  Abeam — Rover, 
two  7-inch,  eight  64-pdrs. ;  Active,  three  7-inch,  two  64-pdrs. ; 
Yolage,  ten  64-pdrSc  Astern — Rover  and  Active,  one  7-inch ; 
Yolage,  one  64-pdr. 

All  other  corvettes  of  the  new  type  carry  their  batteries  on 


44 


ENGLAND. 


the  spar-deck  and  are  of  the  same  general  type,  differing  only 
in  engines  and  boilers  and  the  material  of  the  hull. 

CLEOPATRA  CLASS  (nine  in  number). 

First-class  steel  corvettes,  sheathed  with  wood.  Bow  and 
stern  guns,  7-inch  rifles ;  broadside,  twelve  64-pdrs. ;  beam- 
tire,  two  7-inch,  six  64-pdrs. 

AMETHYST  CLASS  (eleven  in  number). 

First-class  composite  corvettes.  Six  of  the  number  form  a 
subdivision  of  the  class,  being  of  later  build,  having  about 
30  tons  more  displacement  and  carrying  but  twelve  instead  of 
fourteen  64-pdrs.  The  noticeable  feature  with  regard  to  this 
class  is  the  recession  of  the  spar-deck  rail  forward  and  aft  to 


AMETHYST. 


give  clear  bow  and  stern  fire.  Only  one  gun  is  used  at  either 
end,  pivoting  each  side.  In  the  case  of  the  Amethyst  class 
these  guns  are  64-pdrs.,  mounted  on  ordinary  carriages.  In  the 
Cleopatra  class  and  larger  ships  they  are  7-inch  guns,  mounted 
on  pivot  carriages,  which  renders  the  working  much  heavier. 
The  bow  and  stern  guns  are  both  under  cover ;  the  broadside 
guns  are  on  the  open  spar-deck. 

CORMORANT  CLASS  (twelve  in  number). 

Second-class  composite  corvettes,  carrying  7-inch  bow  and 
stern  guns  and  64-pdrs.  in  broadside. 

ALBATROSS  CLASS  (six  in  number). 

Third -class  composite  corvettes,  carrying  64-pdr.  bow  and 
stern  guns  and  7-inch  broadside.  These  vessels  are  bark  rigged, 
and  carry  crews  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  men. 


ENGLAND. 


45 


IRIS. 


MERCURY. 


Past  steel  despatch  and  torpedo  vessels.  Their  batteries 
consist  of  ten  64-pdrs.  The  boilers  and  engines  take  up  the 
greater  part  of  the  space  below.  In  addition  to  the  battery 
each  vessel  carries  four  80-feet  Thorney croft  torpedo-boats  tit- 
ted  for  launching  Whitehead  torpedoes.  These  launches  are 


carried  on  a  species  of  gallows-frame  amidships,  the  frame 
being  carried  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  rail,  so  that  the  launch 
maybe  slid  out  over  the  side  and  lowered  without  trouble.  In 
exterior  appearance  these  vessels  are  not  unlike  fast  mail  pack- 
ets. 

MYRMIDON  CLASS  (nineteen  in  number). 

First-class  composite  gun-boats,  carrying  for  bow  and  stern 
guns  64-pdrs.,  and  a  single  Y-inch  centre  pivoting  rifle  amid- 
ships. Twelve  of  these  gun-boats  form  a  subdivision  of  the 


MYRMIDON. 


class,  having  about  TO  tons  less  displacement  and  carrying 
40-pdr.  bow  and  stern  guns.     They  are  bark  rigged,  carrying 


46  ENGLAND. 

crews  of  about  90  men,  and  have  a  mean  draft  of  water  of 
about  11  feet. 

AVON  CLASS  (twenty-four  in  number). 

First-class  twin-screw  gun-boats,  carrying  20-pdrs.  for  bow 
and  stern  guns,  and  two  6-t-pdrs.  amidships  on  pivot-carriages.. 

FIREBRAND  CLASS  (twenty-one  in  number). 

Second-class  single-screw  composite  gun-boats,  carrying  the 
same  battery  as  the  Avon  class.  Three-masted,  square-rigged 
forward,  lifting  screws,  crew  of  60  men,  and  mean  draft  of 
water  i>  feet.  At  a  speed  of  six  knots  they  burn  about  three 
tons  of  coal  per  twenty-four  hours. 

BRITOMART  CLASS  (sixteen  in  number). 

Second-class  wooden  gun-boats  of  the  old-fashioned  type, 
carrying  two  64-pdr.  pivot-guns. 

BLAZER  CLASS  (twenty-four  in  number). 

Second-class  iron  gun-boats,  carrying  one  10-inch  rifle.  Tl  ie.se 
vessels  are  little  more  than  large  launches,  having  a  bow  decked 
over  with  light  plates.  The  gun  is  mounted  on  a  platform, 
which  itself  is  supported  on  heavy  screws ;  these  screws,  being- 
revolved  by  steam-power,  permit  the  gun  to  be  lowered  down 


D 


into  the  hold  when  going  to  sea,  or  raised  for  fighting.  The 
in-;m<l-ort  tackles  and  ammunition  gear  are  manipulated  bv  a 
Kinall  capstan  aft.  These  boats  have  double  screws,  and  work 
up  to  a  speed  of  7  knots.  The  Staunch,  wliicli  is  the  model 
from  which  these  trim-boats  were  built,  is  smaller,  and  has  a 
mufiket-proof  shelter  at  the  gun.  The  others  have  none. 


ENGLAND. 


47 


DEE  CLASS  (twelve  in  number). 

Second-class  iron  river  gun-boats,  of  a  peculiar  design. 
These  vessels  have  twin  screws,  and  are  provided  with  a  rud- 
der at  each  end,  the  bow-rudder,  with  its  yoke  and  chains,  being 
entirely  unprotected.  The  hull  proper  is  very  low,  the  side 
curving  sharply  inboard  above  the  water-line,  almost  in  cigar 
shape,  to  such  a  degree  that  the  dead-lights  slope  at  an  angle 
upward  of  about  40°.  The  deck-rail  springs  from  the  upper 


j  ^  >         mm  mm  ^—  —  _  ^_  j _  —     0 


TT 

o 

I        o  | 

°  3 

D>_ 

part  of- this  curve  about  two  feet  inside  of  the  water-line,  being 
waist  high  amidships  and  rising  fore  and  aft  into  a  curved 
forecastle  and  poop  musket-proof  tiring-cover  for  the  guns. 
Amidships  are  a  musket-proof  pilot-house  and  engine-room. 
The  battery  consists  of  two  64-pdrs.  at  each  end  under  cover, 
and  firing  from  four  ports  each,  two  fore  and  aft  and  two 
abeam. 


VESUVIUS. 


Torpedo-boat.  This  craft,  built  for  sudden  attacks  with 
torpedoes,  is  built  very  low  in  the  wrater.  The  smoke-stack  i- 
bent  horizontally,  running  along  the  deck.  The  furnace  is 
intended  to  burn  coke  in  order  to  suppress  smoke.  The  steam- 
discharge  pipes  open  under  water.  She  is  rigged  for  project- 
ing Whitehead  torpedoes.  (See  Torpedoes,  Part  III.) 


LIGHTNING   CLASS. 


Fast  torpedo-launches,     (See  Torpedoes.) 


48 


ENGLAND. 


ENGLISH     GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET. 
(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Construction 
Material. 

Indicated 
Horse-power. 

Maximum 
Speed. 

Guns. 

Victoria 

Tons. 
6,959 

Wood 

4,191 

Knots. 
12.3 

12 

Howe                      

6,557 

4,524 

13.2 

12 

Duke  of  Wellington  
Duncan  

6,071 
5,734 

ii 

1,999 
2,826 

9.9 
13.2 

25 
31 

Roj'al  Albert 

5,637 

M 

1,805 

8 

Donegal               

5,481 

4C 

3,103 

11.2 

1 

Anson    ' 

5,260 

u 

3,583 

11.8 

11 

• 

•5 

Atlas  

5,260 

u 

3,732 

12 

11 

« 

Defiance 

5,260 

l< 

3,350 

12 

1 

Revenge 

5,260 

44 

2,896 

11.7 

Royal  William  

4,579 

t, 

1,763 

9.8 

St.  George  

4,579 

M 

1,730 

10.6 

Albion  

4,382 

n 

1,835 

10.5      . 

Rodney 

4,375 

(I 

2,246 

11  5 

10 

L  Lion 

3,842 

« 

1,732 

9.3 

12 

Galatea  
Bristol 

4.583 
4,020 

It 

2,759 

2088 

13.2 
11  8 

26 

28 

Glasgow 

4,020 

„ 

2,020 

12  4 

28 

Newcastle  
Undaunted  

4,020 
4,020 

« 

2,354 
2,261 

13.3 

12.7 

^1 
31 

1 

Immortalit6  

3,984 

u 

2,391 

11.8 

28 

r 

Topaze 

3,915 

<t 

2588 

11  7 

28 

£ 

Doris  

3,803 

tl 

3,005 

12 

24 

Aurora  
Narcissus 

3,582 
3548 

u 

1,576 
1  731 

10.1 
10  6 

28 
18 

Forte  

3456 

tt 

1  539 

9  2 

(  Endymion  
Ariadne 

3,197 
4583 

11 

1,620 
3  350 

9.4 
13 

22 

26 

Rattlesnake  . 

2431 

M 

1  628 

U 

17 

1 

Woolverine  

2431 

M 

1  549 

11  2 

17 

£ 

Challenger 

2306 

M 

1  261 

8  6 

g 

Thalia  

2216 

44 

1  597 

10  1 

8 

ENGLAND. 


49 


ENGLISH     GENERAL-SERVICE     FLEET (CONTINUED.) 

(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Construction 
Material. 

Indicated 
Horse-power 

Maximum 
Speed. 

Guns. 

fJuno  

Tons. 
2,216 

Wood 

1,381 

Knots. 
9.2 

g 

Chary  bdis 

2  187 

1,472 

H 

17 

Pearl  

2,187 

M 

1,390 

11  3 

17 

Scylla...  

2,187 

M 

1,376 

10.7 

17 

Druid 

1  870 

<4 

2,272 

12  9 

14 

Briton 

1,870 

u 

2,149 

13  2 

14 

1 

Thetis  

1,870 

« 

2,275 

13.4 

14 

I' 

Blanche  

1,755 

M 

2,158 

13.6 

12 

0 

Danae 

1  755 

44 

2,089 

13  4 

12 

Dido                           .     . 

1  755 

2,518 

13.7 

12 

Eclipse            .     .  . 

1,755 

ii 

1,946 

12.1 

12 

Sirius  

1,755 

t( 

2,334 

12.8 

12 

Spartan  
Tenedos  

1,755 
1,755 

M 

1,988 
2,032 

12.2 

12.7 

12 
12 

1 

Daphne 

1  574 

tt 

1,927 

5 

Dryad  

1,574 

lt 

1,464 

9 

Nymphe  
Vestal  
Cameleon 

1,574 
1,574 
1  365 

14 

2,172 
2,154 

702 

.:.. 

9 
9 

7 

jh 

Rinaldo  

1  365 

u 

752 

7 

Alert  

1,331 

„ 

312 

4 

Fawn 

1  045 

44 

434 

4 

Rapid.  .. 

913 

w 

460 

3 

, 

Rosario  

913 

st 

436 

3 

j 

'  Assistance  
Dromedary  

2,515 

1,800 

Iron 

1,442 
1,640 

2 
/    2 

Humber 

2000 

M 

1,700 

2 

1 

Himalaya  

4,490 

H 

2,609 

3 

£" 

Orontes 

5600 

„ 

2,569 

2 

H 

Simoon    ... 

3302 

M 

1,576 

2 

Tamar  

4,857 

„ 

2,171 

2 

Crocodile 

6211 

,i 

4,044 

3 

50 


ENGLAND. 


ENGLISH     GENERAL-SERVICE     FLEET (CONTINUED.) 

(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Construction 
Material. 

Indicated 
Horse-power. 

Maximum 
Speed. 

Guns. 

Euphrates  

Tons. 
6,211 

i 
Iron 

3,900 

Knots. 

3 

£ 

Jumna 

6211 

3,040 

3 

1 

Malabar  
.  Serapis  
Fox  

6,211 
6,211 
1,670 

<i 
ii 
Wood 

4,893 
4,030 
764 

3 
3 
2 

i 

Discovery  

1,247 

365 

2 

,C 

f 

Industry 

1,126 

Iron 

279 

2 

I 

Supply 

1,126 

265 

2 

CC 

Wye  

1,161 

M 

629 

2 

Helicon  

965 

Wood 

1,610 

15 

<> 

Lively  

985 

1,757 

2 

Ii 

Salamis 

985 

„ 

1,440 

14 

2 

ii 

Vigilant 

965 

M 

1,815 

2 

* 

'  Osborne 

1  800 

3,363 

2 

i 

Victoria  and  Albert  
Alberta 

2,470 
370 

« 

8,980 
1,208 

.... 

2 

£ 

Elfin 

93 

t. 

181 

Enchantress  
Nassau  

985 

877 

M 

1,318 
755 

1 
4 

If 

Porcupine 

556 

II 

285 

1 

PI 

Sylvia  

877 

M 

689 

4 

Q. 

Hecla   

Iron 

6 

*l 

Paddle-wheel  Frigate  Valorous.  Corvettes  Argus,  Barracouta,  Basilisk,  Buzzard, 
Salamander,  Sphynx,  Spiteful. 

9  Paddle-steamers.  33  Harbor-tugs.  177  Hulks  used  as  school,  depot,  guard,  hos- 
pital, coal,  and  store  ships. 

Iron-clad  Hulks  Caledonia,  Enterprise,  Favorite,  Lord  Clyde,  Ocean,  Prince  Con- 
sort. Royal  Alfred,  Royal  Oak,  Royal  Sovereign. 

The  General  Service  fleet,  with  the  exception  of  the  Transports  and  Yachts,  belong 
to  the  old-fashioned  types  of  steam  cruisers.  They  are,  however,  constantly  in  com- 
mission as  cruising  vessels  on  home  and  foreign  stations. 


FKANCE. 


51 


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FRANCE. 


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FKAXOE. 


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54 


FRANCE. 


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FRANCE.  55 


AMIRAL  DUPERRE.  DUGUESCLIN. 

Armored  belt  and  four  barbette  turrets.  Ram  bow  ana 
overhanging  dome  stern.  The  armor-belt  covers  the  water- 
line  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams,  coming  below  the 
point  of  the  ram  and  covering  the  steering-gear.  The  bar- 
bette turrets  are  arranged  one  on  each  side,  abreast  the  for- 
ward smoke-stack,  having  an  overhang  of  nearly  half  its  di- 
ameter, so  as  to  give  clear  fore-and-aft  tire.  The  other  two 


AMIRAL  DUPERR£ 

turrets  are  amidships,  before  and  abaft  the  mizzen-mast. 
There  are  two  armored  pilot-houses  on  the  Duperre,  one 
abreast  the  forward  turrets  and  one  between  the  after  ones  ; 
the  Duguesclin  has  but  one,  forward.  The  gun-deck  battery 
is  composed  of  light  rifled  guns,  unprotected.  The  deck 
plating  of  these  ships  is  three  inches  in  thickness  (one  inch 
steel  over  two  inches  of  iron).  A  bow-gun  works  in  a  single 
port  under  the  topgallant  forecastle. 

DEVASTATION.  FOUDROYANT.  REDOUBTABLE. 

Armored  belt  and  redoubt.  Ram  bow  and  dome  stern. 
The  belt  of  the  Redoubtable  encircles  the  water-line  to  the 
height  of  the  main-deck  beams,  curving  down  forward  over 
the  point  of  the  ram  ;  that  of  the  other  two  ships  stops  short 
of  the  curve  of  the  counter  in  an  armored  bulkhead,  the  lower 
edge  being  carried  on  by  an  armored  deck  to  protect  the  steer- 
ing-gear. The  sides  forward  and  abaft  the  redoubt  are  given 
a  rank  tumble  home,  the  redoubt  rising  straight  to  the  spar- 
deck,  thus  giving  clear  fore-and-aft  and  beam  fire  from  the 
main-deck  battery.  A  heavy  gun  is  mounted  in  barbette  on 
top  of  the  redoubt,  each  side,  having  a  clear  firing  angle  of 
180°  ;  the  gun-slide  alone  is  protected  by  armor,  while  a  mus- 


FRANCE. 


DEVASTATION. 


ket-proof  shield  is  mounted  on  the  forward  part  of  the  slide, 
as  protection  to  the  crew.  On  the  spar-deck  is  carried  a  bat- 
tery of  light  rifles  in  broadside. 


TRIDENT. 


FRIEDLAND. 


Armored  belt  and  casemate.  Ham  bow  and  dome  stern. 
The  belt  encircles  the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  main- 
deck  beams.  The  casemate  rises  to  the  height  of  the  spar- 
deck  beams.  At  the  forward  end  of  the  casemate,  on  each 
side,  a  barbette  unarmored  half -turret  is  built,  being  simply  a 


projecting  shelf  for  mounting  a  heavy  gun.  The  sides  from 
the  main-deck  up  forward  are  given  a  snarp  tumble  home  to 
permit  clear  forward  fire  ;  while  aft  the  spar-deck  rail  is  placed 
inboard  about  three  feet,  leaving  a  clear  fire  aft,  giving  the 
part  of  the  spar-deck  outside  the  rail  the  appearance  of  a 


FRANCE. 


continuous  channel-piece.  The  turret  guns  are  only  protected 
by  a  light  musket-proof  shelter,  rising  above  the  slide.  There 
is  a  light  battery  of  broadside  rifles  on  the  spar-deck,  a  bow- 
gun  working  in  one  port  under  the  forecastle,  and  a  similar 
stern-gun.  There  is  no  forward  or  after  fire  from  the  main- 
deck  battery. 


COLBERT. 


Of  the  same  type  as  the  Friedland,  except  that  in  place 
of  the  barbette  half -turrets  there  are  armored  breastworks  for 


the  protection  of  a  heavy  bow  and  a  heavy  stern  gun  on  the 
spar-deck. 


RICHELIEU. 


MARENGO. 


OCEAN. 


SUFFREN. 


Armored  belt  and  casemate,  with  four  armored  barbette 
turrets.      Ram  bow,  straight   stern.      The  belt  encircles  the 


SUFFREN. 


water-line,  coming  to  but  not  covering  the  ram,  which  is  a 
solid  bronze  casting.  The  barbette  turrets  "are  just  over  the 
corners  of  the  casemate,  projecting  nearly  half  their  diameter 
clear  of  the  side  for  fore-and-aft  fire,  "f he  side  is  not  broken 
in  or  given  a  tumble  home,  as  the  muzzles  of  the  turret  guns 
are  above  the  spar-deck  rail.  The  Richelieu  has  twin  screws, 


58  FRANCE. 

the  others  single  ones.  There  is  no  fore-and-aft  fire  from  the 
casemate.  Light  spar-deck  broadside  battery.  Armored  com- 
mander's lookout. 


BAYARD.  TURENNE.  LA  GALLISSONND3RE. 

TRIOMPHANTE.  VICTOREEJUSE.  VAUBAN. 

Second-rate  sea-going  iron-clads.  Armored  belt  and  case- 
mate and  two  barbette  turrets.  The  belt  encircles  the  water- 
line  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams,  the  casemate  carry- 


VICTORIEUSE. 


ing  the  armor  to  the  spar-deck.  The  barbette  turrets  are  over 
the  forward  corners  of  the  casemate.  Ram  bow  and  dome 
•stern.  Light  spar-deck  broadside  battery.  Bow-gun  working 
in  a  single  port  under  the  forecastle. 


GLOIRE. 

HEROINE 

8AVOIE. 


COURONNE.  FLANDRE.  PROVENCE. 

GAULOISE.  GUYENNE.  MAGNANIME. 

REVANCHE.  8URVEILLANTE.         VALEUREUSE. 


Broadside  iron-clad  frigates,  completely  armored.     These 
vessels  belong  to  the  earliest  type,  and,  with  the  exception  of^ 


LA  GLOIRE. 


the  Couronne  and  Heroine,  they  have  wooden  hulls.     The 
armor  extends  from  about  three  feet  below  the  water-line  to 


FIIAXCE. 


tlie  spar-deck  beams.  Armored  conning  towers  are  placed 
abaft  the  main-mast.  Originally  built  for  a  large  battery  of 
light  smooth-bores,  the  height  of  the  main-deck  presents  the 
full  outlit  of  a  heavy  battery. 


BELLIQUEUSE. 
AllMIDE. 


ALMA. 
ATALANTE. 


JEANNE   D'ARC. 
MONTCALM. 


THETIS. 

REINE   BLANCHE. 


Second-class  cruising  iron-clads.  Armor  belt  and  casemate, 
and  four  barbette  turrets.  The  belt  comes  to  the  main-deck 
beams  all  around,  the  casemate  carrying  it  up  to  the  spar-deck. 


JEANNE   D'ARC. 


The  turrets  are  at  the  corners  of  the  casemates.  In  some  of 
these  vessels  the  after  turrets  were  left  off,  it  being  found  that 
the  hull  was  overweighted  when  it  was  attempted  to  put 
heavier  guns  aboard  than  the  ships  were  originally  intended 
to  carry. 


TONNERE. 

TEMPETE. 


FULMINANT. 
TONNANT. 


FURIEUX. 
VENGEUR. 


Single  -  turreted,    casemated   monitors   for   coast   defence. 
These  vessels  are  heavily  armored  at  the  water-line ;  the  single 


TONNERRE. 


turret  is  very  large,  in  order  to  bring  the  two  guns  in  it  well 


60  FRANCE. 

apart,  to  gain  clear  lire  aft  on  each  side  of  the  superstructure. 
This  turret  is  on  the  forward  third  of  the  hull,  and  it,  as  well 
as  the  superstructure  aft,  is  surrounded  by  a  breastwork  that 
does  not  come  out  to  the  side.  On  top  01  the  turret  is  a  bar- 
bette commander's  lookout.  Forward  the  deck  rises  into  a. 
short  forecastle,  just  abaft  of  which  is  an  armored  casemate 
giving  ingress  into  the  crew's  quarters.  The  superstructure 
abaft  the  turret  is  musket-proof,  of  a  width  just  sufficient  to 
permit  the  guns  to  get  stern-fire.  The  upper  part  expands 
into  a  flying  deck,  with  a  low  musket-proof  shield,  and  corner 
stands  for  Hotchkiss  machine-guns. 

s 
TIGRE.  BELTER.  CERBERB.  BOTJLEDOGUE. 

Monitor  rams.  These  vessels  have  a  low  freeboard,  the 
single  turret  being  on  the  forward  third  of  the  hull,  surrounded 
by  a  casemate,  which  also  covers  the  lower  part  of  the  smoke- 
stack. *  A  superstructure  rises  forward  and  aft  of  the  turret 
and  is  semi-cylindrical,  curving  at  the  ends  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  give  no  foothold  on  any  part.  The  turret  is  surmounted 
by  a  barbette  lookout.  The  hulls  are  of  wood  and  heavily 
strengthened  at  the  ram.  Double  screws. 


TAUREAU. 

Similar  to  the  above,  with  the  exception  that  the  turret  is 


fixed  and  has  four  ports  for  bow  and  beam  fire. 


ONONDAOA. 


Double-turreted   American    monitor;    laminated   plating, 
low  freeboard,  no  casemate. 


ROCHAMBEAU. 

Casemated  iron-clad  (late   Dunderberg).     Earn  bow,  low 


FKANCE. 


61 


KOCHAMBEAU. 


freeboard,  and  rectangular  casemate,  with  sloping  sides  giving 
fore-and-aft  and  beam  lire.  x 


EMBUSCADE. 

REFUGE. 


PROTECTRICE. 
IMPLACABLE. 


IMPRENABLE. 
OPINIATRE. 


Armored  floating  batteries.     Low  freeboard  forward  and 


EMBUSCADE. 


abaft,  with  rectangular  casemates  having  perpendicular  si 
and  giving  fore-and-aft  and  beam  fire.     Light  draft. 


CAIMAN. 


INDOMPTABLE. 


TERRIBLE. 


Coast-defence  vessels;  type  not  known,  but  presumably 
citadel-ships  of  a  displacement  not  less  than  12,000  tons.  The 
battery  of  this  type  is  six  loj-inch  guns.  They  are  evidently 
intended  as  more  powerful  vessels  than  either  the  Inflexible 
or  Duilio. 


FRANCE. 


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64 


FRANCE. 


FRENCH    TJNARMORED    FLEET (CONTINUED.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace-         Date  of 
meiit.           Launch. 

BATTERY. 

Transports.  $d  Class  Gun-hoate.  1st  Class  Gun-boats. 

f  Crocodile 

Tons. 
452 

393 
295 

Year. 

I  7^-inch,  II  4-inch, 
n  5J^-inch. 

n  5^-inch. 

H  5^-inch. 
i  I  9>4-inch,  I  4%-inch. 

n  5^-inch, 
IV  Scinch. 

Lionne  
Lutin 

Lynx 

Milan 

.Diligente  
fChacal 

Etendard                                             ' 

Fanfare  .        .        

Gladiateur  
Hyene  



Jaguar 

Leopard 

Oriflamme     ...          ... 

295 

177 
!77 
1,475 
1,770 

2,868 

Decidee  



Frelon 

Pique 

Surprise      

Tactique  -.  

Epee 



23  Gun  -boats 

'  Bievre    

Oise  

Caravans 

1875 
Building 
1876 
Building 

n 

Ampere 

A  n  nn  n  i  it  c                      .  . 

5,340 
5,340 
5,340 
5,340 
1,655 
1,655 
1,655 
1,655 

Mytho                 

Shamrock                  

Tonquin                           .  .            ... 

Allier               

Nievre  

Saone 

FKANCE. 


65 


DUQUESNE. 


TOURVILLE. 


Iron  frigates,  sheathed  with  wood  and  coppered.  Strength- 
ened bows  for  ramming,  with  heavy  bronze  rams.  Three  half- 
turrets  or  platforms  on  each  side  of  the  spar-deck,  projecting 
clear  of  the  side  to  give  clear  fore-and-aft  fire.  Bow-gun 
working  in  a  single  port  under  the  forecastle.  Pilot-house 
and  chart-room  on  a  bridge  forward  of  the  smoke-stacks.  Boats 
carried  on  a  gallows-frame  between  the  smoke-stacks.  Fine 
lines,  heavy  shoulder ;  the  bow-frames  are  given  a  flare  out 
from  the  main-deck  up,  to  give  a  full  forecastle  for  working 


TOURVILLE. 


the  bow-gun.  Single  screw,  full  sail-power.  Gun-deck,  broad- 
side battery,  fourteen  S^-inch  rifles.  Spar-deck  battery,  seven  7-1- 
inch  rifles.  Bow-fire,  three  T^-inch ;  beam-fire,  nine  5^-inch 
(two  guns  can  be  shifted  on  the  gun-deck,  so  as  to  give  nine 
for  a  broadside),  three  7|-inch ;  stern-fire,  two  7-J-incli.  Two 
sets  of  engines  and  boilers,  placed  one  abaft  the  other  for  pro- 
tection. Between  the  forward  turrets  on  the  spar-deck  are 
the  wash-rooms  and  water-closets,  giving  the  appearance  of  a 
fourth  half -turret.  Maximum  speed  at  sea  for  24  hours, 
knots. 


DUGUAY   TROUm. 


Iron  corvette,  sheathed  with  wood  and  coppered.  Strength- 
ened bow  for  ramming,  with  heavy  bronze  ram.  Four  half- 
turrets,  similar  to  those  of  the  Tourville.  Bow-gun  working 
under  the  forecastle  in  a  single  port.  Single  screw,  full  sail- 


66  FKANCE. 

power.     All  the  battery  carried  on  tlie  spar-deck,  leaving  a 
clear,  roomy  main-deck.     Stern-gun  mounted  in  barbette  on  a 

ii  ii 


DUGUAY  TROUIN. 


centre-pivot  carriage.  Bow-fire,  two  V^-inch,  one  5-J-inch ; 
beam-fire,  two  TJ-incli,  three  5J-inch ;  stern  fire,  two  TJ-inch, 
one  5^-inch. 

VILLARS  CLASS  (seventeen  in  number). 

Second  -  class  wooden  corvettes,  with  strengthened  ram 
bow.  Two  light  bow-guns  firing  through  recessed  ports,  giving 
bow  and  beam  fire.  (In  some  cases  the  guns  are  on  the  fore- 


castle,  in  others  underneath.)  Stern-gun  mounted  on  a  centre- 
pivot  carriage  in  barbette.  Midship  guns  of  heavy  calibre, 
the  deck  being  carried  out  slightly,  to  give  them  an  extreme 
firing  angle. 

ECLAIREUR  CLASS  (two  in  number). 
Third -class   composite  corvettes,   with  strengthened   ram 


FRANCE. 


67 


ECLAIREUB. 


bow.     Bow  pivot-gun  mounted  on  the  forecastle :  stern-pivot 
in  barbette ;  six  guns  in  broadside. 


LANCIER  CLASS  (eight  in  number). 

Avisos,  or  fourth-class  corvettes,  composite,  with  strength- 
ened ram  bows.     Four  rifled-guns  mounted  on  centre-pivot 


O]       o 


n   n  o 


carriages  in  the  midship  line  of  the  vessel.     Drop-rail  abreast 
the  main-deck  guns. 


LYNX  CLASS  (seven  in  number). 

First -class  composite  gun-boats,  with  strengthened  ram 
bows.  Light,  centre-pivoting  rifled  bow  and  stern  guns,  and 
one  heavy  rifled,  centre-pivot  gun  amidships  firing  in  barbette. 


68 


FRANCE. 


LYNX. 


FARCY  CLASS  (twenty-seven  in  number). 

Second-class  iron  gun-boats.  These  vessels  are  more  nearly 
large  launches,  built  with  ram  bows  to  give  them  good  displace- 
ment. One  heavy  gun  is  mounted  in  the  -bow,  the  slope  of 


TROMBLON 


the  bow  from  the  ram  up  being  carried  up  to  form  a  musket- 
proof  shield,  permitting  the  gun  to  fire  through  an  embrasure.* 

MYTHO  CLASS  (four  in  number). 
First-class  iron  troop-ships,  similar  in  general  to  the  Eng- 


MYTHO. 


lish  troopers  of  the  Serapis  class.     Capacity  for  berthing  1700 
men  with  all  the  camp  equipage. 

*  By  increasing  the  displacement  of  this  type  thirty  tons,  an  increase 
of  speed  of  two  knots  has  been  obtained,  a  4-inch  stern-gun  mounted,  and 
the  boats  made  perfectly  seaworthy. 


FRANCE. 


69 


DRAC  CLASS  (four  in  number). 

^  Light    cavalry   transports.     These   vessels   are    composite 
built  and  may  serve  either  as  transports  or  gun-boats,  as  they 


DRAC. 


carry  a  battery  of  two  light  and  two  heavy  centre-pivoting  ri- 
fles. They  are  used  for  the  transportation  of  cavalry  horses, 
artillery,  and  stores. 

BIEVRE  CLASS  (four  in  number). 


Light,  fast  iron  transports,  similar  in  general  to  the  Drac 
class. 


70 


FRANCE. 

FRENCH    GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET. 
(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Indicated 
Horse-power. 

Guns. 

Construction 
Material. 

Date  of 
Launch. 

f 

| 

Souverain 

Tons. 
5,115 

4,820 
5,210 
5,210 
5,500 
5,015 
3,934 
3,934 
3,934 
3,560 
3,375 
3,375 
3,325 
3,100 
1,740 
2,800 
2,700 
2,700 
1,830 
1,780 
1,770 
1,640 
1,590 
1,840 
1,920 
1,270 
1,270 
1,289 
1,290 
1,280 
1,260 
1,260 
1,260 

1,330 
1,310 
1,310 
1,310 
1,520 
1,430 
1,040 
1,530 
1,580 
1,700 
1,050 
1,480 
1,780 
700 
1,100 
740 
1,050 
1,050 
1,050 
1.050 
1,050 
960 
960 
960 

25 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
22 
12 
34 
32 
18 
16 
18 
12 
22 
22 
22 
5 
10 
6 
6 
10 
13 
16 
6 
6 
3 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

Wood 

M 

" 

II 

« 
II 

II 

H 

(1 

Year. 

1856 

1854 
1860 
1861 
1857 
1860 
1858 

1854 
1860 
1861 
1862 
1861 
1867 
1865 
1862 
1865 
1864 
1866 
1861 
1866 
1866 
1852 
1861 
1864 
1872 
1872 
1872 
1872 
1872 
1869 
1869 
1869 

Louis  XIV  .           . 

Ville  de  Bourdeaux  

Ville  de  Lyon 

Castiglione 

Mass6na             .     .  .      

Jean  Bart  

Saint  Louis 

Pallas 

Magicienne                   

Themis  

Victoire  

Flore 

Clorinde 

rAmorique 

Minerve  

Venus 

Chateau  Renaud  

Dupleix 

Decres  

Desaix  

Laplace  

Cosmos 

.D'Assas  

Beautemps  

Beaupr6 

Duchaffaut 

Hugon  

Kerguelen 

Bouray  ne  .... 

Dayot  

DucouSdic  

FRANCE. 


71 


FRENCH    GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET (CONTINUED). 

(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Indicated 
Horse-power. 

Guns. 

Construction 
Material. 

Date  of 
Launch. 

f 

Kersaint  

Tons. 
1,270 

960 

6 

Wood 

Year. 

1869 

Segond 

1  260 

960 

6 

1869 

Vaudreuil                        

1  280 

1  050 

6 

ii 

1870 

D'Estr6es     .  .  .  

1  280 

1  000 

6 

1867 

1 

Volta       

1,300 

1  000 

6 

<t    • 

1807 

•B 

Hamelin 

1  220 

1  000 

6 

44 

1866 

r 

Limier 

1  220 

1  COO 

6 

M 

1866 

I 

Talisman     .  .             

1  310 

800 

6 

1863 

1 

Kleber  

1  260 

740 

2 

(( 

1856 

J 

Forbin  

1,250 

870 

4 

(1 

1859 

830 

730 

6 

u 

1867 

Cassard 

850 

660 

3 

M 

1859 

L  Hirondelle     

1  030 

1  780 

2 

M 

1870 

C  Renaud  

840 

490 

4 

II 

1866 

Lamotte  Piquet  

720 

420 

4 

„ 

1859 

I 

Latouche  Treville 

720 

390 

4 

M 

1860 

6 

S 

Curieux 

760 

560 

4 

M 

1859 

Surcouff       

700 

430 

4 

u 

1858 

*?, 

Bougainville  

740 

310 

6 

g 

1859 

1 

Bruat  

700 

490 

4 

,, 

1866 

> 

Adonis 

730 

490 

4 

it 

1868 

1 

Guichen 

700 

460 

2 

44 

1863 

a 

Boursaint     

750 

610 

3 

„ 

1872 

1  Corse  

510 

220 

4, 

1842 

r  Algesiras 

5600 

2  100 

4 

„ 

1842 

Charlemagne 

5600 

1,150 

12 

M 

1851 

Intr6pide  
Ville  de  Paris  

5,600 
5,600 

2,960 
1,350 

4 

.12 

(( 

1864 
1850 

Guerri^re 

'      3200 

1,350 

4 

M 

1860 

1 

Entreprenante    .   . 

3,200 

780 

4 

«> 

1858 

1 

Dryade  

3,200 

540 

4 

M 

1856 

* 

Ceres 

3200 

410 

4 

M 

1857 

Dana8 

3,250 

540 

4 

n 

1838 

Renomm6e  

3,200 

540 

4 

« 

1847 

1  Euron6en  .  .  . 

2,350 

1,200 

2 

Iron 

.... 

FKAT^CE. 


FRENCH    GENERAL-SERVICE   FLEET (CONTINUED.) 

(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 


Displace-      Indicated 
ment.      ;  Horse-power. 


Construction 
Material. 


Date  of 
Launch. 


Tons. 

fJapon 2,300  960 

Aveyron 3,500  1,520 

Correze 3,500  1,520 

Creuze 3,500  1,520 

Sarthe 3,500  1,520 

Tame |  3,500  1,520 

Orrne ' 3,000  750 

Var 3,000  750 

Calvados 3,000  540 

Finisterre 3,000  650 

I 

Garonne 3,000  650 

Jura !  3,000  650 

Dordogne 2,400  370 

Maine 2,400.  370 

Meuse 2,400  370 

Rhin 2.400  560 

Yonne 2,400  370 

Seine 2,400  370 

Charente 2,000  280 

Adour |  1,800  250 

Ariege j  1.800  450 

Isere 1,800  450 

Moselle 1,970  390 

Vienne 1,800  370 

Cher !  1,400  610 

Indre 1,400  610 

Dives 1,682     j  670 

Ranee 1,682  670 

Sendre 1,682  670 

Vire 1,682 

(.Loiret 1,200  210 


Wood 


Year. 
1864 


Iron 


Wood 


1856 
1859 
1859 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1856 

1856 
1856 
1865 
1865 

1853 
1863 
1864 
1870 
1870 
1872 
1868 
1856 


Paddle-wheel  frigates  Albatros.  Magellan. 

"  corvettes  Catinat,  Cohgny.  Eumenide. 

Four  paddle-wheel  gun -boats,  1st  class,  700  to  800  tons,  two  to  four  guns. 
Four  "          3d      "      700  tons,  four  guns. 

Thirty  screw  tenders. 


GEEMANY. 


II 
I 


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XV 


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74 


GERMANY. 


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GERMANY. 


75 


KAISER. 


DEUTSCIILAND. 


Armored  belt,  redoubt,  and  stern  casemate.  Ram  bow  and 
straight  stern.  The  belt  encircles  the  water-line,  coining  up 
to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams  abaft  the  redoubt,  but 
forward  of  it  reduced  in  height  to  not  over  three  feet  above 
the  water-line,  and  having  a  heavy  steel  deck  at  the  height  of 
its  Cupper  edge.  The  belt  does  not  cover  the  ram.  The  sides 
forward  and  abaft  the  redoubt  are  given  a  rank  tumble  home, 
while  the  redoubt  is  carried  straight  up  to  the  spar-deck  beams, 
opening  fore-and-aft  and  beam  tire  from  the  angular  ports, 


KAISER. 


(vide  Devastation,  French).  The  stern  casemate  prevents 
raking  from  aft,  and  also  protects  a  stern-gun  working  in  a 
single  port.  The  engines  and  boilers  form  two  distinct  sets, 
one  abaft  the  other,  the  magazines  and  shell-lockers  coming 
between  them.  The  redoubt  has  an  overhang  clear  of  the 
side  of  3|  feet  forward  and  1£  feet  aft.  There  is  no  bow-gun, 
the  bow-tire  coming  from  the  redoubt.  The  after-redoubt 
guns  only  fire  to  within  15°  of  right  astern,  the  stern-gun  filling 
out  the  dead-angle.  Single  screw,  full  sail-power. 


FRIEDRICH   DER  GROSSE. 


PREUSSEN. 


Armored  belt,  breastwork,  and  two  revolving  turrets. 
These  ships  are  built  on  the  lines  of  the  Monarch,  although  im- 
proved in  detail.  The  belt  encircles  the  water-line,  but  does 
not  come  as  low  down  as  the  point  of  the  ram.  The  breast- 
work surrounds  the  boilers  and  the  bottoms  of  the  turrets,  but 
the  engines  are  outside  of  and  abaft  it.  The  turrets  are  closer 
together  than  in  the  Monarch,  and  have  no  upper  works  to  in- 
terfere with  their  fire.  The  dead-angles  of  the  turret-guns 


76 


GERMANY. 


:^r      ~> 


are  filled  by  a  bow  and  stern  gun  working  in  single  unprotect- 
ed ports.  These  ships  have  single  screws  and  about  three- 
quarter  sail-power. 


KONIG  TVILHELM. 

Armored  belt  and  long,  main-deck  casemate,  stern  casemate^ 
and  two  spar-deck  redoubts.  Ram  bow  and  straight  stern. 
The  belt  encircles  the  water-line,  coming  to  the  height  of  the 
main-deck  beams  aft,  but  somewhat  lower  forward  of  the  case- 
mate, that  portion  being  covered  by  a  steel  deck.  There  is  no 
forward  or  after  fire  from  the  casemate,  the  sides  rising  straight 


KONIG  WILHELM. 


up  fore  and  aft.  The  ends  of  the  casemate  are  protected  from 
raking  by  armored  bulkheads,  rising  to  the  spar-deck  beams 
forward  and  abaft.  The  stern  casemate  protects  a  single  gun 
working  in  one  port.  At  the  forward  end  of  the  main  case- 
mate, and  rising  clear  of  the  upper  deck,  is  a  redoubt — or  rather 
traverse,  for  it  is  unprotected  at  the  rear — giving  protection  to 
two  guns  working  each  in  two  ports  for  fore-and-aft  and  beam. 


GERMANY. 


77 


iire.  At  the  after-end  of  the  main  casemate  is  a  similar  tra- 
verse, which  has  an  overhang  of  several  feet,  its  two  guns 
working  also  each  in  two  ports  for  stern  and  beam  fire  (vide 
Sultan,  English).  These  traverses  encumber  the  spar-deck  for 
working  the  gear  of  the  sails.  Single  screw  and  full  sail- 
power. 


FRIEDRICH   KARL. 


KRON   PRINZ. 


Armored  belt  and  long  casemate  with  bow  redoubt.  Ram 
bow  and  straight  stern.  The  belt  encircles  the  water-line  to 
the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams,  coming  down  in  a  curve 
forward  well  over  the  ram.  There  is  no  fore-and-aft  fire  from 
the  casemate,  the  ship  being  wall-sided.  The  bow  redoubt 


FRIEDRICH  KARL. 


cuts  off  the  point  of  the  bow  above  the  spar-deck  beams  and 
protects  a  bow-gun  working  in  a  single  port.  There  is  a  high, 
oval,  armored  pilot-house  just  abaft  the  main-mast.  ISTo  stern- 
fire.  Single  screw  and  full  sail-power. 


SACHSEN. 


BAIERN.  WURTEMBERG. 

(Two  others  not  yet  named.) 


Partial  armored  belt  and  two  barbette  casemates.  Earn 
bow,  round  stern.  Half  sail-power  (brig  rigged).  Four 
smoke-stacks.  The  belt  forms  a  casemate  for  the  boilers  and 
engines,  covering  the  middle  third  of  the  ship,  the  lower  edge 
being  prolonged  in  a  heavy  steel  deck,  which,  aft,  protects  the 
steering-gear.  This  casemate  rises  to  the  spar-deck  beams.  At 
its  after-end  a  high,  rectangular  barbette  casemate  rises  well 
up  above  the  spar-deck  rail,  giving  clear  fore-and-aft  and  beam 


78 


GERM A X  V 


fire  to  its  four  guns.  At  the  forward  end  of  the  casemate  is 
an  oval  barbette  turret  (vide  Temeraire,  English)  amidships, 
giving  clear  bow  and  beam  fire  to  its  single  gun.  These  ships. 


gain  a  nearly  perfect  all-around  fire  from  the  heaviest  calibre 
guns,  with  a  maximum  thickness  of  armor.  They  combine 
great  armor  and  battery  strength  with  light  draft  and  displace- 
ment. 


HANSA. 


Armored  belt  and  double-decked  redoubt.     Swan-breasted 
bow   strengthened  for   ramming,  pointed  stern,  single  screw, 


full  sail-power.  The  belt  encircles  the  water-line  to  the 
height  of  the  main-deck.  The  main-deck  redoubt  is  short  and 
does  not  give  fore-and-aft  fire,  the  ship  being  wall-sided.  The 


GERMANY. 


79 


upper-deck  redoubt,  rising  a  little  above  the  spar-deck  rail,  is 
octagonal,  to  permit  angular  ports  for  fore-and-aft  and  beam 
tire.  The  spar-deck  rail  is  carried  inboard  parallel  to  the  keel 
to  open  the  angular  ports. 


ARMENIUS. 


Double-turreted  monitor,  with  ram  bow  and  no  overhang. 
Light  flying  deck,  single  screw.     (American  type  modified.) 


PRINZ  ADALBERT. 

Armored  belt,  double  redoubt.  Long  ram  bow,  round 
stern,  single  screw,  half  sail-power.  The  belt  encircles  the 
water-line  to  the  height  of  the  upper  deck.  The  curve  of  the 
ram  bow  is  carried  up,  forming  a  spar-deck  redoubt,  giving 
protection  to  a  single  heavy  bow-gun  working  in  one  port. 
A  second  redoubt,  well  aft,  gives  protection  to  two  guns,  each 


PRINZ  ADALBERT. 


working  in  two  ports  for  fore-and-aft  and  beam  fire.  A 
superstructure  aft  cuts  off  the  stern-fire  from  these  guns,  and 
the  forward  redoubt  cuts  off  the  bow-fire.  The  shape  of  both 
of  the  redoubts  is  nearly  circular.  The  Stonewall  (Confede- 
rate) belonged  to  this  type.  (Sister  ships.) 


•so 


GERMANY. 


WESPE. 

SCORPION. 


VIPER. 

BASILISK. 


BIENE. 
RHEIN. 


(Four  others  not  yet  named.) 


MUCKE. 
MOSEL. 


Small,  light-draft,  armored  gun-boats.  All  except  the 
Rhein  and  Mosel  have  an  armored  belt  and  a  horseshoe-shaped 
traverse,  giving  protection  to  the  crew  of  a  single  barbette 
gun,  which  gives  only  bow-fire.  They  are  provided  with 
rams.  The  Ehein  and  Mosel  are  light-draft  monitors,  similar 
to  the  Austrian  Danube  gun-boats.  (See  Austrian  Danube 
monitors.)  The  Wespe  class  belongs  to  the  English  Staunch 
-and  the  French  Farcy  type. 


GERMAN    UNARMORED    FLEET. 
(FAST  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displacement. 

Maximum 
Speed. 

BATTERY. 

'Leipsic  

Tons. 
3863 

Knots. 
16 

3863 

16 

XII  6%-inches. 

I 

BHicher 

2460 

15 

2 

Stosch 

2460 

15 

•? 

Moltke  

2460 

15 

XVI  5%-inches. 

5 

Sedan  

2,460 

15 

2 

One  other 

2460 

15 

"7  ,; 

1  954 

14^ 

II  J 

Louise 

1  665 

14 

II  6%-inch  VI  5%-inch 

4* 

Ariadne 

1  665 

13 

£ 

GERMANY. 


81 


GERMAN    GENERAL-SERVICE   FLEET. 
(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displacement. 

Maximum  Speed. 

Guns. 

(  Elizabeth 

Tons. 
2428 

Knots. 
12 

18 

fll 

Hertha 

2227 

19 

Vineta    

2227 

11 

19 

f  Augusta  

1  760 

133£ 

10 

Arcona 

1  760 

10 

1 

Gazelle                                   

1  760 

10 

1 

1  760 

10 

i 

Medusa  

1  760 

10 

s 

Victoria 

1  760 

14 

10 

Ariadne 

1  650 

f  Albatross 

695 

4 

Nautilus  
Wolf  
Hyane  

695 

482 
482 

m 

4 
4 
4 

Cyclop 

395 

8U 

4 

Blitz  .  .  . 

3t)5 

4 

Two  others  .           

395 

4 

Komet  
Meteor 

340 
340 

gu 

3 
3 

1 

Delphin 

340 

3 

5 

Drache  

340 

3 

o 

Otter  

130 

8^ 

3 

Fuchs 

260 

8 

1 

Habicht 

260 

8 

Hai  

260 

1 

Tiger   

260 

1 

Natter 

260 

1 

Salamander                             .     ... 

260 

1 

Scorpion      

260 

1 

Sperb^r 

260 

1 

82 


GKEECE. 


GERMAN    GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET (CONTINUED.) 

(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displacement. 

Maximum  Speed. 

Guns. 

A 

Hohenzollern 

Tons. 
1  690 

Knots. 

2 

I 

Three  others 

1  690 

2 

a 

Pommerania 

380 

2 

sports  an 
Vessels 

Lorelei  
Grille  

380 
337 

2 
2 

i 

Falke 

1  004 

2 

Harbor-tugs.    Torpedo-launches.    Hulks.    Guard-ships. 


GREECE. 


ARMORED    VESSELS. 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Armor. 

Maximum 
Speed. 

BATTERY. 

Tons. 

Inches 

Knots. 

o>     1 

r 

i--  i 

H  9-inch. 

-  £  r  Olga                     

2,060 

4^(5  to  5 

X  7-inch  Armstrong. 

-j 

S  -^  J.  Georgius               

1,800 

7 

13 

II  9-inch. 

• 

UNARMORED   VESSELS. 


1  Screw  Corvette.  Hellas.  1  Screw  Gun-boat. 

5  Yachts  (old  blockade  runners).  7  Pinnaces  and  small  Gun-boats. 


GREECE. 


OLGA. 


Completely  armored  broadside  frigate  or  large  corvette; 
ram  bow,  straight  stern.  Armor-belt  enclosing  water-line  to 
the  height  of  spar-deck  beams.  (See  Maria  Pia,  Italian.) 


GEORGIUS. 


Armored  belt  and  hexagonal  casemate  amidships.  The 
rail  forward  of  the  casemate  is  carried  inboard  parallel  to  the 
keel  to  open  the  bow-tire  from  the  casemate.  Abaft,  the  rail 
is  cut  in  for  some  distance  from  the  casemate,  and  given  a 


rank  tumble  home,  to  open  the  after -fire.  No  stern-fire 
Double  screws,  three-quarter  sail-power.  The  armor  has  a 
backing  of  ten  inches.  The  guns  work  on  turn-tables,  one 
on  each  side,  arid  have  a  firing-angle  of  about  110°  from  each 
port. 


HOLLAND. 


Hi        S 

Hi        § 


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HOLLAND. 


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86 


HOLLAND. 


KONIXG   DER  XEDERLAXDEX. 


PRIXZ    HEXDRIK. 


Double-turreted,  high-sided,  sea-going  monitors.  Armored 
belt  and  casemate ;  ram  bow,  straight  stern.  The  belt  encloses 
the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams.  The 
casemate  encloses  the  bottoms  of  the  turrets,  engines,  and 
boilers,  occupying  the  middle  third  of  the  vessel.  The  fore- 
and-aft  fire  of  the  turret  guns  is  completely  cut  off  by  the  super- 
structures forming  forecastle  and  cabin,  and  which  rise  to  the 
height  of  the  top  of  the  turrets. 

These  superstructures  are  cut  in  at  the  ends  nearest  the 


PRINZ   HENDRIK. 


turrets  to  open  the  fire  as  much  as  possible,  increasing  slightly 
the  firing-angle  and  almost  completely  destroying  the  neces- 
sary freeboard.  Between  the  turrets  is  a  third  superstructure, 
musket-proof,  protecting  the  approaches  to  the  boilers  and 
engines.  At  the  forward  end  of  this  superstructure  is  a 
musket-proof  pilot-house.  Double  screws,  full  sail-power,  with 
tripod  fore  and  main  masts.  These  ships  are  a  medium  between 
the  Wyvern  and  the  ill-fated  Captain.  Bow  and  stern  fire  are 
secured  by  light  unprotected  guns. 


STIER. 

DRAAK. 

PANTER. 


8CHORPIOEX. 

MATADOR. 

HAAI. 


BUFFEL. 
LUIPARD. 
WESP. 


GUINEA. 
HYAEXA. 
ADDER. 


High-sided  ram  monitors.      Armored   belt,  casemate,  and 
single  turret.     Earn  bow  and  round  stern.     The  belt  encircles 


the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams.     The 
casemate  surrounds  the  foot  of  the  turret  only.     The  turret 


HOLLAND. 


87 


lias  perfect  all-around  fire,  being  large  enough  to  give  stern- 
fire  past  the  smoke-stack.  A  superstructure  gives  a  full  free- 
board all  around  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  casemate,  furnish- 
ing quarters.  The  upper  deck  carries  a  light  barbette  battery 
of  bow,  stern,  and  broadside  guns.  Twin  screw  and  half  sail- 
power. 


KROKODIL.  HEILIGERLEE. 

BLOEDHOUND. 


CERBERUS. 
TIJGER. 


Single-turreted  low   monitors,  with   high  superstructures 


BLOEDHOUND. 


forward  and  abaft  the  turret  cutting  off  the  fore-and-aft  fire. 
Twin  screws,  half -sail  power. 


VAHALIS. 


ISALA. 


RHENUS. 


MOSA. 


MERVA. 


Light-draft,  single-turreted  monitors.    The  turret  is  elevated 
and  surrounded  by  a  casemate  having  a  tumble  home  of  35°. 


88 


HOLLAND. 


DUTCH    UNARMORED   FLEET. 

(FAST  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Indicated 
Horse-power. 

Maximum    Date  of 
Speed.       Launch. 

BATTERY. 

lst-cl;iss 
3d-class  Cruisers.  Cruisers. 

rAtjeh       

Tons. 
-     3,108 

3,108 
3,108 
836 
836 
836 
836 
836 
836 
836 

2,900 
2,900 
2,900 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 

Knots. 
14 

14 
14 

Year. 
1876 

1877 
1878 
1876 
1876 
1877 
1877 
1878 
1878 
1878 

j-  VI  6.8  inch  Krupp. 

(     I  5.8-inch  Krupp. 
1  in  4.7-inch 
j     I  5.8-inch        " 
1  1ll  4.7-inch 

I  5.8-inch  Krupp. 
Ill  4.  7-inch 

Tromp  

[.  De  Ruyter  

Suriname  

Bonaire 

St  Eustatius 

Samarang  
Batavia  



Macassar 

Padang 

DUTCH    GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET. 
(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Indicated 
Horse-power. 

Construction 
Material. 

Date  of 
Launch. 

Guns. 

i*\ 

Evertsen      

Tons. 
3300 

1  000 

Wood 

Year. 

1857 

51 

*£< 

Silverin  Kruis 

2  160 

1  480 

1869 

12 

Van  Galen  

2  160 

700 

1872 

12 

1 

Leenwarden  

2030 

700 

u 

1861 

14 

r 

Curacao 

2  030 

700 

1863 

14 

^ 

Watergeus 

1  490 

M 

1864 

6 

Marnix  

1  490 

770 

M 

1867 

Q. 

Alkmaar  

1  010 

600 

1874 

3 

!• 

Prinses  Maria  
Cornelius  Dirks  

760 
760 

250 
250 

Wood 

1662 
1859 

7 
G 

Aruba  

730 

250 

1873 

3 

fr 

fvalk 

1  220 

800 

Wood 

1864 

Q 

21 

HOLLAND. 


89 


DUTCH   EAST   INDIA   GENERAL-SERVICE   FLEET. 
(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Indicated 
Horse-power. 

Construction 
Material. 

Date  of 
Launch. 

Guns. 

Soeribaija  

Tons. 
1,450 

975 

Wood 

Year. 
1867 

2 

^Vlerapi 

1  150 

975 

Iron 

1874 

6 

Bronio                           

1,150 

975 

sheathed 

1874 

6 

: 

Sumatra  
Borneo  
Banka 

950 
950 
950 

550 
550 
550 

Iron 

1867 
1867 
1867 

4 
4 
4 

£  -( 

Timor 

950 

550 

14 

1867 

Oenarang 

650 

360 

44 

1875 

3 

1 

Soembing                   

650 

360 

M 

1877 

4 

Sindoro       

650 

360 

,t 

1877 

4 

Onrust  

190 

290 

II 

1863 

8 

Salak 

200 

290 

4, 

1875 

3 

Admiral  v  Kinsbergen 

180 

200 

„ 

1854 

1 

\art  Van  Ness                          .  . 

650 

280 

Wood 

1863 

2 

Schouwen                    

650 

280 

1863 

6 

Bommelerward  

650 

280 

ii 

1862 

r> 

Riouw  

730 

340 

Composite 

1872 

8 

E 

Banda 

730 

340 

1872 

3 

1 

Amboina 

730 

340 

„ 

1873 

3 

h 

Deli 

730 

340 

u 

1873 

3 

I 

Sambas  
Pontianak  

750 
750 

350 
350 

M 

1874 
1873 

3 
3 

Band  jermassing  

750 

350 

,t 

1874 

3 

[.  Palembang                         

750 

350 

|| 

1874 

3 

9c 

F?2 

1 
*  Hydrograaf 

730 

340 

1873 

3 

H 

1 

90 


ITALY. 


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ITALY. 


91 


DANDOLO. 


DUILIO. 


ITALIA. 


LEPANTO. 


Armored-casemate,  double-turreted  monitor  ships.  Ram 
bow,  overhanging  stern.  The  casemate  surrounds  the  boilers, 
engines,  and  turrets,  occupying  about  one  third  of  the  ship. 
The  lower  edge  of  the  casemate  is  carried  forward  and  aft  in 
a  steel  deck  three  inches  thick,  the  deck  curving  down  for- 
ward below  the  point  of  the  ram.  The  upper  deck  is  also 


plated  fore  and  aft  with  two-inch  steel  plates.  The  turrets 
are  placed  diagonally  to  open  full  fore-and-aft  and  beam  fire. 
The  two  sets  of  boilers  and  engines  are  grouped  one  abaft  the 
other,  the  boilers  being  arranged  transversely  between  the  sets 
of  engines.  Twin  screws,  no  sail-^power,  no  superstructure. 
Designed  by  Admiral  Brin. 


PALESTRO. 


PRINCIPE   AMADEO. 


Armored  belt  and  double  casemate.  Swan  breast,  ram 
bow,  straight  stern.  The  belt  encloses  the  water-line  to  the 
height  of  the  main-deck  beams.  Forward  is  a  double  case- 
mate or  traverse  (the  rear  being  unprotected)  rising  to  the 
top  of  the  topgallant  forecastle,  and  giving  protection  to  two 
heavy  guns  on  the  main-deck,  working  each  in  two  ports  for 
bow  and  beam  fire,  and  one  heavy  rifle  on  the  upper  deck 
working  in  two  ports  over  the  forward  main-deck  ones  for 
bow-fire.  The  bow-frames  are  distorted  to  open  the  fire  on 
the  main-deck.  Aft  is  a  long  main-deck  traverse  protecting 


ITALY. 


four  heavy  rifles,  giving  two  guns  for  stern-fire  and,  if  desired, 
three  for  beam-lire  (one  gun  may  be  shifted  from  side  to  side). 


m 


The  stern-frames,  like  those  of  the  bow,  are  distorted  to  get 
stern-fire.     Single  screw,  full  sail-power. 


VENEZIA. 


ROMA. 


Armored  belt,  long  main-deck  casemate,  and  upper-deck 
bow  and  stern  traverses.     Straight  bow,  round  stern.     The 


belt  encircles  the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck 
beams.  The  casemate  is  long  and  trapezoidal  in  shape,  with 
the  corners  cut  to  allow  angular  ports  for  fore-and-aft  fire. 


ITALY. 


93 


The  side  forward  and  abaft  the  casemate  is  given  a  rank 
tumble  home  to  open  the  fore-and-aft  tire.  The  casemate  sur- 
rounds the  boilers  and  engines.  On  the  spar-deck  are  bow 
and  stern  traverses,  each  protecting  a  gun  working  in  a 
single  port.  ^The  bow  and  stern  upper  rail  is  cut  off  by  the 
traverses  sufficient  to  give  them  square  fronts.  Single  screw, 
full  sail-power. 


ANCONA.  CASTELFIDARDO.  MARIA  PIA. 

SAN  MARTINO.  CONTE  VERDE.  MESSINA. 


MARIA  PIA. 


Armored-belt  and  long-casemate,  broadside  frigates.  Ram 
bows  and  round  sterns.  The  armored  belt  encloses  the  water- 
line  to  the  main-deck  beams,  and  is  carried  up  in  the  casemate 
to  the  spar-deck  beams.  No  fore-and-aft  fire  except  from  light 
upper-deck  guns.  An  armored  pilot-house  just  forward  of  the 
mizzen-mast.  Single  screw,  full  sail-power. 


TERRIBILE. 


FORMIDABILE. 


VARESE. 


'  Old  -type  floating  batteries.  The  Yarese  has  the  corners  of 
her  casemate  cut  to  give  fore-and-aft  and  beam  fire.  Walls  of 
casemate  tumble  home  at  a  sharp  angle.  Ram  bows,  twin 
screws,  no  sail-power. 

AFFONDATORE. 

Double-turreted  monitor  ram.     High-sided,  with  half  sail- 


AFFONDATORE. 


power    and   superstructures   forward   and   abaft   the   turrets. 
Armored  belt  enclosing  the  water-line  to  the  upper-deck  beams. 


94 


ITALY. 


Long  rani  bow,  continued  up  and  forming  a  topgallant  fore- 
castle nearly  as  .high  as  the  top  of  the  turret.  Musket-proof 
superstructure  surrounding  the  engine-room.  Stern-frames 
carried  up  to  form  a  spar-deck  cabin.  No  fore-and-aft  fire. 
Single  screw.  This  vessel  was  the  Italian  flag-ship  at  the  Battle 
of  Lissa. 


ITALIAN     TJNARMORED     FLEET. 
(RAPID  CRUISERS.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Maximum 
Speed. 

BATTERY. 

oo  fCristoforo  Colombo 

Tons. 
2500 

Knots. 
16  2 

V  4%-inch 

3  "8  -|  Staff  etta 

1  485 

12  5 

"8  (.Rapido  

1  426 

11  8 

V  3-inch. 

Agostin  
§    Barbarigo  

650 
650 

17 
17 

y    Marcantonio 

650 

17 

114%-inch. 

O 
Colonna  ,  ... 

0     ("Pietro  Micca  
1-1  -1  Seb  Veraiero 

650 
512 
512 

17 
14.5 

H;>  [And.  Provano  

512 

ITALY. 


95 


ITALIAN     GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET. 
(OLD-TYPE  STEAM  CRUISERS.) 


TYFK  AND  NAMK. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Construction 
Material. 

Guns. 

•  g5 

Vittorio  Emanuele  

Tons. 
3  420 

Wood 

22 

4 

Maria  Adelaide 

3  460 

24 

f  Vettor  Pisani              .     .                 ... 

1  580 

M 

14 

K 

|< 

Carracciolo  
Garibaldi  

1,580 
1  440 

(4 

6 

8 

ft 

Vedetta.  ..  .                 ... 

790 

4 

P 

[ 
f  Scilla 

1  050 

Wood 

4 

L 

Cariddi 

1  050 

4 

PJ 

~— 

Guardiano 

265 

1 

* 

Sentinella 

265 

1 

fVeloce  

274 

Wood 

4 

n5  < 

Ardita  

274 

4 

s| 

Conflenza 

262 

M 

4 

f  Governolo 

1  700 

M 

g 

(D 

Ettore  Fieramosca 

1  400 

M 

6 

11 

Guiscardo  . 

1  400 

<« 

6 

|! 

Archimede  

1  300 

M 

6 

ll 

Esploratore  

1  080 

(t 

4 

Messaggiero  

1  080 

4 

Citta  di  Geneva  

3730 

H 

4 

Citta  di  Napoii  

3730 

M 

8 

i 

Europa  .  . 

2  300 

2 

t 

Conte  Cavour    .  ... 

1  870 

2 

i 

H 

"Washington  

1  400 

2 

Doria 

1  100 

M 

2 

11 

Vulcano 

276 

Wood 

i; 

Hulks.    Guard-ships.    School-ships.    Harbor-tugs. 


96 


JAP  AX. 


i  ! 


6  S 


uouuv 
jo  ssaujpiqj  ysuri      a 


uouuv  jo  ssau 


•paadg  nmraryBK 


05         tO        tO 


v    00        O       00 

§  s   1   s 

H   eo-     eo'     eo" 


•ureag  jo  tflpiraja 


JAPAN. 


97 


JAPANESE     [JNARMORED     FLEET. 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Length  between 
Perpendiculars. 

Breadth  of 
Beam. 

Draft. 

Guns. 

Trans- 
ports. Gun-boats.  Corvettes. 

f  Tsu-ku-ba-kan 

Ft. 
197 

203 
342 
150 
150 
131 
131 

Ft. 
29^ 

29 
27 
21 
21 
22 
22 

Ft. 
15 

•14 

10 

7 
7 
7 
7 

10 
7 
7 
2 
4 
4 
2 
4 
3 

Nishin-kan  
Kasuga-kan  

f  Ho-shio-kan  .  . 

Moshium-kan 

Dai-itchi-Teibo-kan  
Dai-ni-Taibo-kan  
Un-yo-kan  

Tchiotagata-kan 

Osaka-maru 

Two  others  .... 

FOO-SOO. 


Armored  belt  and  redoubt.  Ram  bow,  round  stern.  Belt 
encircling  the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams, 
and  covering  the  ram.  Square  central  redoubt,  having  an 
overhang  of  about  three  feet,  the  corners  being  cut  off  to  per- 
mit angular  ports  for  fore-and-aft  and  beam  fire.  The  sides 
above  the  main-deck  beams  are  given  a  rank  tumble  home  to 
open  the  fore-and-aft  fire  of  the  redoubt.  On  top  of  the  re- 
doubt a  heavy  rifle  is  mounted  on  each  side  in  barbette,  giving 
a  firing-angle  of  180°.  Designed  by  Reed.  This  ship  resem- 
bles very  closely  in  type  the  French  Redoubtable. 


KONG-GO. 


HI-YEI. 


Armored-belt,  broadside  corvettes.  The  belt  comes  to  the 
lieight  of  the  upper-deck  beams,  but  ends  short  of  the  bow 
and  stern  in  an  armored  bulkhead.  There  is  no  fore-and-aft 
fire  from  the  main  battery.  Two  heavy  bow-guns  are  carried 
under  the  forecastle  in  recessed  ports,  giving  bow  and  beam 
fire.  One  stern-gun  working  in  two  recessed  ports  gives  stern 
and  beam  fire.  Single  screw,  full  sail  power.  Long  yacht 
bow  and  round  stern. 


JAPAN. 


KO-TETS-EEN  (LATE  STONEWALL). 

Armored  belt  and  redoubt,  long  ram  bow,  round  stern,  sin- 
gle screw,  and  half  sail-power.  This  vessel  is  almost  the  exact 
counterpart  of  the  Prinz  Adalbert  (German).  Both  ships 
were  built  at  Bordeaux. 

HIO-JIO-KAN. 

Partial  armored  belt,  from  about  three  feet  below  the  water- 
line  to  the  height  of  the  spar-deck  beams,  ending  forward  and 
abaft  the  battery  in  armored  bulkheads.  There  is  no  fore- 
and-aft  fire  from  the  battery,  and  only  bow-fire  from  a  light 
rifle.  The  disposition  of  the  armor  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
Warrior.  The  hull  is  divided  into  several  large  water-tight 
compartments,  and  the  long  yacht-bow  is  strengthened  for 
ramming.  Single  screw,  full  sail-power. 


NORWAY   AND   SWEDEN. 


99 


AY  AND  SWEDEN. 


AKMOKED     FLEET. 

NORWAY. 


1 

I 

I 

1 

Turret. 

TYPE  AND  NAME, 

1 

SL 

S 

•§ 

S 

si 

BATTERY. 

| 

1 

11 

1 

II 

1 

. 

Q 

5 

c 

* 

* 

«i 

1 

Ft.  in. 

Tons. 

Knots. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

f  Scorpionen 

11  6 

1,423 

380 

7 

5 

11.8 

26 

Mjolner  

11  6 

1,490 

460 

7 

5 

11.8 

26 

Thrudvang  

11  6 

1,490 

500 

8 

5 

11.8 

26 

II  11-inch  Armstrong. 

Thor  

13  2 

1,970 

600 

9 

7 

13.7 

9 

Odin 

13  2 

1,970 

600 

9 

7 

13.7 

9 

J 

SWEDEN. 


John  Ericsson  .  . 

11  6 

1,475 

380 

7 

5 

10^ 

31^ 

11  15-inch 
Rodman  smooth-bore. 

1 

Thordou  
Tyrflng  

11  6 
11  6 

1,475 
1,475 

380 
380 

% 
7^ 

5 
5 

10^ 

10^ 

26 
26 

til   9}4-mch    Finsporg 
Rifle. 

Loke  
'  Garmer 

12  2 

6  6 

1,575 
256 

430 
90 

8 
5ik 

5 
\\(. 

17% 
6 

24^ 

7$i 

} 

Fenris 

8  3 

256 

43 

6 

\\^ 

1°^3 

33§i 

Skold  

7  6 

236 

17 

3% 

m 

8^ 

33% 

Gerda  
Hildur  

8  9 
8  9* 

453 
453 

133 
133 

8 
8 

2^ 
2J4 

14 
14 

33% 

33% 

g 

- 
r*i  " 

Bjorn  

8  9 

453 

155 

8 

2^ 

14 

33% 

}.  I  9}4-inch  Armstrong. 

Berserk  
Folke  

8  9 
8  9 

453 
453 

155 
155 

8 
8 

2^ 

%y> 

14 
14 

33% 
33% 

Solwe  
Ulf 

8  9 
8  9 

453 
453 

155 
155 

8 
8 

2^ 

2}^ 

14 

14 

33% 
33% 

.One  other  

8  9 

453 

155 

8 

2^ 

14 

33% 

100 


NORWAY   AND    SWEDEN. 


SCORPIONEN.  MJOLNER        .  THRUDVANG.  THOR. 

JOHN   ERICSSON.  TIIORDON.  TJIFING.  LORE. 


Low   freeboard,    single-turreted    monitors. 
American.) 


(See   Passaic, 


ODIN. 


Armored  belt  and  casemate.  Ram  bow,  straight  stern,  low 
freeboard.  The  Odin  belongs  to  the  floating-battery  type ; 
her  casemate  rising  above  the  deck-level  with  tumble-home 
sides,  and  ports  in  all  four  faces  for  all-around  flre. 


THE   TWELVE    SWEDISH   MONITOR   GUN- BOATS. 

Armored  belt  and  fixed  turret,  twin  screws,  no  sail-power. 
The  turret  is  dome-shaped,  with  a  small  dome-shaped  armored 
pilot-house  on  its  after-end.  The  sides  of  the  turret  curve 
into  a  steep  glacis,  which  is  carried  out  nearly  to  the  side  of 
the  ship,  the  deck  in  wake  of  the  turret  being  merely  a  narrow 
platform  for  passing  fore  and  aft  without  difficulty.  The  sin- 
gle heavy  gun.  is  worked  on  a  turn-table  in  five  ports  for  all- 
around  fire.  The  after-part  of  the  turret  is  carried  on  in  a 
superstructure  covering  the  engines,  boilers,  and  hatchways. 
A  light  flying  deck  or  bridge  is  carried  around  the  upper  part 
of  the  turret.  The  armor  of  the  side  and  turret  is  curved  in 
every  section,  so  as  not  to  present  a  fair  target  for  striking  in 
any  position.  The  ellipsoidal  bow  is  very  strong,  and  is  heavi- 
ly strengthened  for  ramming. 


NORWAY   AND   SWEDEN. 


101 


NORWEGIAN     AND    SWEDISH    TJNARMORED    FLEET. 


NORWAY. 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 


Displacement. 


Tons. 
i  (  Kong  Sverre 3,472 

Saint  Olaf    2,182 

rf  j  Nordsgernen 

'f  (Nornen 958 

( Steipner 580 

Vale 233 

Uller . 
Glommen. 

Lugen. 
5 

Sarpen 

Rjuken. 

,  Two  others 

Fourteen  Galleys  . . 


Speed, 


Knots. 
11 

10 
9 
9 

8 
8 


XLIV  32-pdrs. 
XXXIV 
XVI 
XIV 

I  10^-inch,  1 5%-inch. 

•I  10«4-inch. 


H  10J4-inch. 


I  5%-inch. 


NORWAY   AND   SWEDEN. 


NORWEGIAN    AND    SWEDISH    IJNAKMORED    FLEET — (CONTINUED.) 

SWEDEN. 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displacement. 

Speed. 

BATTERY. 

1  Torpedo  Trans-  Ships  of 
Vessel.  port.  Gun-boats.  Corvettes.  the  line. 

Stockholm 

Tons. 
2,850 

2,130 

1,880 
1,280 
1,070 
1,530 
500 
500 
500 
500 
536 
536 
536 
536 

}•  180  to  200 
J 

Knots. 
10 

12 

9 
9 
9 
8 
13.2 
13.2 
13.2 
13.2 
13.5' 
13.5 
13.5 
13.5 

8 
13 

LXVI  20-pdrs. 
XVI  32-pdrs. 

VI  514-inch  Rrupp. 

vin 

V         ««            " 
VII         "            " 

I  10%-inch,  I  4%-inch. 

I  4%-inch. 

I  5^-inch. 
I  6^-inch. 

Vanadis  . 

Balder 

Gefle 

Thor   

Saga  .  .  . 

Blenda  

Disa 

Urd 

Verdande      

Skaeul  .  .  . 

Skuld  

Skoggald 

Rota                  

Svensksund  
Hogland  

Motala 

Carlsund  

AllSg  

Astrid 

Inerejrud 

Sigrid    

Alfhild 

Gunhild 

-  Valkyrian 

Run             .                

630 

The  Ndky  is  supplied  with  a  number  of  Thorneycroft  torpedo-launches  using 
Whitehead  torpedoes. 


PERU. 


103 


PERU. 

ARMORED    FLEET. 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Maximum 
Speed. 

Date  of 
Launch. 

BATTERY. 

ft] 

"§«  ^  Independencia 

Tons 
1  968 

Knots. 
io:U 

Year. 

1865 

II  7-inch  XII  5^  -inch 

RAJ 
«  »  (  Atahualpa  

984 

10V*> 

1865 

\ 

H"S  (  Manco  Capac  

1  082 

12 

1865 

[•119-inch,  II  40-pdrs. 

-i  •  (Victoria 

o  3  ~\ 
S5  |  Loa 

PERUVIAN    UNARMORED    FLEET. 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace 

ineiit. 

Guns. 

TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Guns. 

,   .  ) 

Tons. 

<»•  fChalaco 

Tons. 

4 

S3  >Callao 

30 

fo§i  \ 

•"  -1  Tumbez 

4 

.  "  (  America  .  . 

14 

11 
o  [,  Chanchamaya 

2 

c|-< 
°1  1  Union 

14 

Colon 

2 

INDEPENDENCE  (wrecked  in  action  with  the  Covadonga). 

Armored  casemate,  ram  bow,  straight  stern,  single  screw, 
half  sail-power.  The  armor  covers  the  water-line  and  rises 
to  the  height  of  the  spar-deck  beams,  ending  forward  and 
abaft  the  battery  in  armored  bulkheads.  There  is  no  fore-and- 
aft  fire  from  the  casemate,  this  fire  being  secured  by  a  single 
bow  and  a  single  stern  gun  mounted  on  the  spar-deck,  unpro- 
tected. 


104 


PORTUGAL. 


ATAHUALPA. 


MANCO  CAPAC. 


VICTORIA. 


LOA. 


Low-freeboard,  single-turreted  monitors  of  the  American 
type. 

The  Atahualpa  and  Manco  Capac  are  the  late  American 
monitors  Chickasaw  and  Winnebago. 


POETUGAL. 


ARMORED  CORVEITE. 


Ill 

1 

?           . 

I 

^  FJ 

'      & 

f'" 

OQ 

NAME. 

*- 

J 

1 

BATTERY 

gi 

s         S 
=          3 

*; 

a 

1 

^5 

1 

I   ! 

I 

i 

1 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Ft.     Tons. 

In. 

In. 

Knots. 

Vascode  Gama... 

.     216 

43 

21     2,479 

JJOJ 
!9°i" 

10 

i  H  10^-in.,  I  6-in.  Krupp. 
"(  U  40-pdr.  Armstrong. 

Armored  belt  and  casemate.  (See  Foo  Soo,  Japanese.) 
Ram  bow,  straight  stern.  The  belt  encircles  the  hull  to  the 
height  of  the  upper  deck,  coming  below  the  ram.  The  case- 
mate rises  above  the  deck,  the  corners  being  cut  to  permit  an- 
gular ports  for  fore-and-aft  and  beam  fire.  The  rail  is  carried 
back  slightly  and  the  casemate  has  an  overhang  of  three  feet, 
giving  the  vessel,  at  a  distance,  the  appearance  of  a  paddle 
steamer.  Single  screw,  full  sail-power. 


POETUGAL. 


105 


PORTUGUESE     GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET. 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displacement. 

Guns. 

Nominal 
Horse-power. 

Date  of 
Launch. 

Estephania  
Bartholomeu  Diaz  

Tons. 
1,476 

1  243 

19 
17 

400 
400 

Year. 
1859 

1858 

rf 

Rainha  de  Portugal  
Mindello  

1,020 
1  020 

8 

g 

150  , 
150 

1876 
1876 

r 

Duque  de  Terceira.        .  . 

848 

5 

220 

1864 

o 

Sagres  

814 

4 

300 

1858 

Infante  Don  Henrique 

848 

10 

200 

1862 

Sa  de  Bandeira  

848 

13 

200 

1862 

i» 

Rio  Lima 

539 

5 

80 

1875 

fets. 
oj§ 

Tamega 

539 

5 

80 

1875 

Sado 

539 

5 

80 

1875 

*l 

Tejo 

369 

2 

100 

1869 

l«" 

Douro                       .          

369 

2 

100 

1873 

o 

Quanza              

369 

3 

100 

1877 

. 

'  Quelimane     

286 

1 

40 

1868 

ll 

Tete  .-  

111 

1 

35 

1871 

Sena  

111 

1 

. 

1871 

•i  -/  ( 

India 

1  201 

2 

160 

1871 

ii: 

Africa  

1,400 

2 

1875 

106 


RUSSIA. 


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108 


RUSSIA. 


SEVASTOPOL. 


PETROPAULOWSKI. 


Armored  belt  and  casemate,  swan-breasted  ram  bow,  round 
stern,  single  screw,  full  sail-power.  The  belt  encircles  the  water- 
line  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams.  The  casemate 
rises  to  the  spar-deck  beams,  with  armored  bulkheads  forward 
and  abaft.  No  fore-and-aft  fire  from  the  casemate,  the  ships 
being  wall-sided.  (See  Achilles,  English.) 


KNJAZ    POZARSKI. 


Armored  belt  and  casemate ;  ram  bow,  round  stern,  single 
screw,  full  sail-power.  Corners  of  casemate  cut  to  permit 
angular  fire.  (See  Hercules,  English.)  Double  iron  hull,  very 
flat-bottomed,  and  having  two  bilge-keels  in  place  of  a  main- 
keel.  Bow  and  stern  fire  from  Tight  spar-deck  guns,  unpro- 
tected. 


PERWENEC. 


NETRONZ-MENYA. 


KREML. 


Completely  armored  broadside  frigates,  ram  bow,  overhang 
stern,  single  screw,  full  sail-power.     (See  Numancia,  Spanish.) 


PERWKXEC. 


The  Kreml  has  her  bow  and  stern  spar-deck  rails  recessed 
for  fore-and-aft  fire.  (See  Amethyst,  English.)  The  sides  of 
these  ships  tumble  home  from  the  water-line  at  an  angle  of 
15°. 


LAZAREFF. 


GREIGH. 


CICAGOFF. 


SPIRIDOFF. 


American  type  of  low-freeboard,  revolving-turreted  moni- 
tors, with  strengthened  bows  for  ramming.  The  Lazareff  and 
Greigh  have  three  turrets,  the  others  two. 


SISTOV. 


NIKOPOLIS. 


Floating  batteries.  Armored  belt  and  casemate  built  on 
upper  deck,  with  ports  in  all  four  faces  for  all-around  fire. 
(See  Embuscade,  French.) 


RUSSIA. 


109 


GENERAL   ADMIRAL. 


HERZOG  TON  EDINBURGH. 


Armored  belt  and  armored  barbette  casemate.  Straight  bow, 
long,  peculiarly-shaped  dome  stern,  single  screw,  full  sail-power. 
The  belt  encircles  the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  main- 
deck  beams,  and  the  main-deck  is  protected  by  steel  plates  two 
inches  in  thickness.  The  barbette  casemate  is  square,  low- 


(1 


\      /  \  N. 
GENERAL  ADMIRAL. 


browed,  and  has  considerable  overhang,  rising  clear  of  the  spar- 
deck  to  a  height  of  about  four  feet,  and  protecting  the  carriages 
of  six  heavy  pivot-rifles  giving  clear  fore-and-aft  and  beam 
fire.  The  symmetry  of  the  hull  is  preserved  throughout. 
These  ships  carry  a  very  great  coal  supply,  sufficient  to  carry 
them  a  distance  of  6000  miles  at  a  speed  of  ten  knots. 


MININ. 


Originally  laid  down  for  a  casemated  monitor,  but  subse- 


n 


quently  transformed  into  an  armored-belt  corvette.     Straight 
bow  and  stern,  the  bow  being  heavily  strengthened  for  ram- 


110 


RUSSIA. 


ming,  single  screw,  full  sail-power  (double  topsail-yards).  The 
belt  encloses  the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  upper  deck. 
The  battery  is  all  on  the  upper  deck  and  entirely  unprotected. 
The  upper-deck  rail  is  so  fashioned  as  to  give  four  guns  for 
bow  and  four  for  stern  fire.  Forward  it  is  recessed  on  elfch 
bow,  and  similarly  astern  for  the  forward  and  after  guns  to  get 
bow  and  beam  fire.  (See  Amethyst,  English.)  The  platform 
for  the  next  pair  of  guns  (forward  and  aft)  has  an  overhang  of 
about  three  feet  (see  Tourville,  French),  in  order  to  give  them 
clear  fore-and-aft  and  beam  fire  also.  The  remainder  of  the 
battery  is  broadside.  Her  spar-deck  rail  is  very  high  (about  eight 
feet) ;  she  has  a  topgallant  forecastle  and  poop-cabin.  Amid- 
ships there  is  a  bridge  for  discharging  "Whitehead  torpedoes. 

PETER   THE   GREAT. 

Armored,  belt,  breastwork,  and  double-turreted  sea-going 
monitor,  straight  bow  strengthened  for  ramming,  double  screws, 
no  sail-power.  Musket-proof  superstructure  between  the  tur- 


PETER  THE  GREAT. 


rets  expanding  into  a  flying  deck.  The  belt  has  an  overhang 
similar  to  the  American  monitors.  General  type  similar  to  the 
Dreadnaught. 


ADMIRAL  POPOFP. 


NOVGOROD. 


Armored  belt  and  barbette  casemate,  circular  iron-clads. 
Six  screws,  no  sail-power.  The  belt  of  these  ships  encloses 
the  water-line  to  the  height  of  the  low  freeboard.  The  deck 


RUSSIA. 


Ill 


lias  more  than  the  ordinary  spring,  forming  a  sort  of  light 
glacis.  In  the  centre  of  the  vessel  rises  a  circular  barbette 
casemate,  covering  the  carriages  of  two  heavy  guns  mounted 


on  a  turn-table  within  it.     Forward  and  aft  the  top  of  the 
casemate  is  continued  in  a  musket-proof  superstructure,  having 


aft  a  musket-proof  pilot-house.  The  forward  section  of  the 
vessel  is  heavily  strengthened  for  ramming.  The  two  smoke- 
stacks are  placed  one  either  side  of  the  casemate. 


DOUBLE  AND  SINGLE   TUKRETED  MONITORS. 

These  vessels  are  of  the  general  type  of  the  American 
monitors,  with  slight  freeboard,  great  overhang,  and  double 
screws.  The  turret  is  raised  somewhat  higher  than  in  the 


American  monitors,  and  the  foot  is  protected  by  a  glacis.  The 
turret  is  also  somewhat  larger,  giving  clear  fire  past  the  smoke- 
stacks. Pilot-house  on  top  of  the  turret. 


112 


RUSSIA. 


RUSSIAN    GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET. 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 


Displacement. 


Date  of  Launch. 


Tons. 

Razbojnik 1,334 

Nojeznik 1,334 

Kreuzer 1,334 

IDzigit 1,334 

BALTIC    FLEET. 

I  JRetziwan 3,823 

I 1  Svetlana 3,202 

Askjold 2,402 

Wityaz 2,248 

Bogatyr 2,155 

Wargat 2,144 

Bayan 1,997 

Voyevoda 903 

Boyarin 903 

Griden 903 

Almaz 1,821 

Zentchug 1,807 

Jachout 1,725 

-    Hydamak 1,204 

Izurmed 1,807 

Vsadnik 1,069 

Olaf 1,796 

Smieliz 1,784 

Rurik 1,507 

Chrabry 1,450 

•     Vladimir 859 

Volga 500 

(.Dnieper 500 


Year. 

1878 

1878 
1875 
1876 


1855 
1858 

1863 
1862 
1860 
1862 
1857 
1856 
1856 
1856 
1861 
1861 
1862 
1860 
1862 
1860 
1852 
1858 
1870 
1858 
1&45 
1853 
1853 


11USSIA. 


113 


BALTIC     FLEET (CONTINUED.) 


TYPE  AND  NAJ 


Displacement. 


Guns. 


Date  of  Launch. 


Tons. 

I  Derzava 3,113 

|  Sztandard . 

Szareona 734 

\  Alexandra 228 

Stryelna 159 

Slavanka 182 

IGolubka 14 

(  Kraary  Gorka 1,1 

'81 

!  5,  (  Artlestchik 550 

fBakan 

Kompas 284 

Seistan '..  284 

Straz. . 
o 

Casovoy 234 

[Zorkaya 80 

.,  j"  Rossya 4,000 

\  \  Moskva 3,500 

'"  ( Petersburg 3,500 

BLACK    SEA  FLEET. 

fWojin 

979 
\ 

|  Luica .     795 

[PamiatMerk 795 

fTurok  . 

Taman 505 

c  -i  Elborus 493 

*    Jeriklik 1,145 

Livadia 1,984 


Year. 
1871 

1858 
1874 
1851 
1857 
1874 
1872 
1861 
1858 
1857 


1874 
1874 
1873 
1879 
1879 
1879 


1865 
1865 
1846 
1849 
18&4 
1866 
1871 


114 


KUSSIA. 


BLACK     SEA    FLEET (CONTINUED.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 


Displacement. 


Guns. 


Date  of  Launch. 


Tons. 
Bombory 

Kazbek 764 

Gonek 745 

Ingul 678 

Redut  Kale 468 

Pseznape 445 

Don 360 

Salgir 360 

Pitzunda 332 

Kelasvy 326 

Souksu  . . 

Taubse 285 

Nerpa.. 

Novorosyski 247 

0    Vorobay 261 

Utka 170 

Lebed 170 

Golubzik 465 

Batzuska 220 

Rodimy 216 

Sestrica 215 

Krikuny 215 

Bothumy 215 

Brater  212 

Matuschka 212 

Akerman 110 

Opyt 230 

Meteor 

IDocka   .                                             ...  212 


Year. 

1852 

1854 
1879 
1872 
1854 
1857 
1856 
1857 
1857 


1858 
1877 
1856 
1857 


1857 
1853 
1858" 
1858 
1857 
1857 
1857 
1857 
1870 
1868 
1858 


RUSSIA. 


115 


BLACK    SEA    FLEET — (CONTINUED.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 


Displacement. 


Guns. 


Date  of  Launch. 


Tons, 

f  Constantino 1,6 

|  I  Vladimir 1,652 

|  I  Argonaut 715 

Vesta 1,800 

SIBERIAN   FLEET. 

fAbrek.. 

|  iJermak 706 

*\ 

S    Tunguz 706 

o  I 

I  Vostok 210 

Japonec. 

|    Mandzur 816 

Amerika ...  554 


Year. 
1858 

1859 


1858 


1860 
1870 
1870 
1852 
18581 
185S 
1856 


CASPIAN  FLEET— 12  Gun-boats. 


ARAL  FLEET— 8  Gun-boats. 


116 


SPAIN. 


OQ. 


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SPAIN.  117 


VITTORIA.  NUMANCIA.  ARAPILES.  ZARAGOSA. 

MENDEZ   NU&EZ. 

Fully  armored  broadside  frigates,  ram  bow,  round  stern,- 
single  screw,  full  sail-power.     Two  armored  pilot-houses.     The 


NUMANCIA. 


Zaragosawas  laid  down  for  a  wooden  frigate,  her  design  being 
changed  when  she  was  nearly  finished. 


SAGTJNTO. 

Armored  belt  and  casemate.     Ham  bow,  round  stern,  single 
screw,  full  sail-power.     (See  Maria  Pia,  Italian.) 

PUIGCERDA. 

Double-turreted,  light-draft  river  monitor.     American  type. 


118 


SPAIN. 


SPANISH     UNARMORED    FLEET. 

(GENERAL  SERVICE.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Guns. 

TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Guns. 

Villa  de  Madrid 

Tons. 

48   1 

Liniers 

Tons. 

2 

48 

Vigilante 

2 

Navas  de  Tolosa 

48 

1 

Alerta                   

2 

1 

48 

6 

Conte  del  Venadito  .  . 

2 

•E 

Asturias 

51 

! 

Don  Juan  de  Austria  . 

1 

1 

Carmen 

41 

.* 

Guadalquiver  

1 

i 

Lealtad 

33 

1 

2 

32 

Maria 

1 

Blanca  

38 

1  300 

'Maria  de  Molina  

.... 

18 
3 

San    Francisco    de 
Borja  

1,300 

Sanchez  Barcaiztegui 

.... 

3 

[• 

Marquis  de  la  Vitoria 
Patino  

1,200 
1,200 

-- 

1 

H 

Ferrol  

800 

i-i 

San  Antonio  

600 

I 

Narvaez      .          

3 

f  Telegrama  

1 

Santa  Lucia 

3 

Criollo 

1 

Diana 

5 

Ardid  „ 

1 

Africa 

3 

Indis 

1 

Ciudad  de  Cadiz 

16 

Caribe 

1 

Isabel  la  Catolica 

16 

.Marina           

1 

Colon  

6 

i 

1 

Blasco  de  Garay 

6 

1 

1 

1 

Pizarro 

6 

j< 

Flecha 

1 

6 

Hernan  Cortez    .  .  . 

6 

\ 

Pelicano 

1 

1< 

Churruca  

2 

i 

Cocodrillo              .  .. 

1 

B 

4 

Leon  

2 

1 

Vulcano 

6 

•  1 

Lepanto   .  .  . 

2 

Martin  Alvarez 

1 

Fernando  el  Catolico 

3 

Somorrostro 

2 

Marquis  del  Douro  .  .  . 

3 

Ebro 

2 

SPAIN. 


119 


SPANISH     UNARMORED    FLEET (CONTINUED.) 

(GENERAL  SERVICE.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME, 

Displace- 
ment. 

Guns. 

TYPK  AND  NAME. 

Displace- 
ment. 

Guns. 

f  Bidassoa  

Tons. 

2 

f  Espanola 

Tons. 

1 

Teruel  

2 

Argos 

1 

Nervion  

2 

Lince  

1 

Toledo  .... 

2 

Centinela 

1 

Tajo  

2 

Guardian 

1 

Arlanza  

2 

Vieia 

1 

Turia  

2 

Astuto 

1 

Segura 

2 

1 

Altrevido  

2 

Eco  

1 

Mindanao 

2 

Destello 

1 

Calamianes 

1 

Contramaestro 

1 

Paragua  

1 

Marinero 

1 

Mindoro  

1 

Ericsson 

.  1 

« 

Prueba  

1 

1 

Cazador 

1 

5 

Guadiana  

3 

• 

3  ^ 

Canto 

1 

1J 

Sirena  

3 

0 

Gacela  

1 

V 

Lagera  

3 

1 

Panay  

1 

02 

Favorita  

3 

Samar  

1 

Santa  Filomena  

2 

Filipino  

1 

Constancia 

2 

Bulusar 

1 

Valiente 

2 

Jolo 

1 

Animosa 

2 

Maribeles      

1 

Prosperidad 

2 

Arayak  

1 

j 

1 

Caridad 

2 

Bojeador 

1 

Concordia 

2 

Albay                  

1 

Edetna 

2 

Manileno  

1 

Ceres 

2 

Caviteno 

1 

Active 

1 

1 

Callao           

1 

Cuba 

1 

120 


SPAIN. 


JORGE   JUAN. 


Second-class  corvette,  single  screw,  full  sail-power.     Com- 
plete all-around  fire  obtained  by  means  of  overhang  in  lialf- 


J      D 


JORGE  JTAN. 


ports.     Forecastle  gun  sunk  in  a  well  so  as  to  cover  the  slide, 
carriage,  and  crew. 


TURKEY. 


121 


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pdr. 


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VI  9-inch,  II  8-i 


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IV  9-inch, 


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122 


TURKEY. 


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TURKEY. 


123 


MESS    OUDIEH. 


NUSS  RA.TIJH. 


Armored  belt  and  casemate,  ram  bow,  round  stern,  single 
screw,  full  sail-power.  Sister-ships  to  the  Superb  (English). 
The  armored  belt  rises  to  the  height  of  the  main-deck  beams, 
but  does  not  cover  the  point  of  the  ram.  The  casemate  is  of 


OUDIEH. 


the  same  type  as  that  of  the  Hercules,  but  longer,  the  sides 
being  recessed  forward  and  abaft  for  angular  ports.  Fore-and- 
aft  fire  is  obtained  from  unprotected  bow  and  stern  guns  on 
the  spar-deck,  working  in  single  ports. 


AZIZIE. 


MAHMUDIE. 


ORCHANIE. 


OSMANIE. 


Completely  armored  broadside  frigates,  with  a  low  redoubt 
or  traverse  on  the  forecastle.  Swan-breasted  ram  bow,  round 
stern,  single  screw,  full  sail-power.  The  bow  traverse  protects 


L 


two  forward  guns,  each  working  in  two  ports,  for  bow  and 
beam  fire.  This  traverse  rounds  off  the  spar-deck  rail  some 
distance  abaft  the  stem,  which  is  carried  up  as  a  support  for 
the  bowsprit.  Armored  pilot-house  at  the  rear  of  the  tra- 


verse. 


124  TURKEY. 


ASSAR   I   TEFVIK. 

Armored  belt,  casemate,  and  two  barbette  turrets.  (See 
Victorieuse.)  Ram  bow,  dome  stern,  single  screw,  full  sail- 
power.  Built  in  France. 

FETH  I  BULEND.  MUKADEMME  I  HAIR. 

Armored  belt  and  casemate,  ram  bow.    (See  Mess  oudijeh.) 

IDSCHLALIE.  ASSAR  I  SCHEFKET.  NEDSCHIN   I  SCHEFKET. 

Armored  belt,  casemate,  and  single  barbette  turret  amid- 
ships, at  after-end  of  casemate.  Ram  bow,  round  stern,  full 
sail-power. 

AVNI  ILLAH.  MUIN   I  ZAFFIR. 

Armored  belt ;  two  octagonal  redoubts  having  an  overhang 
and  connected  by  an  armored  curtain  in  such  U  manner  as  to 


AVNI   TT.TJUT. 


give  the  plan  the  appearance  of  a  violin.     Ram  bow,  no  deck 
armor.     IBuilt  at  Constantinople. 


HUFZ   I   RAHMAN. 


Double-turreted  monitor,  the  forward  turret  being  larger 
than  the  after  one.  Tripod  masts.  Traverse  at  the  bow. 
The  turrets  are  revolved  by  hand-power. 


TURKEY. 


125 


HEZBER. 

Single-turreted,  light-draft  monitor.     American  type. 


FETH  I  ISLAM. 


BEURTLEN. 


SEMENDIRE. 


BKUKTLEU. 


Light-draft,  armored  belt  and   casemate  vessel ;  casemate 
rising  above  deck  with  ports  on  all  sides. 


TURKISH     UNARMORKD     FLEET. 


TYPE  AND  NAMB. 


Tonnage. 


Date  of  Launch. 


Guns. 


<  g  f  Tons. 

ja  \  Fethie 3,380 

51 

fErtogrul 3,344 

4    Hudavendighai 2,897 

!>•{  Selimie 4,717 

^    Muhbiri  Surur.'. '. 1,477 

LX  (not  yet  named)...: 1,621 

fSinope 800 

|  Brussa 800 

| 

Mensur6 800 

I  -  Muzaf  er 800 

Libnan .  800 

Edirn6 800 

Ismid 800 

Schaar  i  Nusret 3,029 

Mevret  i  Nusreb 3,029 

|-  Sultanie 

Babel 1,733 

Taif 


Year. 
1855 


1860 
1865 
1851 

Building 
1859 
1859 
1863 
1863 
1864 
1859 


1861 
1868 
1871 


126 


TURKEY. 


TURKISH     UNARMORED     FLEET (CONTINUED.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 


Tons, 

f  Assyr 1,609 

Mukademie  Nusret 2,132 

Mukademie  Scheref 2,132 

Peiki  Mesret 2,132 

•-{  Rechbir  i  Zevfik 2,132 

Feiz  i  Bahri 1,490 

Essir  i  Djedid 1,108 

!  Peiki  Schf het 465 

I  Essei  i  Hair 313 

flzzedin 1,075 

Ismail 1,075 

Zhalia 1,075 

Fuad 1,075 

Candia 955 

'-i  Chania 829 

Pertefl  Prale 909 

Rethmo 777 

Arkadi 767 

Mudai  i  Zaflr 1,385 

LEssir  i  Nazret 1,885 

Iskenderje 609 

Zohaf 609 

1    Mehrih 609 

•g    Uthraret 609 

CG 

Beirut. 

Seddul  Bahr 609 

Si  jar 220 

Mossul '. 220 

Istankieni 203 

1  -j  Jali  Kioschk 195 

Ninali  Kavak |  195 

Intibah j  258 

( Liver  i  Deyeh 258 


Tonnage. 


Date  of  Launch. 


Year. 

1875 

1875 
1875 
1877 
1878 
1848 
1841 
1853 
ia39 
1865 
1865 
1865 
1865 


1868 


1869 
1869 
1862 
1862 
1863 
1863 
1859 
1S59 
1865 
1865 
1874 


TURKEY. 


127 


TURKISH     UN  ARMORED     FLEET (CONTINUED.) 


TYPE  AND  NAME. 


Tonnage. 


Date  of  Launch. 


Guns. 


Tons. 

I  Muschdi  i  Ressan 258 

Schaheddin  

I  Syrat 184 

\  Suda v 184 

Bojana 80 

I  Bai 

[  Eurgen 

Sultan's  Yacht,  Surreja 500 

fSulhie 

Esser  i  Nezhet 193 

Peik  i  Tjdscheret 193 

Mermere 153 

Eregli 137 

Rustschuk 112 

Jeni  Kapu 112 

J  Dschebali 112 

•el 

Kabatsch 112 

Tophan6 '. 112 

Rassim  Pasha 77 

Dschitana 78 

Funduklu 77 

Oltenitscha 78 

IRechber . 

DANUBE     FLOTILLA. 

»  fSchefket  Nuna 200 

•I  4  Varna  ...  200 

S  I 

5  tAkka 200 

g  f  Chaireddin 474 

|  -i  Rodos 203 

I  llsalahat...  120 


Year. 


1863 
1864 


1865 
1868 
1847 
1845 
1873 
1873 
1873 
1873 
1873 
1873 
1873 
1873 
1858 
1873 
1858 


1864 


1874 
1873 


128 


UNITED    STATES. 


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UNITED   STATES. 


129 


AMPHITRITE.  MIANTONOMOH.  PURITAN 

MONADNOCK.  TERROR. 

Double-turreted,  low-freeboard  monitor  vessels.  No  over- 
hang. Turrets  suspended  on  a  central  spindle  on  the  Ericsson 
system.  Resting  normally  on  their  bases,  but  elevated  for  re- 


MIANTONOMOH. 


volving  by  means  of  hydraulic  presses.  Conning  tower  on 
top  of  each  turret.  Light  flying  deck  between  the  turrets, 
witli  a  ventilating  sliaft  rising  just  abaft  the  smoke-stack. 
Twin  screws. 


THE   FIFTEEN   SINGLE-TURRETED   MONITORS. 

Old-type,    single-turreted,    low-freeboard   monitors.       All 
except  the  Dictator  have  an  overhang.     In  some  the  turrets  are 


raised  by  driving  wedges  under  the  spindle;  in  others  by 
hydraulic  presses.  Conning  tower  on  top  of  the  turret. 
Laminated  plating. 


INTREPID. 


Armored  torpedo  vessel.  Ram  bow,  round  stern,  twin 
screws,  partial  sail-power.  The  armored  belt,  made  up  of  five 
inches  of  laminated  plating,  encircles  the  water-line  to  the 
height  of  the  upper-deck  beams.  The  lower  part  of  the  smoke- 
stack is  protected  by  a  belt  of  nine  inches  of  laminated  plating. 


130 


UNITED   STATES. 


The  deck  is  made  up  of  two  f -inch  thicknesses  of  plate  covered 
by  a  wooden  deck.  The  pilot-house  forward  is  musket-proof. 
The  hull  is  of  iron,  with  a  wood  backing  to  the  armor  of  eleven 


inches.  Aft  is  a  light  wooden  superstructure,  forming  quarters 
for  officers.  The  vessel  carries  no  guns  and  is  provided  with 
torpedo-spars  (one  forward  and  four  broadside). 


ALARM. 

Partially  armored  torpedo  gun-boat.  Ram  bow,  pointed 
stern.  Mallory  steering-screw  ;  no  sail-power.  The  bow  of  the 
vessel  is  provided  with  an  armored  traverse  of  four  inches  thick- 
ness, the  remainder  of  the  hull  being  unprotected.  One  15- 
inch  smooth-bore  is  carried  forward,  firing  only  straight  ahead. 


It  is  the  intention  to  replace  this  by  a  10-inch  rifle.  The  hull 
is  of  iron  and  double,  with  cellular  compartments  and  water- 
tight compartments  in  addition.  Three  torpedo-spars  are  pro- 
jected. One  from  the  snout  of  the  ram  a  distance  of  30  feet, 
and  one  from  each  beam  17  feet.  Musket-proof  pilot-house 
aft.  Steel  f-inch  deck-plate  under  a  wooden  deck. 


UNITED    STATES. 


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132 


UNITED   STATES. 


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134 


UNITED   STATES. 


UNITED    STATES    GENERAL-SERVICE    FLEET (CONTINUED.) 


TYPE  AKD  NAME. 

Displacement. 

TYPE  AND  NAME. 

Displacement. 

Palos 

Tons. 
306 

Pinta    

Tons. 
306 

Dispatch    

730 

Speedwell  

306 

1 

Fortuuie  

306 

il 

Triana  

306 

c 

Mayflower 

306 

c 

Standish 

306 

o 

Leyden 

306 

1 

Catalpa 

191 

Nina 

306 

Pilgrim 

168 

These  Gun-boats  are  at  present  unarmed,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  Palos  and 
Dispatch,  are  used  as  Tenders  at  dock-yards.  The  Palos  is  in  service  in  China;  the 
Dispatch  is  in  service  as  a  cruising  gun-boat. 


TENNESSEE. 


Iron -braced,  wooden,  rapid  steam  frigate.  Straight  bow, 
strengthened  and  provided  with  a  bronze  ram ;  round  stern, 
single  screw,  full  sail-power.  No  heavy  bow-fire. 


TRENTON. 


Iron-braced,  wooden,  first-class  corvette  (second-rate  frigate). 
Ram  bow,  round  stern,  single  screw,  full  sail-power.  Bow-fire 
fully  developed  from  four  8-inch  rifles.  Bower  and  sheet 
chains  coming  in  on  the  berth-deck,  leaving  the  forward  part 


TRENTON. 


of  the  gun-deck  clear  for  working  the  forward  guns.  Gun- 
deck  battery  of  eight  8-inch  rifles  in  broadside;  spar-deck 
battery,  two  8-inch  pivot-guns  forward  giving  bow  and  beam 
fire,  and  one  8-inch  pivot-gun  aft  giving  stern  and  beam  fire. 


UNITED   STATES. 


135 


POWHATAN. 

Old-fashioned  wooden  paddle-wheel  frigate. 


ASHTJELOT. 


MONOCACY. 


Iron,  paddle-wheel,  double-ender  corvettes.  These  vessels 
were  originally  provided  with  a  rudder  at  each  end,  but  the 
forward  one  is  removed.  They  can  carry  in  addition  to  their 


present  armament  one  11-inch  pivot  forward  and  one  11-inch 
pivot  aft.     Musket-proof  pilot-house  on  the  hurricane-deck. 


MICHIGAN. 


Old-fashioned  iron,  paddle-wheel  gun-boat  carrying  a  battery 
of  boat-guns. 


RIO   BRAVO. 


Light-draft  river  steamer  carrying  a  battery  of  boat-guns. 
(Purchased.) 


DESPATCH. 


Rapid  despatch  vessel  carrying  a  battery  of  boat-guns.    (Pur- 
chased.) 

The  remainder  of  the  fleet  is  made  up  of  the  ordinary  gen- 
eral-service type  of  corvettes  and  gun-boats. 


136 


UNITED   STATES. 


5 — r 


ALASKA. 


II 


ffl    ffl    ffl     ffl   E 


THE    PEI^CIPAL 

NAVAL  BATTLES  OF  TWENTY  YEARS. 

1860-1880. 


I.  BOMBARDMENTS  OF  EARTHWORKS. 

II.  BOMBARDMENTS  OF  MASONRY  FORTS. 

III.  PASSAGES  OF  FORTS. 

IV.  DASHES. 
V.  ASSAULTS. 

VI.  DELIBERATE  GENERAL  ACTIONS. 

VII.  IRON-CLADS  AGAINST  WOODEN  VESSELS. 

VIII.  DUELS. 


THE  PRINCIPAL 

NAVAL  BATTLES  or  TWENTY  YEAES, 

1860-1880. 


BOMBAEDMEISTTS    OF    EARTHWOEKS. 


Earthworks  at  Hatter  as  Inlet,  August  28  and  29,  1861. 
FEDERAL. 

WOODEN    SQUADRON. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Minnesota 46        Pawnee 15 

Wabash 45        Monticello 6 

Susquehanna 17        Harriet  Lane 5 

Sailing  Corvette  Cumberland.  24 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Clark. — Water-battery  mounting  5  guns. 
Fort  Hatteras. — Earthwork  mounting  20  guns. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  28th,  the  Wabash,  with  the 
Cumberland  in  tow,  led  in  to  attack  Fort  Clark,  followed  by 
the  Minnesota  and  later  by  the  Susquehanna.  This  battery 
was  bombarded  for  three  hours,  the  ships  passing  and  repass- 
ing,  when  it  was  deserted  and  not  reoccupied.  The  remain- 
der of  the  squadron  were  employed  during  the  forenoon  land- 
ing troops,  but  owing  to  the  rough  surf  only  landed  300  men, 
who  occupied  and  raised  a  flag  on  Fort  Clark,  but  took  no 
part  in  the  action  at  any  time.  Late  in  the  afternoon  lire 
from  the  whole  fleet  was  opened  on  Fort  Hatteras  and  con- 
tinued for  two  hours,  when  the  ships  drew  out  of  action  for 
the  night.  At  8  a.m.  next  day,  the  frigates  led  in  and  opened 
the  engagement,  continuing  it  for  three  hours,  when  Fort  Hat- 
teras surrendered.  Six  hundred  and  seventy  prisoners  were 
taken  in  addition  to  the  forts  with  their  armaments.  The 
gun-boats  were  slightly  injured,  and  four  or  five  men  wounded. 


140  BOMBARDMENTS    OF   EARTHWORKS. 

Loss  of  the  Confederates  unknown  beyond  18  wounded  pri- 
soners. 

Earthworks  at  Hilton  Head,  November  7,  1861. 
FEDERAL. 

MAIN   SQUADRON. 

Guns.  Guns'. 

Wabash 45  Unadilla 6 

Susquehanna 17  Ottawa 5 

Mohican 7  Pembina 4 

Seminole 6  Vandalia 2£ 

Pawnee 15  (In  tow  of  a  light  gun-boat.) 

FLANKING    SQUADRON. 

Bienville 11        Penguin 91 

Seneca 4        Augusta 10 

Curlew 6 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Walker.—  II  6-inch  rifles,  XII  32-pdrs.  I  10-inch,  II  8-inch,  III 
7-inch,  I  42-pdr.,  II  12-pdrs.,  smooth-bores  =  23  guns. 

Fort  Beauregard.—VIII  32-pdrs.,  I  6-inch  rifle,  V  42-pdrs.,  I  10-inch, 
I  8-inch,  II  24-pdrs.,  II  6-pdrs.  =  20  guns. 

At  8.30  a.m.  the  main  squadron  formed  in  line  ahead,  and 
passing  in  Between  the  forts  turned  towards  Fort  Walker,  de- 
livering their  broadsides  as  they  passed  within  600  yards. 
Turning,  they  passed  Fort  Beauregard  (across  the  channel  and 
two  miles  from  Fort  Walker),  delivering  broadsides.  On  the= 
third  time  passing  Fort  Walker,  it  was  deserted  and  taken  posses- 
sion of.  Fort  Beauregard  had  "been  silenced  sooner  and  was 
taken  possession  of  in  the  afternoon.  The  flanking  squadron  had! 
been  sent  to  attack  a  flotilla  of  Confederate  gun-boats,  which 
retreated  up  the  river ;  they  then  took  part  in  the  general  en- 
gagement. Federal  loss,  8  killed,  23  wounded.  Duration  of 
action,  five  hours. 

Earthworks  on  the  Mississippi,  February  6,  1862. 
FEDERAL. 

VAN  DIVISION — IRON-CLAD  GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Gunft. 

Cincinnati 13        Carondelet 13 

Essex 7        St.  Louis .  13. 


BOMBARDMENTS    OF   EARTHWORKS.  141 


REAR  DIVISION — WOODEN  GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Oonestoga 7        Lexington 7 

'Taylor 7 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Henry. — Twenty  guns,  mostly  of  heavy  calibre. 

The  squadron  advanced  in  two  divisions,  line  abreast,  the 
iron-clads  leading,  and  opened  fire  at  1700  yards,  slowing 
down  and  approaching  to  600  yards.  Stopping  at  this  posi- 
tion, the  action  continued  for  an  hour  and  a  quarter,  when  the 
fort  surrendered.  During  this  engagement  the  Cincinnati  was 
struck  31  times,  Essex  15  times,  St.  Louis  7  times,  Carondelet 
once.  Casualties,  2  killed,  37  wounded,  of  whom  28  were 
scalded  by  the  steam  from  the  boiler  of  the  Essex,  which  was 
pierced. 

Earthworks  at  Roanoke  Island,  February  7,  1862. 
FEDERAL. 

GUN-BOAT   FLEET. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Stars  and  Stripes 5  Whitehead 1 

Louisiana 5  Seymour 2 

Hetzel  2  Shawsheen 2 

Underwriter 4  Lockwood 3 

Delaware 3  Ceres 2 

Valley  City 5  Putnam 1 

Southfield 4  Brincker 1 

Hunchback 4  Granite ' 1 

Morse 2 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Bartow 8        Fort  Ellis 4 

'*    Blanchard 4  "    Forrest 9 

"    Huger 12        Park  Point  water-battery 3 

Eight  light  gun-boats  mounting  17  guns. 

The  Federal  fleet  had  convoyed  a  squadron  of  army  trans- 
ports carrying  17,000  men,  for  the  purpose  of  landing  them  and 
then  silencing  the  batteries  so  that  they  could  be  captured  1  >  y 
the  troops.  The  fleet,  having  taken  up  an  irregular  position 
owing  to  the  shallow  water,  opened  fire  at  11  a.m.  At  3  p.m. 
the  landing  of  troops  was  commenced  and  was  completed  be- 
fore dark,  when  the  fleet  ceased  firing.  At  daylight  on  the 


142  BOMBARDMENTS    OF   EARTHWORKS. 

8th  firing  was  recommenced.  At  1  p.m.  a  row  of  obstruc- 
tions across  the  channel  was  broken  through  and  the  Confed- 
erate gun-boats  were  driven  up  the  river.  By  3  p.m.  the 
works  wrere  all  silenced  and  in  the  hands  of  the  troops. 

Loss,  6  killed,  17  wounded,  eight  of  the  latter  by  the  ex- 
plosion of  a  rifled  80-pdr. 

Earthworks  on  the  Mississippi,  February  14, 1862. 
FEDERAL. 

IRON-CLAD   GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

St.  Louis 13        Louisville 13 

Carondelet 13        Pittsburg 13 

WOODEN. 

Taylor 7        Conestoga 7 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Donelson. — A  triple  row  of  earthworks,  one  behind  and  above  the 
other,  mounting  in  all  20  guns. 

The  gun-boats  advanced  in  two  divisions,  line  abreast,  at 
3  p.m.,  and  opened  fire  at  600  yards,  holding  their  position  for 
an  hour  and  a  half,  when  they  drifted  out  of  action  disabled, 
•having  only  silenced  the  water-battery  :  10  killed,  44  wounded. 
The  steering-gear  of  the  St.  Louis  and  the  Louisville  was  shot 
away,  and  the  other  vessels  were  forced  out  of  action  on  ac- 
count of  shots  between  wind  and  water. 

Earthworks  on  the  James  River,  May  15,  1862. 
FEDERAL. 

IRON-  CL  A  D  S. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Galena 6        Monitor .2 

WOODEN. 

Aroostook 6        Naugatuck 6 

Port  Royal 6 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Darling. — A  strong  earthwork,  built  on  a  perpendicular  bluff  about 
200  feet  above  the  river,  mounting  14  heavy  guns. 

The  iron-clads  moved  up  to  within  600  yards,  which  was  MS 
close  as  they  could  come  and  reach  the  fort  with  their  guns. 


144  BOMBARDMENTS   OF   EARTHWORKS. 

The  wooden  vessels  came  to  within  about  1400  yards  and  the 
squadron  anchored,  and,  springing  their  broadsides  on  the  fort, 
opened  fire.  The  action  continued  four  hours,  when  the  am- 
munition of  the  Galena  giving  out  and  no  impression  having 
been  made  on  the  fort,  the  squadron  drew  out  of  action :  13 
killed,  14  wounded.  All  the  casualties  except  two  wounded 
happened  on  board  the  Galena,  an  experimental  iron-dad.  She 
was  so  much  cut  up  that  her  armor  was  removed  and  she  was 
made  a  wooden  gun-boat.  The  Monitor  was  uninjured. 

Earthworks  at  Fort  Hindman,  January  10  and  11,  1863. 
FEDERAL. 

IRON-CLAD   GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Louisville 13  Lexington 7 

Baron  de  Kalb 13  Black  Hawk 6 

Cincinnati. , 13  Rattler 6 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Hindman,  Arkansas  River. — A  quadrangular  earthwork,  mount- 
ing 10  guns,  two  of  the  heaviest  being  in  armored  casemates. 

At  5  p.m.  of  the  10th,  the  Louisville,  De  Kalb,  and  Cincin- 
nati moved  up  in  line  abreast  to  within  400  yards  and  opened 
lire.  As  soon  as  the  fire  of  the  forts  slackened  the  Lexington 
and  Black  Hawk  moved  up  and  opened  with  shrapnel,  while 
the  Rattler  passed  up  the  river  and  took  the  fort  in  enfilade. 
Ceased  firing  and  drew  out  of  action  at  dark.  In  the  morning 
the  attack  was  renewed  in  the  same  manner,  and  the  fort  sur- 
rendered in  four  hours.  Casualties,  5  killed,  23  wounded.  The 
two  casemates  were  completely  shattered  and  every  gun  dis- 
mounted. 

Earthworks  at  Grand  Gulf,  April  29,  1863. 
FEDERAL. 

IRON-CLAD   GUNBOATS. 

Guns.  Guns 

Louisville 13  Tuscumbia 5 

Carondelet 13  Bcnton 16 

Mound  City 13  Lafayette 6 

Pittsburg 13 

CONFEDERATE. 

Cmnd  Gulf  Batteries,  Mississippi.— Consisting  of  one  fort  75  feet  high, 
mounting  four  heavy  rifles,  and  one  fort  farther  down  the  river  mounting 
four  heavy  rifles. 


BOMBARDMENTS    OF    EARTHWORKS.  145 

The  Louisville,  Carondelet,  Mound  City,  and  Pittsburg 
moved  down  in  line  ahead  and  attacked  the  lower  battery, 
silencing  it  an  hour,  and  then  moved  up  to  the  support  of 
other  vessels  against  the  upper  one.  The  action  continued 
five  hours  and  a  half,  and  the  batteries  being  silenced  the  flotilla 
drew  out  of  action,  expecting  the  army  to  assault  and  take  pos- 
session. This  was  not  done,  and  the  next  day  the  flotilla  was 
ordered  to  attack  again.  The  batteries  were  both  found  de- 
serted and  the  guns  spiked,  except  three  which  had  been  dis- 
mounted by  the  firing.  Casualties :  Lafayette,  1  wounded ; 
Benton,  7  killed,  12  wounded ;  Louisville,  none ;  Tuscumbia, 
5  killed,  24  wounded ;  Mound  City,  none  ;  Carondelet,  none ; 
Pittsburg,  6  killed,  12  wounded.  The  Benton  was  hit  47  times ; 
12  shots  pierced  the  f-inch  armor,  4  shots  pierced  the  24- 
inch  casemate  armor,  and  1  shot  pierced  the  IJ-inch  armor 
of  the  pilot-house.  Louisville  hit  7  times,  Tuscumbia  81 
times,  Pittsburg  35  times. 


Earthworks  at  Simonoseki,  July  11, 16,  and  20, 1863,  and  Sep- 
tember 5,  1864. 

These  attacks  were  made  by  vessels  of  different  nationalities 
on  a  series  of  earthworks  lining  the  narrow  straits  of  Simonoseki, 
Japan.  July  11,  the  Dutch  corvette  Medusa  entered  the 
straits,  and  being  fired  at  opened  fire  on  the  batteries  at  a  dis- 
tance of  1200  yards.  The  action  continued  one  hour,  wrhen 
the  Medusa  drew  out  without  having  silenced  the  batteries. 
Casualties,  4  killed,  5  wounded. 

On  the  10th,  the  United  States  corvette  Wyoming  entered 
the  straits,  and  on  being  fired  at  opened  a  return  fire.  Passing 
between  two  sailing  gun-boats  on  one  side  and  a  steam  gun-boat 
on  the  other  at  pistol-shot  distance,  she  gave  them  both  broad- 
sides, sinking  the  sailing  vessels  and  blowing  up  the  boiler  of 
the  steamer.  Action  continued  an  hour  and  a  half,  when  the 
Wyoming  drew  out  without  silencing  the  batteries.  Casual- 
ties, 4  killed,  7  wounded. 

On  the  20th,  the  French  frigate  Semiramis  and  corvette 
Tancrede  entered  the  strait,  and  on  being  fired  at  returned  the 
fire.  The  first  broadside  blew  one  of  the  earthworks  to  pieces. 
In  two  hours  the  forts  were  silenced,  and  a  landing  party 
spiked  the  guns  and  blew  up  the  magazine. 

On  the  5th  of  September,  1864,  an  allied  squadron  of  Eng- 
lish, French,  Dutch,  and  American  vessels,  16  in  number, 
mounting  200  guns,  and  carrying  3500  men,  anchored  in  the 
straits  and  opened  fire  on  the  batteries.  The  batteries  were 
silenced  and  deserted  in  about  two  hours.  The  next  day  a  force 


146  BOMBARDMENTS    OF   EAKTHWOKKS. 

of  2600  men  was  landed,  the  guns  were  spiked  and  the  forti- 
fications were  dismantled.     Casualties,  12  killed,  60  wounded. 

Earthworks  at  Kagosima,  August  15,  1863. 
ENGLISH. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Euryalus 35  Race-horse 4 

Pearl 24  Havoc 2 

Perseus 17  Coquette 2 

Argus 6 

JAPANESE. 

KAGOSIMA  DEFENCE. 

One  fort  containing  four  guns. 
One  fort  containing  twenty  guns. 

The  corvettes  advanced  in  line  ahead  on  the  four-gun  bat- 
tery, delivering  their  broadsides  as  they  passed,  silencing  the 
fort  and  leaving  it  to  the  care  of  the  gun-boats.  Passing  on 
to  within  1200  yards  of  the  twenty-gun  battery  they  bombard- 
ed it  for  six  hours,  having  to  contend  with  a  typhoon  at  the 
same  time.  During  the  action  the  city  of  Kagosima  was 
accidentally  set  on  fire  and  nearly  half  of  it  was  burned. 
The  fort  was  not  silenced  at  dusk,  when  the  squadron  hauled 
out  of  action,  but  the  next  morning  the  Japanese  came  to 
terms  before  the  attack  was  renewed. 

Earthworks  off  Charleston  Harbor,  July  18  and 
August  17,  1863. 

FEDERAL. 

INNER  LINE — IRON-CLADS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Montauk 2        Nantucket 2 

New  Ironsides 20        Weehawken 2 

Catskill 2        Patapsco 2 

OUTER  LINE — WOODEN  GUN-BOATS. 

Paul  Jones 9        Chippewa 6 

Ottawa 5        Wissahicken 4 

Seneca 4 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Wagner. — A  strong  earthwork,  containing  10  heavy  guns,  and 
supported  by  three  4-gun  water-batteries. 

On  the  18th  of  July  the  iron-clads  moved  in  in  line,  taking 
up  a  position  abreast  the  fort  and  within  1200  yards,  the  gun- 


BOMBARDMENTS   OF  EARTHWORKS.  147 

boats  firing  at  long  range.  At  4  p.m.,  the  tide  serving,  the 
iron-clads  moved  in  to  400  yards  and  completely  silenced  the 
fort.  Drew  out  of  action  at  dark,  the  object  of  silencing  the 
battery  being  accomplished.  On  August  17th  the  iron-clads 
moved  in  abreast  the  fort  to  within  450  yards,  and  silenced  the 
fort  in  two  hours.  Drew  out  of  actio*n  at  noon,  the  object 
having  been  accomplished. 


Earthworks  at  Fort  McAllister,  March  3,  1863. 
FEDERAL. 

MONITORS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Passaic 2        Nuhaut 2 

Patapsco 2 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  McAllister. — A  strong  earthwork  containing  seven  heavy  guns  and 
one  11 -inch  mortar. 

This  attack  was  intended  as  a  test  of  the  strength  of  moni- 
tors to  resist  a  heavy  fire.  The  monitors  moved  up  in  line 
ahead  and  opened  fire,  continuing  the  action  for  eight  hours  at 
a  distance  of  1200  yards.  The  torts  were  not  silenced.  The 
Passaic  was  hit  9  times  on  the  side-armor,  no  damage;  13 
hits  on  the  deck-plating,  the  deck  being  crushed  through  in 
three  places ;  5  hits  on  the  turret,  no  damage ;  2  on  the 
pilot-house,  no  damage  ;  1  on  the  roof  of  the  turret,  breaking 
a  beam  ;  4  through  smoke-stack — 34  hits  in  all ;  none  killed 
or  wounded. 

Patapsco  one  hit  on  deck ;  no  injury.     Nahant  no  hits. 


Earthworks  at  Fort  Fisher,  December  24  and  25,  1864,  and 
January  13  and  14,  1865. 

FEDERAL. 

FIRST  LINE — IRON-CLAD8. 

Guns.  Guns. 

New  Ironsides 20  Saugus 2 

Canonicus 2  Mahopac 2 

Monadnock..  4 


148  JJOMIJAKDMKNTS    <>F    KAKTIIWOKK>. 


WOODEN  GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Nyack 8  Pontoosuc 6 

Unadilla 6  Nereus 2 

Huron 4  Kansas 8 

Pequot 8 


SECOND   LINE — FRIGATES. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Wabash 45  Colorado 45 

Powhatan 19  Minnesota 46 

Susquehanna 18 

CORVETTES. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Juniata 11  Tuscarora 10 

Shenandoah 10  Mohican 7 

Brooklyn 26  Vanderbilt 15 

Ticonderoga 10 

GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Seneca 4  Maumee 4 

Pawtuxet 4  Yantic 5 

Mackinaw  . .  .12 


ADVANCED   SQUADRON   OF  SECOND   LINE — GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Monticello 7  Osceola 8 

Rhode  Island 11  Tacony 6 

Sassacus 6  St.  Jago  de  Cuba 10 

Chippewa 6  Fort  Jackson 6 

RESERVE   LINE — GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Aries Keystone  State 13 

Howquah    Banshee 

Wilderness Emma 

Cherokee Lilian 

Vance Nansemond 

Anemone Tristram  Shandy 

Moccasin Britannia 

Eolus    Bignonia 

Gettysburg — Governor  Buckingham 


CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Fisher  and  a  range  of  isolated  batteries  containing  36  guns,  about 
one  half  being  rifles. 


BOMBAKDMENTS    OF   EARTHWORKS.  149 

At  daylight  the  fleet  steamed  in  in  lines  ahead,  the  1ir>r 
line  anchoring  abreast  the  sea-face  of  the  fort  within  1300 
yards,  the  second  line  abreast  the  salient  of  the  works  at 
1700  yards,  the  advanced  second  line  abreast  the  land-face  at- 
tacking the  outworks ;  the  reserve,  out  of  fire,  outside  of  the 
second  line.  The  fort  was  completely  silenced  in  an  hour  and 
a  quarter.  Fire  was  kept  up  all  day,  and  3000  troops  were  dis- 
embarked, but  returned  without  attempting  an  assault.  The 
enemy's  fire  was  silenced  so  quickly  that  not  a  person  was  in- 
iured  in  the  fleet.  Six  100-pdr.  rifles  exploded  in  the  fleet, 
tilling  16  and  wounding  23.  Three  gun-boats  were  partially 
disabled  by  the  fire  from  the  fort,  but  went  into  action  next 
day.  On  the  25th  the  same  positions  were  taken  by  the  lines 
and  the  fort  was  silenced  in  one  hour.  On  January  13th  the 
same  positions  were  taken  and  the  fort  was  silenced  in  three 
hours.  Fire  was  kept  up  all  day,  and  8000  troops  were 
landed  in  three  hours.  January  15th  the  same  positions  were 
taken,  and  the  fort  was  silenced  in  one  hour.  (For  remainder 
of  action  of  15th,  see  Assaults.)  During  these  bombardments, 
every  gun  on  the  sea-face  (19)  was  dismounted  or  disabled. 


Earthworks  on  the  Danube,  May  6,  1877. 

The  Turkish  double-turreted  monitor  Luft-i-Dyelil  attacked 
a  water-battery  on  the  Danube  at  a  distance  of  1800  yards. 
The  Russians  replied  with  rifled  field  artillery.  After  an  ac- 
tion of  one  hour  the  monitor  received  a  shot  through  her  boiler, 
which  blew  up  and  sank  the  ship.  All  but  one  man  lost. 


Earthworks  at  Callao,  May  2,  1866. 
SPANISH. 

ONE   IRON-CLAD   FRIGATE,    FIVE   WOODEN  FRIGATES,  ONE  WOODEN 
GUN-BOAT. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Numancia 33  Villa  de  Madrid 52 

Blanca 25  Almansa 38 

Resolucion 25  Vencedora 3 

Berenguela 16 

PERUVIAN. 

Defences  of  Callao. — Range  of  earthworks  containing  XV  32-pdrs., 
VI  60-pdrs.,  IV  9-inch  rifles,  II  iron  revolving  turrets,  IV  9-inch,  II  light- 
draft  monitors,  II  6-inch  rifles. 


150  BOMBARDMENTS    OF   EARTHWORKS. 

The  fleet  divided  into  three  divisions  for  the  attack  of  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  line  of  fortifications,  and  went  into  action 
in  line  ahead  at  noon,  taking  positions  at  about  1600  yards'  dis- 
tance and  maintaining  an  action  of  four  hours,  when  the  squad- 
ron drew  out  of  action,  not  having  silenced  the  forts.  One  bat- 
tery only  silenced  through  the  bursting  of  a  gun.  Casualties 
in  the  fleet,  38  killed,  150  wounded.  The  Villa  de  Madrid  was 
disabled  early  in  the  action  by  a  shot  through  her  boiler.  The 
Resolucion  was  disabled  by  a  shot  through  the  water-line. 
Admiral  Nunez  wounded. 


RESUME. 

Total  number  of  earthwork  attacks  noted,  21. 

COMPLETE  SUCCESS — 8.  Hatteras  Inlet,  Hilton  Head,  Fort 
Henry,  Roanoke  Island,  Fort  Hindman,  Grand  Gulf,  French 
at  Simonoseki,  Allies  at  Simonoseki. 

PARTIAL  SUCCESS — 6.  Kagosima,  Fort  Wagner,  three  at- 
tacks on  Fort  Fisher,  second  attack  on  Fort  Wagner. 

FAILURES — 7.  Fort  Donelson,  Fort  Darling,  Dutch  at 
Simonoseki,  Americans  at  Simonoseki,  Fort  McAllister,  Danube 
forts,  Callao. 

Of  the  partial  successes,  all  six  accomplished  the  objects  of 
the  bombardment.  In  that  of  Kagosima  the  Japanese  were 
brought  to  terms,  and  the  other  five  had  for  their  object  to 
silence  the  forts,  which  they  accomplished. 

Of  the  failures,  the  two  attacks  on  Simonoseki  were  re- 
taliatory measures,  and  would  probably  have  succeeded  had 
they  been  kept  up  longer.  Fort  Darling  and  Fort  McAllister 
were  experimental  tests,  although  there  are  no  grounds  to  be- 
lieve that  the  forts  would  have  been  silenced  had  the  action 
been  kept  up  longer.  At  Fort  Donelson,  the  Danube  forts, 
and  Callao  the  ships  were  beaten. 


BOMBARDMENTS    OF   MASONKY   FORTS. 


BOMBAEDMENTS    OF    MASOIsTEY 
FOETS. 

Attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  April  Y,  1863. 
FEDERAL. 

IRON-CLAD   SQUADRON. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Weehawken 2  Catskill 2 

Passaic 2  Nantucket 2 

Montauk 2  Naliant 2 

Patapsco 2  Keokuk 2 

!New  Ironsides 16 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Sumter,  10  guns,  supported  by  Fort  Moultrie,  16  guns,  and  earth- 
works adjacent  mounting  43  guns. 

The  squadron  went  into  action  at  2  p.m.  in  line  ahead,  ap- 
proaching Fort  Sumter  as  close  as  the  obstructions  would 
permit  (from  500  to  1000  yards),  and  opened  fire.  The  action 
lasted  two  hours,  when  the  fleet  withdrew,  not  having  silenced 
the  fort.  The  Weehawken  was  hit  53  times,  the  side-armor 
being  completely  shattered  in  places,  the  deck  broken  through 
once,  36  turret-bolts  broken,  and  at  one  time  the  turret  was 
jammed.  The  Passaic  was  hit  35  times ;  her  turret  was  dis- 
abled for  a  time,  and  one  turret-gun  was  completely  disabled ; 
the  pilot-house  was  knocked  almost  over.  Montauk  hit  14 
times  ;  no  injury.  Patapsco  hit  47  times  ;  gun  disabled.  New 
Ironsides  hit  about  50  times ;  one  port-shutter  knocked  off, 
otherwise  uninjured.  Catskill  hit  20  times ;  deck  broken 
through.  Nantucket  hit  51  times;  port-stopper  jammed, 
disabling  one  gun.  !Nahant  hit  36  times ;  turret  jammed,  side- 
armor  badly  shattered.  Keokuk  (casemated  gun-boat)  pierced 
at  and  below  the  water-line  19  times;  turrets  pierced  and 
port-shutters  knocked  away ;  vessel  sank  the  next  day. 
Casualties :  Keokuk,  16  wounded ;  Nahant,  1  killed,  6  wound- 
ed ;  all  by  broken  bolts  flying  in  the  turret  or  pilot-house. 


152  BOMBARDMENTS    OF   MASONRY   FORTS. 

Attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  August  22  and  September  1,  1863. 

FEDERAL. 

IRON-CLAD   SQUADRON. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Weehawken 2  Passaic 2 

Montauk 2  Patapsco 2 

Nahant 2 

CONFEDERATE. 
Fort  Sumter,  supported  by  Fort  Moultrie. 

Squadron  went  into  action  at  3  a.m.  within  800  yards  of 
Sumter,  keeping  up  a  steady  lire  for  three  hours.  Only  six 
shots  fired  from  Sumter  in  return,  but  a  heavy  fire  kept  up 
from  Moultrie.  Fleet  drew  out,  not  having  drawn  the  fire  of 
Sumter.  On  the  night  of  September  1st  the  squadron  moved 
in  again  and  bombarded  Sumter  for  five  hours.  The  fort  was 
almost  dismantled,  but  still  kept  its  garrison.  Fort  Moultrie 
responded  to  the  fire.  The  fleet  withdrew,  not  having  driven 
the  garrison  from  the  fort. 


Bombardment  of  Mississippi  Forts,  April  18  to 
April  28,  1862. 

FEDERAL. 

Twenty  mortar  -  schooners,  each  armed  with  a  single  mortar.  For 
about  one  hour  and  a  half  the  forts  were  under  the  fire  of  Admiral  Far- 
ragut's  fleet  of  17  vessels,  mounting  188  guns. 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Jackwn. — A  masonry  fort  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
mounting  75  guns.  Fort  St.  Philip. — A  masonry  fort  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  river,  nearly  opposite  Fort  Jackson,  mounting  30  guns. 

On  the  morning  of  April  18th  the  mortar-schooners  were 
towed  into  position  in  three  divisions.  The  first  and  third  (14 
vessels)  were  moored  near  the  right  bank  of  the  river  at  a  bend 
below  Fort  Jackson,  within  2800  yards  of  it,  and  protected  by  a 
thick  wood,  the  mast-heads  of  the  schooners  being  trimmed  with 
branches  to  conceal  their  exact  position.  The  second  division 
was  moored  near  the  left  bank  of  the  river,more  exposed  and  3700 
yards  from  Fort  Jackson.  About  1  p.m.  fire  was  opened  from 
all  the  mortars  on  Fort  Jackson,  and  continued  without  inter- 


BOMBARDMENTS   OF   MASONRY   FORTS.  153 

rapt-ion  until  sunset.  One  mortar  only  was  directed  against 
Fort  St.  Philip.  At  the  end  of  the  iirst  day's  bombardment 
two  guns  had  been  dismounted  and  a  third  heavy  rifle  broken 
in  two  in  Fort  St.  Philip.  The  citadel  of  Fort  Jackson  was 
set  on  fire.  On  the  evening  of  the  18th  the  second  division  was. 
transferred  to  the  right  bank,  the  left  one  being  too  much  ex- 
posed. On  the  19th,  20th,  21st,  22d,  and  23d  the  bombard- 
ment was  continued  each  day,  one  mortar-vessel  being  sunk 
by  a  rifled  shot  from  Fort  Jackson  on  the  1 9th.  On  the  night 
of  the  23d  and  early  morning  of  the  24th  an  incessant  fire 
was  kept  up  whilst  Admiral  Farragut's  fleet  was  passing  the 
forts.  On  the  25th,  26th,  and  part  of  the  27th  the  bombard- 
ment continued,  and  on  the  28th  both  forts  capitulated.  Fort 
Jackson  was  reduced  almost  to  a  ruin,  over  800  bombs  having 
fallen  in  it.  Several  guns  were  dismounted  and  the  casemates 
were  cracked  through  in  all  directions.  Fort  St.  Philip  was 
not  much  injured,  its  fall  being  a  necessary  consequence  of  that 
of  Fort  Jackson. 

KESTJME. 

Total  number  of  masonry  attacks  noted,  4.  Successful,  1. 
Failures,  3. 

Fort  Sumter  was,  by  repeated  bombardments  for  two  years, 
reduced  nearly  to  a  total  ruin,  but  was  not  abandoned  until 
Charleston  was  captured  by  General  Sherman.  Fort  Moultrie 
never  was  silenced  until  it  was  abandoned.  Fort  Jackson  re- 
fused to  surrender  after  six  days'  constant  bombardment  by  a 
mortar  fleet  and  an  hour's  bombardment  from  a  passing  fleet 
at  from  60  to  300  yards,  only  capitulating  at  a  second  summons, 
when  the  capture  of  New  Orleans  destroyed  the  last  chance  of 
relief. 


154  PASSAGES    OF   POETS. 


PASSAGES    OF    FOKTS. 

Passage  of  Fortifications  Mow  New  Orleans,  April  24, 1862. 

FEDERAL. 

WOODEN   FLEETS. — FIRST   DIVISION. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Hartford  28  Kennebec 4 

Brooklyn 26  Pinola 4 

Richmond 25  Itasca 4 

Sciota 3  Winona 4 

Iroquois 7 

SECOND   DIVISION. 

Pensacola 26  Varuna 6 

Mississippi 19  Katabdin 6 

Cayuga 6  Kineo 6 

Oneida 10  Wissahickon 4 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Jackson,  75  guns.  Fort  St.  Philip,  30  guns.  Above  the  forts,  two 
iron-clad  rams  and  eighteen  gun-boats.  Below  the  forts,  a  heavy  boom  of 
logs  and  chain  Across  the  river.  The  river  current  to  be  stemmed  runs  at 
a  speed  of  about  six  to  seven  knots. 

On  the  night  of  the  22d,  two  gun-boats  were  sent  up  to 
break  the  obstructions.  The  end  of  the  chain  was  reached  and 
successfully  cut  under  a  heavy  fire,  making  an  opening  wide 
enough  to  allow  vessels  to  pass.  At  2  a.m.  of  the  24th  the 
fleet  got  under  way,  forming  two  lines,  the  first  division  to  take 
Fort  Jackson,  and  the  second  Fort  St.  Philip.  The  chains  were 
stopped  up  and  down  the  sides  in  wake  of  the  boilers ;  decks 
were  whitewashed  and  boarding-nettings  triced  up.  Coming 
under  the  fire  of  the  forts,  the  lines  were  broken  owing  to  the 
strength  of  the  current  and  the  necessity  for  feeling  the  way 
up  in  the  channel,  there  being  no  pilots.  The  Hartforii 
grounded  abreast  Fort  St.  Philip,  and  whilst  in  this  position  a 
fire-raft  was  pushed  against  her,  setting  her  on  fire  aft.  The 
raft  was  pushed  clear,  fire  extinguished,  and  the  ship  was 
worked  oft  the  shoal.  She  was  hit  32  times ;  3  killed,  10 
wounded.  The  Brooklyn  fouled  the  obstructions,  and  was 
held  for  a  short  time  under  the  fire  of  Fort  St.  Philip.  Clear- 
ing these,  she  was  rammed  by  the  ram  JVlanassas,  but  the  blow 


PASSAGES    OK    FORTS.  155 

was  a  glancing  one.  Immediately  afterward  a  gun-boat  was 
seen  coining  at  her  full  speed.  The  Brooklyn  gave  her  the 
port  broadside,  and  disabled  her :  killed,  9 ;  wounded,  26. 
Richmond,  killed,  2 ;  wounded,  4.  Sciota,  wounded,  2.  Iro- 
quois,  killed,  8;  wounded,  24.  Kennebec  fouled  the  ob- 
structions, and  did  not  get  clear  until  the  fleet  had  passed  up  ; 
returned  to  the  lowrer  anchorage.  Pinola,  killed,  3  ;  wounded, 
8.  Itasca  received  a  shot  through  her  boiler  abreast  the  forts, 
and  drifted  down  helpless  out  of  action;  wounded,  3.  The 
Winona  was  fouled  by  the  Itasca  in  getting  under  way,  and 
did  not  make  the  attempt  until  the  fleet  had  passed,  wrhen  she 
wTas  obliged  to  turn  back :  killed,  6  ;  wmmded,  4.  Pensaco- 
la,  killed,  4 ;  w^ounded,  33.  Mississippi,  just  after  passing 
the  forts,  wras  rammed  on  the  quarter  by  the  Manassas,  in- 
jured, but  not  cut  through :  killed,  2 ;  w^ounded,  6.  Cayuga 
—the  leading  vessel  in  the  fight — after  passing  the  forts  was 
attacked  by  three  gun-boats  at  once :  one  on  the  starboard 
beam  she  disabled  by  a  'broadside ;  one  on  the  port-bow  was 
driven  off  by  the  bow-pivot ;  one  on  the  port-quarter  was 
taken  in  hand  by  the  Yaruna  before  she  could  do  harm: 
wrounded,  6.  Oneida,  just  after  passing  the  forts,  discovered 
a  gun-boat  trying  to  cross  her  bow ;  ran  her  down  and  sank 
her  at  once :  wounded,  3.  Varuna,  after  passing  the  forts, 
disabled  two  gun-boats ;  was  then  rammed  twice  by  one  gun- 
boat, and  once  by  another;  finding  her  sinking,  her  com- 
mander ran  her  ashore,  disabling  completely  both  the  gun- 
boats that  had  rammed  him :  killed,  3  ;  wounded,  9.  Katah- 
din,  uninjured.  Kineo,  wounded,  8.  Wissahickon,  uninjured. 
Total :  killed,  37 ;  wounded,  147.  The  Mississippi,  after  clear- 
ing the  fight,  was  ordered  to  ram  the  Manassas,  which  was 
seen  coining  up  the  river.  Hunning  down  towards  her,  the 
Manassas  sheered  broad  off  and  ran  ashore,  receiving  two 
broadsides,  which  disabled  her  and  set  her  on  fire.  She  drift- 
ed down  the  river  and  blew  up.  Fourteen  vessels  out  of 
seventeen  passed  the  forts.  Of  those  failing  to  pass,  one  was 
disabled.  Of  those  that  passed,  one  was  sunk.  Of  the  Con- 
federate flotilla  eleven  were  captured,  and  eight — including  the 
ram  Manassas — were  destroyed.  The  second  ram  (Louisiana) 
did  not  engage  for  some  reason.  Two  days  afterward,  while 
the  flag  of  truce  was  flying  at  the  capitulation  of  the  forts,  she 
-was  set  on  fire  and  turned  adrift  to  explode  amongst  the  mortar 
squadron.  She  blew  up  before  reaching  it. 

The  fleet  that  passed  the  forts  went  into  action  on  the  next 
•day  (25th),  silenced  a  line  of  earthworks,  and  passing  up  to 
"       Orleans  received  its  surrender. 


156  PASSAGES   OF    FORTS. 


Passage  of  Forts,  Mississippi  River,  June  28,  1862. 

FEDERAL. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Richmond 25  Sciota 3 

Hartford 28  Winorm 4 

Brooklyn 26  Pinola 4 

Iroquois 7  Katahdin 6 

Oneida 10  Kennebec 4 

Wissuhickon 4 

CONFEDERATE. 

Triple  line  of  earthworks  at  Vicksburg,  mounting  about  30  guns. 

At  4  a.m.  the  squadron,  steaming  up  the  river  in  double  line 
ahead  (large  ships  inside  with  the  smaller  ones  abreast  the  in- 
tervals), came  under  the  fire  of  the  enemy  at  a  distance  of  600 
yards.  The  rate  of  steaming  was  about  three  miles  per  hour. 
Three  ships  (Brooklyn,  Kennebec,  and  Katahdin)  failed  to  pass. 
The  Brooklyn,  getting  fouled  with  the  mortar  flotilla,  was  de- 
tained, and  under  a  misapprehension  of  orders  stopped  to 
silence  the  battery,  and  dropped  down  after  daylight.  The 
Kennebec  held  her  position  astern  of  the  Brooklyn.  The 
Katahdin,  having  no  orders  at  all,  followed  the  motions  of  the 
Brooklyn.  Casualties  in  the-  part  of  the  squadron  which 
passed  :  killed,  15 ;  wounded,  30.  Duration,  two  hours ;  dis- 
tance gone  while  under  fire,  three  miles. 


Passage  of  Forts,  Mississippi  River,  March  14,  1863. 
FEDERAL. 

WOODEN  SQUADRON. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Hartford 28  Albatross 7 

Richmond 25  Genesee 8 

Monongahela 14  Kineo 6 

.Mississippi 19 

CONFEDERATE. 

Earthworks  at  Port  Hudson. — A  line  of  earthworks  extending  at  inter- 
vals a  distance  of  about  three  miles,  and  mounting  70  guns,  most  all  of 
heavy  calibre. 

At  9  p.m.  of  the  24th,  signal  was  made  to  weigh  anchor 
and  pass  the  forts  up-stream.  The  vessels  except  the  Missis- 
sippi were  lashed  in  pairs  (Hartford  and  Albatross,  Kichmond 


PASSAGES    OF    FORTS.  157 

and  Genesee,  Monongahela  and  Kineo).  The  mortar  fleet  be- 
low the  forts  opened  a  heavy  tire  on  the  works,  and  two  light 
gun-boats  took  up  an  enfilading  position  and  shelled  the  water- 
batteries.  The  Hartford  passed  np  without  trouble.  The 
Richmond  (slowest  vessel  in  the  squadron)  reached  a  bend  of 
the  river  where  she  was  directly  within  the  cross-fire  of  the 
batteries,  but  could  not  stem  the  current  even  with  the  help  of 
her  tow,  so  she  was  obliged  to  turn  and  go  back.  The  Monon- 
gahela  reached  the  bend  and  the  current  forced  her  ashore  for 
about  half  an  hour ;  getting  off  finally  she  started  ahead,  but 
was  obliged  to  stop  her  engine  on  account  of  the  heating  of 
the  journals ;  drifted  down  again  out  of  range.  The  Missis- 
sippi ran  aground  at  the  bend,  but  could  not  be  gotten  off. 
After  working  for  half  an  hour,  her  guns  were  spiked,  the 
ship  was  fired  and  deserted,  and  she  blew  up.  Casualties  : 
killed,  12  ;  wounded,  35  ;  missing,  63.  One  steam  frigate  lost. 

Passage  of  Fort  Morgan,  August  5,  1864. 
FEDERAL. 

MONITORS. 

Guus.  Guns. 

Tecumseh *.     2        Winnebago 4 

Manhattan 2        Chickasaw 4 

CORVETTES. 

Brooklyn 26  Monongahela 14 

Hartford 28  Ossipee 12 

Richmond 25  Oneida 10 

Lackawanna 14 

GUN-BOATS. 

Octarora 10  Kennebec 4 

Metacomet 10  Itasca 4 

Port  Royal 6  Galena 6 

Seminole . .  6 

CONFEDERATE. 

Fort  Morgan. — A  masonry  fort  containing  30  guns.  Iron-clad  rain 
Tennessee  (six  7-inch  rifles).  Gun-boats  Selma,  Morgan,  and  Gaines.  A 
line  of  torpedoes  and  pile  obstructions  across  the  channel. 

At  5.30  a.m.  the  fleet  got  under  way  and  steamed  in  in 
two  lines  ahead,  the  four  monitors  in  the  starboard  line  slightly 
leading  and  nearest  the  fort.  The  port  line  of  wrooden  ships 
showed  the  corvettes  towards  the  fort,  with  each  one  having  a 
gun-boat  lashed  along  the  port  side.  The  fort  opened  fire  at 
7.30,  the  leading  ship  (Tecumseh)  being  within  1400  yards. 


158 


PASSAGES    OF    FORTS. 


Just  abreast  the  fort  the  Tecumseh  fouled  a  torpedo  and  was 
sunk.  The  Brooklyn  (leading  the  second  line)  stopped  her 
engines  and  threw  the  line  into  disorder,  but  the  Hartford 
pushing  on  ahead  restored  the  line  and  led  the  way  in,  all  the 
ships  passing  the  fort.  On  clearing  the  narrow  channel,  the 
gun-boats  were  cast  oif  and  gave  chase  to  the  Confederate  gun- 
boats, the  Metacomet  capturing  the  Selnia,  the  other  two  vessels 
escaping  under  the  fort.  At  8.45  the  fleet  was  all  in  the  bay 
beyond  the  fort.  The  Tennessee  then  made  a  rush  at  the 
Hartford,  and  Admiral  Farragut  made  the  signal  to  attack  with 

Before  the  Action. 


x^/tryH"     ^~  _JL^± 


After  the  Action. 


Section  through  Pilot-House. 


CONFEDERATE  RAM  TENNESSEE. 


guns  and  rams.  The  Monongahela  struck  the  ram  first,  a 
square  blow,  making  no  impression,  but  breaking  off  its  own 
ram.  The  Lackawranna  then  struck  a  fair  blow  with  no  im- 
pression, but  staving  its  own  bow.  The  Hartford  then  rammed, 
striking  a  glancing  blow  and  swinging  alongside,  giving  a  full 
broadside  without  effect.  The  Lackawanna  and  Hartford  then 
bore  down  together  but  collided,  the  Hartford's  side  being  cut 
down  almost  to  the  water's  edge  by  the  Lackawanna.  The 
Lackawanna,  Monongahela,  and  Ossipee  then  bore  down  at 
full  speed,  but  sheered  off  at  seeing  a  white  flag  In  listed. 


PASSAGES    OF   FORTS.  159 

During  the  ramming,  the  monitors  got  under  the  stern  of  the 
ram  and  bombarded  her  casemate  with  effect.  Casualties : 
killed,  52;  wounded,  170.  Monitor  Tecumseh  sunk  with  all 
1  Kinds  except  11.  Corvette  Oneida  disabled  abreast  the  fort 
by  a  shot  through  the  boiler,  but  dragged  through  the  action 
by  her  consort.  The  injuries  to  the  bows  of  the  ramming 
ships  and  to  the  Hartford's  side  were  not  so  severe  as  to  at  all 
disable  them.  Captured,  armored  ram  Tennessee,  wooden 
gun-boat  Selma,  280  prisoners.  The  steering-gear  and  smoke- 
stack of  the  ram  were  shot  away,  the  port-shutters  were  jammed 
so  as  to  disable  the  guns,  and  the  ship's  frame  was  racked  so 
as  to  make  her  leak,  but  not  badly.  The  ramming  vessels  left 
no  marks. 


Passage  of  the  Vicksburg  Batteries,  April  16,  1863. 
FEDERAL. 

IRON-CLAD   GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Benton 16        Pittsburg 13 

Lafayette 6        Carondelet 13 

Louisville 13        Tuscumbia 5 

Mound  City 13        General  Price 2 

Three  army  transports. 

CONFEDERATE. 

Vicksburg  Batteries. — 47  heavy  guns. 

The  vessels  started  from  up  the  river  in  line  ahead,  with 
the  transports  in  rear,  the  Tuscumbia  acting  as  rear-guard  to 
prevent  the  transports  turning  back  when  once  under  lire. 
Leaving  the  anchorage  at  10.30  p.m.,  they  steamed  slowly 
down  until  coming  within  sight  of  the  batteries,  when  they 
stopped  their  engines  and  drifted. .  The  leading  vessel  was 
discovered  abreast  the  first  battery  and  fire  was  opened.  The 
fleet  then  started  ahead  fast  returning  the  fire.  Two  trans- 
ports turned  and  started  back,  but  were  driven  down  again 
by  the  Tuscumbia,  the  three  vessels  suffering  severely  in  the 
manoeuvring,  but  passing  down  successfully.  Casualties,  12 
wounded.  Each  gun-boat  carried  a  barge-loaded  with  coal,  on 
the  off  side.  Two  barges  were  sunk,  the  remainder  were 
carried  through  safely.  One  of  the  transports  was  disabled, 
but  was  taken  in  tow  under  fire  and  brought  safely  through. 
Time  under  fire,  one  hour. 


160  ASSAULTS. 


RESUME. 

Total  number  of  battles  passing  fortifications,  5.  Success- 
ful, 3.  Partially  successful,  2.  Of  the  latter,  one  failed  on 
account  of  a  misunderstanding  of  orders,  and  one  on  account  of 
the  strength  of  current  rendering  the  ships  unmanageable.  In 
all  cases  the  ships  passed  the  main  line  of  fortifications  at  a  dis- 
tance of  less  than  600  yards,  and  all  were  subjected  to  a  severe 
well-aimed  fire. 


ASSAULTS. 


Assault  on  Fort  Sumter,  September  8,  1863. 

At  10  p.m.,  September  8th,  a  landing  party  of  300  sailors 
and  100  marines  was  put  in  boats,  taken  in  tow  by  a  tug-boat, 
and  towed  to  within  1000  yards  of  the  breach  at  Fort  Sumter. 
One  division  of  20  men  was  sent  to  the  north-east  face  to 
make  a  feint,  while  the  main  body  landed  at  the  breach. 
Through  a  general  misunderstanding  the  boats  went  in  irregu- 
larly, but  a  few  boats'  crews  landed,  and,  no  support  being 
given,  they  were  captured.  The  expedition  was  a  total  failure, 
no  assault  being  made.  Casualties  :  3  killed,  27  wounded,  130 
prisoners,  11  missing. 


Assault  on  Fort  Fisher,  January  15,  1865. 

The  assaulting  column,  composed  of  1600  sailors  and  400 
marines,  formed  about  a  mile  from  the  face  of  the  fort  (the 
fire  of  the  fort  being  kept  under  by  a  heavy  bombardment 
from  the  fleet)  in  four  lines.  The,  marines  forming  the  first 
line,  were  deployed  as  skirmishers,  and  advanced  along  the 
beach  to  a  line  of  rifle-pits  and  occupied  them  within  600 
yards  of  the  sea-face  of  the  fort.  The  other  three  lines  ad- 
vanced by  the  left  flank  (parallel  to  each  other)  along  the 
beach,  reaching  the  marines,  and  the  column  lay  down  while 
the  fleet  shelled  the  works,  the  marine  line  coming  abreast  the 
second  line  of  sailors.  At  the  word  "  Charge,"  the  column 
rose  and  charged  by  the  flank  to  the  stockade,  extending 


ASSAULTS.  161 

from  the  salient  of  the  fort  to  the  water's  edge.  Instead  of 
keeping  on  past  the  stockade  and  then  charging  by  the  right 
flank  up  to  the  ditch,  which  would  have  brought  the  lines  in 
proper  position,  the  heads  of  the  column  turned  up  at  the 
stockade  and  became  mixed  together.  The  charge  was  con- 
tinued to  the  parapet,  but  the  confusion  of  the  wrong  move- 
ment caused  a  break,  ending  in  a  panic,  and  the  whole  column 
retreated  under  a  heavy  fire  from  the  fort,  leaving  about  60 
men  under  the  protection  of  the  head  of  the  stockade,  who 
entrenched  themselves  there  and  stayed  until  the  fort  was 
taken  by  the  troops  entering  at  the  other  end  of  the  fort.  The 
assault  was  a  failure  in  everything  except  as  far  as  deceiving 
the  besieged,  who  mistook  it  for  the  main  assault,  and  thus 
permitted  the  8000  troops  at  another  point  to  gain  a  foothold. 
Casualties :  killed,  80 ;  wounded,  228  ;  missing,  22. 


Assault  on  the  Corean  Forts,  June  11,  1871. 

The  Monocacy  (10  guns)  and  Palos  (4  guns)  steamed  up  the 
Salee  River  and  disembarked  a  landing  party  of  546  sailors  and 
105  marines,  taking  with  them  a  battery  of  seven  boat-guns. 
Five  forts  were  to  be  captured,  situated  at  distances  of  from 
half  a  mile  to  three  miles.  The  Monocacy,  taking  position  abreast 
the  first  fort,  shelled  it  vigorously,  protecting  the  landing  party 
and  driving  the  Coreans  from  the  earthworks  and  stone  fort 
in  about  one  hour.  The  landing  party  entered  without  resist- 
ance, capturing  and  destroying  two  32-pdrs.,  six  18-pdrs.,  and 
twenty  smaller  pieces,  2  and  4  pdrs.  The  advance  stopped  for 
the  night,  the  landing  party  going  into  camp  outside  of  the 
fort.  At  daylight  of  the  llth  the  advance  recommenced,  the 
Monocacy  keeping  abreast  and  shelling  the  Coreans  out  of  the 
second  fort,  which  was  occupied  and  dismantled.  The  citadel 
about  three  miles  farther  up  the  river  was  the  next  point  to 
be  captured,  and  had  to  be  taken  by  assault.  Marching  to  the 
crest  of  a  hill  within  150.  yards  of  the  citadel,  the  storming  party 
were  ordered  to  lie  down  for  a  rest,  the  skirmishing  line  of 
marines  keeping  up  a  fire  011  the  parapet.  A  detachment  of 
men  and  guns  was  sent  to  occupy  a  commanding  position  and 
hold  a  large  body  of  Coreans  in  check  that  was  forming  in 
rear,  while  another  detachment  was  sent  to  cut  off  the  retreat 
from  the  citadel.  A  deep  ravine  lay  between  the  storming 
line  and  the  fort,  and  the  walls  of  the  citadel  were  twelve  feet 
high,  the  only  entrance  beiiig  through  a  small  breach  made  by 
the  fire  of  the  Monocacy.  The  citadel  was  stormed,  and  a  foot- 
hold gained  without  a  halt,  and  after  a  hard  ha'nd-to-hand  fight, 


162  DELIBERATE   GENERAL   ACTIONS. 

was  captured.  "With  the  fall  of  the  citadel  the  other  forts  were 
abandoned,  whilst  the  detachment  commanding  the  road  of  re- 
treat of  the  Coreans  put  them  under  a  severe  fire.  The  as- 
sault was  a  complete  success.  Loss  of  the  Coreans  :  killed,  243  ; 
wounded,  unknown;  prisoners,  22;  five  stone  forts  and  481 
pieces  of  ordnance,  comprising  eleven  32-pdrs.,  fourteen  24- 
pdrs.,  two  20-pdrs.,  and  the  remainder  2  and  4  pdrs. ;  fifty 
nags,  including  the  standard  of  the  Generalissimo.  Loss  of 
United  States :  killed,  3  ;  wounded,  10. 


RESUME. 

Number  of  assaults  noted,  3.  Failures,  2.  Success,  1.  Of 
the  failures,  the  first  was  too  hastily  planned  to  even  make  a 
commencement.  Everything  was  confusion  from  the  time 
that  the  boats  were  cast  off  from  their  tows.  The  second  w^as 
primarily  due  to  confusion  of  the  assaulting  columns  at  the 
most  critical  moment,  followed  by  a  panic. 


DELIBEKATE  GENEBAL  ACTIONS. 

Gunboat  Flotillas  in  the  Mississippi,  June  5,  1862. 
FEDERAL. 

IRON-CLAD  GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Benton  .....................  13  Cairo  ......................  13 

Louisville  ..................  13  St.  Louis  ...................  13 

Carondelet  ..................  13 

RAMS. 
Queen  of  the  West  ..........    2       Monarch  ....................    2 


CONFEDERATE. 

IRON-CLAD  GUN-BOATS. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Lovell  ......................  Little  Rebel  ................ 

Beauregard  .................  Sumter  ..................... 

Price  .......................  B 


Thompson  ..................  Van  Dorn 


ragg 
an  Do 


DELIBERATE    GENERAL    ACTIONS.  1G3 

On  the  morning  of  June  5th,  the  Federal  flotilla  descending 
the  river  discovered  the  Confederate  flotilla  moored  at  the 
city  of  Memphis.  The  latter  formed  in  double  line  abreast 
below  the  city,  and  received  the  attack.  The  Queen  of  the 
West,  dashing  from  the  Federal  line,  rammed  the  Lovell  and 
sank  her  at  once.  In  getting  clear  she  was  rammed  by  the 
Beauregard  and  seriously  injured,  though  not  disabled.  The 
Beauregard  was  rammed  by  the  Monarch,  and  at  the  same  time 
received  a  shot  through  her  boilers  which  disabled  her;  she 
drifted  near  the  bank  of  the  river  and  sank.  The  Price  was 
accidentally  rammed  and  sunk  by  one  of  her  own  flotilla.  The 
Little  Rebel  was  disabled  by  shot,  run  ashore  and  abandoned. 
The  Thompson  was  set  on  fire  by  shells  and  blown  up.  The 
Sumter  was  captured.  The  Bragg  was  rammed  and  sunk. 
The  Van  Dorn  escaped  down  the  river.  Result :  one  Federal 
ram  partially  disabled ;  no  killed,  no  wounded.  Four  Confed- 
erate gun-boats  sunk,  one  captured,  one  blown  up,  one  desert- 
ed, and  one  escaped.  Killed  and  wounded  unknown,  but  many 
lost  by  drowning  and  scalding.  Duration  of  action,  twenty 
minutes. 

In  this  fight  the  Federal  fleet  had  the  advantage  of  fighting 
down  stream,  being  the  ones  to  make  the  onset,  and  having  the 
heavier  vessels  and  batteries.  The  Confederates  took  no  ad- 
vantage of  the  weak  steaming  powers  of  the  Federal  gun-boats. 
Had  they  passed  up  stream,  re-formed,  and  forced  the  Federals 
to  act  on  the  defensive  and  fight  up  stream,  the  result  might 
have  been  different.  Decisive  action. 


Battle  of  Helgoland,  May  9,  1864. 
DANISH  SQUADRON. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Niels  Juel 42        Heimdal 16 

Jylland 44 


AUSTRIAN  SQUADRON. 

Guns. 

Sclnvartzenburg 48        Three  Prussian  gun-boats. 

Radetzky 31 

The  two  squadrons  advanced  in  line  ahead,  the  Danes  com- 
ing up  on  the  beam  of  the  Austrians.  The  Niels  Juel  joined 
action  with  the  Schwartzenburg,  and  the  Jylland  with  the  Ra- 
detzky, the  Heimdal  attempting  to  reach  the  gun-boats,  which 


164  DELIBERATE   GENERAL    ACTIONS. 

steamed  up  on  the  unengaged  side  of  the  frigates,  causing  the 
latter  to  steam  in  a  circle.  The  action  was  fought  in  this  man- 
ner, steaming  in  a  circle  of  which  the  gun -boats  were  the  cen- 
tre and  the  Danes  600  yards  outside  the  Austrians,  the  Heimdal 
joining  in  the  attack  on  the  Radetzky.  After  three  hours,  the 
Schwartzenburg  was  set  on  fire  and  the  Austrians  ran  for  Hel- 
goland, the  Danes  hauling  off  at  the  neutral -ground  limit. 
Indecisive  action. 


Battle  of  Lissa,  July  20,  1866. 
AUSTRIAN  FLEET. 

IRON-CLAD  FRIGATES.  WOODEN    SQUADRON. 

Ferdinand  Max.  Five  frigates. 

Hapsburg.  One  corvette. 

Don  Juan  d' Austria.  Fourteen  gun-boats. 

Kaiser  Max. 

Prinz  Eugen. 

Salamander. 

Drache. 

ITALIAN  IRON-CLAD  FLEET 

Re  d'ltalia.  Maria  Pia. 

Re  di  Portugalo.  San  Martino. 

Principe  di  Carignano.  Affondatore. 

Ancona.  Palestro. 
Castelfidardo. 

Varese,  Terribile,  and  Fprmidabile  not  in  action. 
Wooden  fleet  did  not  come  up. 

The  Austrians  advanced  in  three  echelonned  lines  ahead, 
the  Ferdinand  Max  (flag-ship)  leading  the  right  and  advanced 
iron-clad  line.  The  wooden  frigates  formed  the  centre  line, 
and  the  gun-boats  the  left  and  rear.  All  in  close  order.  The 
Italians  on  sighting  the  Austrian  fleet  formed  in  single  line 
ahead,  open  order,  covering  a  distance  of  over  five  miles.  The 
head  of  the  Italian  line  opened  fire  on  coming  within  gunshot. 
The  Austrians,  turning  together  eight  points  to  port,  sent  a 
broadside  into  the  head  of  the  Italian  line  and,  resuming  the 
former  course,  immediately  pierced  the  Italian  line  astern  of  the 
third  ship  (between  the  Ancona  and  the  Re  d'ltalia),  half  of  his 
iron-clads  passing  through  this  interval  and  the  other  half  be- 
tween the  Re  d'ltalia  and  the  Palestro.  The  leading  Italian 
division  turned  to  starboard  to  attack  the  Austrian  wooden 
fleet,  and  Tegethoff  to  foil  this  manoeuvre  turned  and  passed 
back  through  the  same  intervals.  The  rest  of  the  Italian  fleet 
closing  up  on  the  broken  Austrian  line,  and  the  smoke  concealing 


DASHES.  105 

signals,  the  action  became  a  melee.  The  Ferdinand  Max  made 
two  attempts  to  ram  two  different  vessels,  both  being  avoided 
by  the  helm.  A  third  attempt  on  the  Re  d'ltalia  was  success- 
ful, striking  her  under  the  counter  and  sinking  her.  At  the 
time,  the  Re  was  engaged  with  three  Austrians  on  his  bow 
and  beam.  The  Italians  state  that  his  steering-gear  was  shot 
away  ;  the  Austrians,  that  he  was  backing. 

Three  Austrians  (two  iron-clads  and  one  wooden  frigate)  con- 
centrated on  the  Palestro  and  set  her  on  fire ;  she  drew  out  of 
action  and  blew  up  in  about  an  hour.  The  San  Martino,  fight- 
ing in  company  with  the  Re  d'ltalia,  hauled  out  of  action  when 
the  latter  was  sunk.  The  Affondatore  (flag-ship)  made  two 
ineffectual  attempts  to  ram,  but  her  clumsy  steering-gear  and 
slow  speed  made  the  attempts  abortive.  The  Re  di  Portu- 
galo  made  a  fine  attempt  to  ram  the  Kaiser  Max,  which  the 
latter  avoided  by  turning  towards  the  Portugalo  and  going 
full  speed,  the  ships  rubbing  sides,  bringing  down  the  Kaiser's 
foremast,  which  fell  on  the  smoke-stack  and  caught  fire  but 
was  extinguished.  The  Portugalo  then  ran  the  gauntlet  of 
the  two  iron-clad  divisions,  reaching  her  own  line,  and  the 
Italian  fleet  hauled  out  of  action,  the  Austrians  not  chasing. 
The  Italian  loss  was  two  iron-clads ;  killed,  650 ;  wounded,  40. 
Austrians,  136  killed  and  wounded,  of  whom  three  quarters 
belonged  to  the  Kaiser  Max.  Partial  success. 


DASHES. 

Passes  of  the  Mississippi,  October  12,  1861. 

At  4  a.m.  the  Confederate  ram  Manassas  steamed  suddenly 
into  the  Federal  squadron  at  anchor  in  the  Passes  below  New 
Orleans-- 
Guns. Guns. 

Richmond 25         Union ' 4 

Water  Witch 3 

SAILING    CORVETTES. 

Vincennes 10        Preble 11 

striking  the  Richmond  a  glancing  blow.  Chains  were  slipped 
at  once,  and  the  Richmond  avoided  a  second  blow  by  sheering. 
The  ram  passed  back  up  the  river.  On  the  Confederate  side 
the  dash  was  a  failure.  On  the  Federal  side  the  Yincennes 


16G  DASHES. 

was  run  ashore,  deserted,  and  accident  only  saved  the  vessel,  a 
train  having  been  laid  to  her  magazine  and  fired  by  Com- 
mander Handy.  The  train  is  said  to  have  been  put  out  by 
one  of  the  crew  before  leaving,  and  the  ship  was  hauled  oif 
after  daylight. 

Mississippi  River,  above  Vicksburg,  July  15,  1862. 

At  about  7  a.m.  the  Confederate  ram  Arkansas  made  a  dash 
down  the  river  through  the  Federal  squadron  lying  at  anchor. 

Guns  Guns. 

Hartford 28        Wissahickon  4 

Richmond 25        Winona 4 

Oneida 10        Sciota 4 

Iroquois 7 

As  she  passed  through  without  attempting  to  ram,  broad- 
sides were  exchanged.  The  Arkansas  was  olisabled,  but  not 
caught.  Federal  loss :  killed,  5  ;  wounded,  16. 


Charleston  Blockading  Fleet,  February  2, 1863. 

At  about  4  a.m.  a  Confederate  iron-clad  ram  made  a  dash 
from  the  harbor  into  the  blockading  squadron. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Keystone  State 13  Augusta 10 

Housatonic 13  Mercedita 9 

Quaker  City 9  Memphis 7 

Running  at  the  Mercedita,  she  rammed  her  on  the  star- 
board beam,  and  at  the  same  time  put  a  shot  through  her 
boiler,  completely  disabling  her.  The  ram  then  passed  under 
her  stern,  demanded  and  received  her  surrender,  but  did  not 
take  possession,  the  crew  being  paroled.  The  Keystone  State 
was  then  attacked,  but  avoided  being  rammed,  although  she 
received  a  shot  through  her  boilers,  completely  disabling  her. 
The  ram  then  retired.  Attack  successful.  Federal  loss  :  killed, 
24;  wounded,  23;  one  crew  paroled,  two  vessels  disabled. 
Duration  of  attack,  one  hour. 


IRON-CLADS   AGAINST   WOODEN   VESSELS.  1(57 


IKON-CLADS    AGAIJSTST    WOODEN 

VESSELS. 

Hampton  Roads,  March  8,  1862. 

On  the  morning  of  March  8th  the  Confederate  ram  Mer- 
rimac  entered  Hampton  Roads,  where  were  lying  at  anchor 
the 

STEAM   FRIGATES. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Minnesota 50        Roanoke 50 

SAILING   FRIGATES. 

Congress 50        St.  Lawrence 12 

Cumberland 24 

Running  directly  at  the  Cumberland,  the  ram  struck  her 
under  the  counter,  sinking  her  in  fifteen  minutes.  Turning 
to  the  Congress,  which  had  slipped  her  cable  and  run  ashore, 
the  ram  took  a  position  under  her  stern  at  50  yards  distance, 
and  forced  her  to  surrender  after  a  fight  of  an  hour.  Posses- 
sion was  not  taken  of  her,  and  the  ship  was  fired  and  deserted, 
blowing  up  in  a  few  hours.  The  Minnesota  having  grounded 
where  the  Merrimac  could  not  get  at  her,  these  two  engaged 
at  long  range,  the  Roanoke  and  St.  Lawrence  taking  part  for 
about  four  hours,  when  the  Merrimac  drew  out  of  action  leak- 
ing badly  from  the  effects  of  ramming  the  Cumberland.  Fed- 
eral loss  :  2  sailing  frigates  ;  killed,  247 ;  wounded,  90. 


Roanolte  River,  April  18,  1864. 

At  11  p.m.  of  the  18th  the  Confederate  ram  Albemarlc 
was  discovered  coming  down  the  Roanoke  River.  In  obedi- 
ence to  previous  instructions  from  the  Admiral,  the  two  gun- 
boats present  (Miami,  12  guns,  and  Southfield,  4  guns)  were 
lashed  alongside  each  other  to  receive  the  attack,  the  intention 
being  to  put  the  ram  between  the  two  vessels,  and  while  held 
by  lashings  fight  her  at  point-blank  on  both  sides.  After 
lashing,  the  gun-boats  were  headed  for  the  Albemarle,  going 
full  speed.  The  arrangement  was  perfect  for  a  test  ^01  the 
plan.  The  ram-scraping  the  port  side  of  the  Miami  with  her 


168  IKON-CLADS   AGAINST   WOODEN   VESSELS. 

prow,  struck  the  starboard  bow  of  the  Southiield,  staving  her  in 
forward  ;  the  forward  lashings  were  broken,  and  the  gun-boats 
swung  out  of  the  angle  of  iire  after  giving  but  one  broadside. 
The  rani  backed  clear  to  get  room  for  a  blow  at  the  Miami, 
but  the  latter,  having  swung  head  down  stream,  escaped.  The 
Southiield  sank  in  about  fifteen  minutes.  Federal  loss :  killed, 
1 ;  wounded,  11 ;  missing,  67 ;  1  gun-boat  sunk. 

Albemarle  /Sound,  May  5,  1864. 

The  squadron  blockading  Albemarle  Sound  had  received 
orders  that  in  case  the  ram  Albemarle  appeared,  the  vessels 
were  to  form  in  double  line  ahead. 

Guns.  Guns. 

Miami 12  Mattabesset 6 

Ceres 4  Sassacus 6 

Commodore  Hull 6  Wyalusing 4 

Seymour 4  Whitehead 4 

At  4.45  p.m.  the  Albemarle  was  sighted  coming  into  the 
sound  accompanied  by  two  small  gun-boats.  The  squadron 
formed  and  steamed  to  meet  her,  the  Mattabesset  and  Sas- 
sacus delivering  a  broadside  in  passing  at  100  yards.  The  ram 
attempted  to  run  the  Sassacus  down,  but  the  latter  avoided 
her,  being  thrown  out  of  the  line  in  the  manoeuvre.  Being  in 
the  vicinity  of  one  of  the  Confederate  gun-boats,  the  Sassacus 
gave  her  a  broadside,  received  her  surrender,  and  sent  her  out 
of  action  to  an  anchorage.  Turning  to  resume  her  place  in 
line,  the  Sassacus  found  nerself  in  position  to  ram  the  Albe- 
marle, and  went  at  her  full  speed,  striking  her  fairly  amidships, 
and  heeling  her  over  considerably.  The  two  vessels  were  in 
close  contact  for  about  ten  minutes,  when  the  Sassacus  swung 
alongside  and  received  a  shot  through  her  boilers,  partially  dis- 
abling her.  The  ram  getting  clear  drew  out  of  action  and 
steamed  up  the  river,  chased  for  some  distance  by  the  squadron. 
Casualties  on  the  Federal  side :  killed,  4 ;  wounded,  25 ;  1 
gun-boat  disabled.  Confederates :  1  gun-boat  captured ;  1  gun 
on  the  ram  disabled.  The  bow  of  the  Sassacus  was  somewhat 
broken  and  twisted,  but  not  sufficient  to  leak. 

Black  Sea,  July  23,  1877. 

On  the  morning  of  the  23d  the  Kussian  gun-boat  Yesta  (6 
guns),  cruising  in  the  sea,  made  out  black  smolce  on  the  horizon 
at  early  daylight,  and  steamed  towards  it.  When  within  less 


IRON  CLADS   AGAINST   WOODEN   VESSELS.  169 

than  two  miles  she  discovered  it  to  be  the  Turkish  iron-clad 
frigate  Assav-i-Tefvik  (14  guns),  and  turned  to  escape  ;  a  run- 
ning fight  ensued,  lasting  for  two  hours,  the  Turk  slowly  over- 
hauling the  Vesta.  When  within  about  half  a  mile,  a  shell 
from  the  Yesta  exploded  in  the  barbette  turret  of  the  Turk, 
disabling  its  gun,  killing  and  wounding  most  of  the  crew. 
The  latter  then  hauled  off  and  the  Yesta  escaped.  Action  in- 
decisive. Killed  and  wounded  about  equal  on  both  sides. 


Off  Ylo,  Peru,  May  29,  1877. 

The  Peruvian  iron-clad  Huascar,  having  been  taken  posses- 
sion of  by  a  party  of  insurgents,  and  having  committed  depre- 
dations against  British  commercial  vessels,  was  attacked  off 
Iquique  by  the  British  frigate  Shah  and  the  corvette  Amethyst. 
The  Huascar  running  into  shoal  water  prevented  the  close  ap- 
proach of  the  enemy,  and  the  action  was  continued  for  about 
three  hours,  during  which  time  neither  of  the  British  vessels 
was  struck  and  no  notable  damage  had  been  done  to  the 
Huascar.  Just  before  dark  the  Huascar  cleared  the  shoals  and 
ran  down  the  coast  followed  by  the  British  until  dark.  One 
Whitehead  torpedo  was  sent  at  her,  but  ineffectually. 

After  dark  a  launch  was  sent  into  the  bay  of  Ylo  with 
"Whitehead  torpedoes  for  the  purpose  of  sinking  the  vessel, 
but  she  had  escaped.  Action  indecisive.  Casualties  :  Peruvian, 
killed,  1 ;  wounded,  1.  British,  none.  Neither  vessel  injured 
sufficiently  to  affect  her  fighting  power.  The  Huascar  was 
manned  by  a  raw  crew,  causing  her  fire  to  be  entirely  ineffec- 
tive. 

Iquique  Harbor,  May  21,  1879. 

The  Peruvian  iron-clads  Independencia  and  Huascar  ap- 
peared off  Iquique  Harbor  on  the  morning  of  May  21st,  find- 
ing there  the  Chilian  gun-boats  Esmeralda  and  Covadonga. 
The  latter  on  discovering  the  enemy  ran  into  shoal  water,  the 
iron-clads  taking  a  position  about  2000  yards  away.  After  a 
short  action,  the  Covadonga  (apparently  with  the  intention  of 
dividing  the  fire  and  possibly  escaping)  attempted  to  run 
down  the  coast,  the  Independencia  giving  chase.  The  Huascar 
continued  to  engage  the  Esmeralda,  and  notwithstanding  the 
short  range,  failed  to  hit  her.  At  length  a  shore  battery  drove 
the  Esmeralda  into  deep  water,  and  before  she  could  commence 
to  manoeuvre  a  shot  from  the  Huascar  disabled  her  engines. 
The  Huascar  then  rammed  her  three  times,  the  first  two  blows 


170  DUELS. 

being  total  failures  on  account  of  stopping  the  ship  too  quick. 
The  third  was  a  success,  sinking  the  Esmeralda  with  her 
colors  flying.  The  Covadonga,  keeping  in  shoal  water  as  mucli 
as  possible,  ran  for  two  hours,  the  Independencia  making  three 
attempts  to  ram  her  and  failing.  At  the  fourth  attempt  the 
ship  was  missed,  and  the  Independencia  struck  a  rock  and  hung 
fast.  The  Covadonga  at  once  turned,  and  taking  a  position 
under  the  Peruvian's  stern,  opened  fire  on  him  and  forced  him 
to  surrender.  The  Huascar  appearing  at  this  time,  possession 
could  not  be  taken,  and  the  Covadonga  escaped.  Attempts  to 
haul  the  Peruvian  off  the  rocks  proving  unavailing,  she  was 
fired  and  burned.  In  this  action  the  Chilians  lost  the  greatest 
number  of  men  owing  to  the  sinking  of  the  Esmeralda,  but  the 
loss  of  the  Independencia  more  than  counterbalanced  it. 


DUELS. 

Monitor  and  Merrimac,  March  9,  1862. 

On  the  morning  of  the  9th  the  Merrimac  steamed  into 
Hampton  Roads  to  finish  the  destruction  of  the  wooden  squad- 
ron which  she  had  attacked  the  day  previous  (see  page  166). 
The  Monitor  having  arrived  during  the  night  steamed  out  to 
meet  her  after  she  had  approached  within  gunshot  of  the  Minne- 
sota. After  a  short  engagement  at  a  distance  of  200  yards,  the 
Merrimac  attempted  to  ram  or  force  a  surrender  of  the  Minne- 
sota, in  doing  which  she  ran  ashore,  and  was  for  a  short  time 
exposed  to  the  full  broadside  fire  of  the  frigate.  Getting  clear, 
she  again  turned  to  the  Monitor,  and  attempted  to  ram  her, 
striking  a  slight  ineffectual  blow.  The  Merrimac  kept  on 
down  the  channel,  the  Monitor  chasing  for  some  distance,  but 
hauling  out  of  action  when  she  found  her  speed  and  artillery 
power  not  sufficient  to  bring  the  Merrimac  to  terms.  Casual- 
ties on  the  Monitor,  1  wounded,  2  temporarily  disabled  by  the 
shock  of  the  projectiles  striking  the  turret  against  which  tliey 
happened  to  be  leaning.  Action  indecisive. 

Alabama  and  Hatteras,  January  11,  1863. 

The  Hatteras  (6  guns)  proceeding  to  blockade  duty  off  Gal- 
veston  went  in  chase  of  a  sail  on  the  morning  of  the  llth,  and 


DUELS.  171 

running  close  to  her,  stopped  and  hailed.  The  answer  returned 
was  "Her  Majesty's  Steamer  "Vixen."  The  Hatteras  then 
lowered  a  boat  and  sent  it  alongside.  Before  the  boat  was  fairly 
started  the  hail  came,  "  We  are  the  Confederate  steamer  Ala- 
bama," accompanied  by  a  broadside.  The  fire  was  returned  at 
once,  and  the  Hatteras  attempted  to  close  and  board,  but  could 
not.  In  about  five  minutes  she  had  been  set  on  fire  by  one 
shell  and  her  boiler  was  pierced  by  another.  The  Alabama 
then  took  a  position  under  her  stern,  and  in  a  few  minutes 
forced  her  to  surrender,  the  crew  being  transferred  to  the 
Alabama,  and  the  Hatteras  left  to  burn  and  blow  up.  Casual- 
ties :  on  the  Hatteras,  killed,  2 ;  wounded,  5.  Action  de- 
cisive. (For  fighting  power  of  ships,  see  page  171.) 

Weehawken  and  Atlanta,  June  17,  1863. 

At  early  daylight  the  Confederate  ram  Atlanta  was 
seen  coming  down  the  Wilmington  River,  and  the  Federal 
monitors  Weehawken  and  Nahant  steamed  in  to  meet  her. 
The  Atlanta  opened  fire  at  1500  yards,  and  a  few  moments 
afterwards  grounded.  The  Weehawken  approaching  within 
300  yards  opened  fire,  and  forced  the  surrender  of  the  ram  in 
fifteen  minutes.  Five  shots  were  fired  by  the  Weehawken, 
all  striking  and  three  penetrating  the  ram,  killing  and  wound- 
ing many  people  at  the  guns.  The  ram  was  taken  possession 
of  and  sent  in  as  a  prize.  Action  decisive. 

Kearsarge  and  Alabama,  June  19,  1864. 

The  Alabama  steamed  out  of  Cherbourg  Harbor  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  19th  to  meet  the  Kearsarge  in  accordance  with  a 
challenge  sent  out  two  days  before.  The  Kearsarge,  steaming 
out  clear  of  neutral  water,  turned  when  at  a  good  distance  and 
headed  for  the  Alabama.  The  action  commenced  at  1200 
yards,  the  Alabama  sending  the  first  broadside,  which  was  im- 
mediately returned  by  the  Kearsarge.  The  action  continued 
for  65  minutes  at  a  distance  of  900  yards,  the  two  ships  steam- 
ing in  a  circle.  At  the  end  of  this  time  the  Alabama  surren- 
dered, and  in  about  twenty  minutes  after  sunk.  Action  de- 
cisive. 


172 


DUELS. 


Fighting  Powers  of  the  Hatteras,  Alabama,  and  Kearsarge, 


HATTERAS. 

ALABAMA. 

KEARSARGE. 

Battery. 
I  20-pdr.  rifle. 

Battery. 
I  100-pdr.  rifle. 

Battery. 
I  30-pdr.  rifle. 

I   30-pdr.     " 

I    68-pdr.    " 

II  11-inch  smooth-bores. 

IV  32-pdr.  smooth-bores. 

IV   32-pdr.  smooth-bores. 

IV  32-pdr. 

Battery  Fought. 
II  rifles,  II  32-pdrs. 

Battery  Fought. 
II  rifles.  Ill  smooth-bores. 

Battery  Fought. 
I  rifle,  II  11-inch,  II  32-pdrs. 

Crew,  125  men. 

Crew,  about  170  men. 

Crew,  163  men. 

Meteor  and  Bouvet ,  N Member  9,  1870. 

On  the  morning  of  November  8th  the  French  gun-boat 
Bouvet  (5  guns)  steamed  out  of  Havana  and  beyond  the  neutral 
limit  to  wait  for  the  Prussian  gun-boat  Meteor  (3  guns)  to- 
come  out  in  answer  to  a  challenge.  The  Meteor,  after  waiting 
in  port  twenty-four  hours  as  prescribed  by  law  for  the  sailing 
of  belligerent  vessels,  steamed  out,  and  the  action  commenced 
about  two  miles  outside  of  the  neutral  limit,  the  Bouvet  firing 
the  first  gun.  After  a  few  manoeuvres  the  Bouvet  closed  with 
the  intention  of  ramming,  and  was  partially  avoided,  striking 
a  glancing  blow  abeam  and  slipping  along,  carrying  away  the 
Prussian's  main  and  mizzen  masts,  the  rigging  fouling  the 
Meteor's  screw.  In  return,  the  Meteor  put  a  shot  through  the 
Bouvet's  steam-chest,  partially  disabling  her.  The  latter  made 
sail  at  once  and  escaped  into  neutral  water,  the  Meteor  keeping 
up  a  fire  but  unable  for  a  time  to  chase  owing  to  the  fouled 
screw.  Action  indecisive  on  account  of  the  proximity  of  neu- 
tral water.  Casualties  :  Bouvet,  3  wounded.  Meteor,  3  killed ; 
1  wounded.  Duration  of  action,  less  than  one  hour. 


RESUME. 

Number  of  duels  noted,  5.  Decisive,  3.  Indecisive,  2. 
Of  the  indecisive  fights,  one  was  due  to  lack  of  speed  for  over- 
hauling the  opponent  and  continuing  the  action ;  the  other  to 
the  temporary  disability  of  fouling  the  screw  and  the  proximity 
of  neutral  water.  In  the  decisive  actions,  two  were  decided 
by  sinking,  although  in  both  cases  the  ship  surrendered  first. 


DUELS.  173 

Action  of  Point  Tetas,  October  8,  1879. 

At  daylight  on  the  8th  the  Chilian  iron-clad  corvette  Blanco 
Encalada  sighted  the  Peruvian  iron-clad  turret-ship  Huascar, 
and  gave  chase.  The  Huascar,  running  to  the  northward,  and 
slowly  distancing  the  Blanco,  was  headed  by  the  Chilian  iron- 
clad corvette  Almirante  Cochrane.  These  two  ships  then  en- 
gaged, and  in  about  half  an  hour  the  Blanco  closed  and  opened 
on  the  Huascar,  placing  her  between  two  fires.  After  an  ac- 
tion of  one  hour  and  a  half  the  Huascar  surrendered,  having 
been  much  cut  up,  and  having  lost  her  three  senior  officers. 
Casualties:  Blanco  Encalada,  none.  Almirante  Cochrane,  2 
killed,  10  wounded. 

NOTE. — After  careful  research  it  has  been  found  that  in 
every  case  cited  in  which  boilers  were  penetrated  by  projec- 
tiles, the  part  of  the  boiler  hit  was  above  the  water-line. 


II. 


NAVAL    ORDNANCE 


NAVAL  ORDNANCE. 


AUSTRIA. 


LENGTH. 

WEIGHT. 

NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

i 

Over  all. 

{ 

Powder  Chamber. 

Number  of  Grooves 

Twist  of  Rifling. 

Gun,  including 
Breech-block. 

Breech-block. 

Preponderance. 

. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Calib. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

f28cm 

11 

240 

170  7 

36  41 

6-1 

45 

60500 

2266 

tf      te 

o     S 

26    " 

10  24 

225 

148  4 

46  06 

*K> 

70 

48,400 

1  947 

i]i 

24    " 

9  27 

206 

136 

41  7 

39 

70 

34,100 

1  408 

fi 

9.27 

185 

115.3 

41.7 

32 

64.7 

32,450 

1,419 

.... 

21     "   

8.24 

165 

105 

37 

30 

59 

19,400 

1,078 

in 

15    " 

5.87 

152 

112.4 

22.6 

36 

45 

8,800 

321 

248 

P 

iij 

23  .  "     

9 

156 

104 

20.9 

6 

45 

27,900 

.... 

255 

gals 

18    " 

7 

130 

85.5 

18.7 

3 

35 

14,500 

394 

V1-! 

2*2 

15    " 

5.87 

121 

89.8 

16.9 

30 

63 

6,300 

178 

299 

ill] 

12    "     

4.74 

109 

84.4 

12.4 

24 

52 

3,300 

106 

273 

Hij 

9    "     

3.43 

81 

57.5 

16.5 

24 

45 

1,070 

55 

103 

.—  <    ^ 

7    " 

2.6 

39 

23.8 

11 

18 

30 

196 

49 

48.4 

178 


AUSTRIA. 


AUSTRIAN   ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

CARRIAGES. 

PROJECTILES.                            CHUU^ 

f 

53 

Height  of  Axis  of 
Bore  above  Deck. 

Full  Weight. 

Bursting  Charge. 

For  Steel  and 
Chilled  Slid. 

For  Common  Shell. 

! 

Lbs. 
574 

308 
196 

249 
114 

| 

1 

I 

Common. 

f28cm  

I  I  ;»'  - 

Lbs. 
29,260 

6,140 
4,900 
5,814 
6,194 

1,878 

4,188 
2,956 

1,047 
715 

$36 

294 

Lbs. 
29,260 

12,617 
9,845^ 
7,528 
10,412 

3,740 

6,917 
3,757 

1,207 

In. 

53 
46 
46 
45 

39 

44 
45 

39 

38 
21 

Lbs. 
559 

395 
292 
292 
206 

84.7 

Lbs. 
473 

354 
263 
263 

69 

257 
118 

61 

Lbs. 
14.3 

8.8 
6.6 
6.6 
4.4 

2.1 

Lbs. 

7.7 

3.7 
3.7 
3  1 

5.9 
1.1 

Lbs. 
25.3 

20.2 
14.9 
14.9 
14.9 

5.1 

18.5 
7.9 

1.9 

Lbs. 
121 

70.4 
52.8 
52.8 
37.4 

17.6 

50.6 

28.6 

Lbs. 
121 

59.4 
44 
44 
30.8 

14.3 

30.8 
13.2 

4.7 
2.4 

.9 
.35 

£     24    "  

*  *i«  -  

tL 

Hil  18    " 

lii'ju  "  

L 

»i  2  r  9  " 

1  l 

14 

.4 

SgJJ          

mi  7  « 

6  4 

.16 

AUSTRIA. 


179 


AUSTRIAN   ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

POWDER 
CHARGE. 

INITIAL  VELOCITY. 

WORKING  EFFECT. 

Penetrating  Power. 

j 

Saluting. 

l 

, 

j 

1 

OB 

2 

0 

j 

Bronze  Cast-iron  'Armstrong  Wahrendorff  Krupn  Pattern 
Bivcch-  Breech-  Muzzle-  Breech-  Steel 
hinders.  loader*.  loaders.  loader.  Breech-loaders. 

f28cm 

Lbs. 

59.4 
44 
44 
30.8 

14.3 

30.8 
13  2 

Lbs. 

19.8 
15.4 
15.4 

8.8 

4.7 

15.4 

8  8 

Ft. 

1,404 
1,420 
1,378 
1,394 

1,608 

Ft. 
1,542 

1,345 
1,253 

1,411 
1,493 

Ft. 
1,673 
1,378 
1,378 
1,329 
1,345 

1,509 

1,000 
1,066 

1,017 
1,000 

1,469 

Foot 
Tons. 

5,404 
4,087 
3,838 
2,781 

1,379 

Foot 
Tons. 

9,473 

3,223 
2,198 

3,429 
1,766 

Foot 
Tons. 

3,464 
3,867 
2,153 

1,060 

1,788 
928 

438 
222 

209 
42 

In. 
14.8 
11.6 
10.6 
10.25 
9.3 

7.8 

9.9 
8.1 

26    " 

24    ". 

24    " 

21     "    

' 

115    "    . 

18    " 

L 

'  9    "     

4.7 
2.4 

.9 

4.7 
2.4 

.9 

.... 

7    •«« 

.35        .35 

977 

I 

180  AUSTRIA — ARGENTINE — BRAZIL. 


AUSTRIAN    ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 

The  first  type  of  rifled  ordnance  regularly  introduced  into 
the  Austrian  naval  service  was  the  old-type  Armstrong  muzzle- 
loader.  In  addition  there  are  still  found  a  few  guns  of  present 
obsolete  types  which  never  passed  the  experimental  stage. 
Within  the  past  live  years  (1876)  the  Krupp  breech-loader  has 
been  adopted  as  the  standard  pattern,  and  all  guns  of  a  higher 
calibre  than  15-cm.  are  now  of  this  type,  although  many  com- 
plete Armstrong  batteries  are  now  found  on  board  ship  in  the 
wooden  fleet.  The  boat-guns  are  of  the  Krupp  type  breech- 
loaders, but  are  all  manufactured  of  bronze,  or  what  is  gener- 
ally known  as  Uchatius  metal  from  its  method  of  manufacture. 


The  Uchatius  Construction. 

The  peculiarity  of  the  Uchatius  construction  is  the  method 
of  manipulating  the  bronze  of  which  the  gun  is  made,  by  which 
the  metal  is  given  all  the  advantageous  qualities  of  steel.  The 
body  of  the  gun  is  cast  in  a  chill  mould,  by  wThich  the  cooling 
is  so  rapid  that  the  mechanical  mixture  of  tin  and  copper  has  no 
opportunity  of  separating  and  forming  tin  spots  as  is  the  case 
with  ordinary  bronze  castings.  After  boring  the  gun,  a  suc- 
cession of  steel  mandrels  is  driven  through  the  bore,  putting 
the  whole  casing  in  a  condition  of  extreme  tension  on  the  ex- 
terior and  compression  on  the  interior,  so  that  the  different 
strata  of  metal  are  in  proper  condition  for  resisting  tangential 
strains. 

ARGENTINE  ORDNANCE. 

In  the  Argentine  navy  the  heavy  calibres  (used  on  gun- 
boats of  the  Andes  class)  are  Armstrong  muzzle-loaders  of  the 
modified  pattern  (see  page  195),  the  medium  calibres  are  divided 
between  old-type  Armstrong  muzzle-loaders  and  Krupp  breech- 
loaders. The  machine-guns  used  are  G-atlings  (see  page  308). 
There  is  no  regular  gun  factory  in  the  country,  the  armament 
being  entirely  purchased  abroad. 


BRAZILIAN  ORDNANCE. 

The  standard  ordnance  adopted  in  the  Brazilian  navy  is  the 
Whitworth  (see  page  218),  both  muzzle  and  breech  loaders. 
Machine-guns  are  of  the  Gatling  type  (see  page  308). 


CHILI— CHINA— DENMAKK.  181 


CHILIAN  ORDNANCE. 

There  is  no  standard  ordnance  in  the  Chilian  navy,  although 
the  iron-clads  are  provided  with  Krupp  guns,  whilst  the  wooden 
fleet  is  armed  with  Armstrong  muzzle-loaders.  It  is  probable 
that  the  Krupp  breech-loader  will  gradually  supersede  other 
types.  The  machine-guns  are  of  the  Gatling  type. 

CHINESE  ORDNANCE. 

The  greater  part  of  the  rifled  ordnance  used  in  China  is  of 
the  Armstrong  muzzle-loading  pattern.  Some  of  their  wooden 
vessels  carry  batteries  of  Krupp  guns,  and  others  Yavasseurs 
(see  page  219).  The  Gatling  machine-gun  has  been  introduced 
into  this  service. 


DANISH  ORDNANCE. 

There  are  three  separate  patterns  of  rifled  ordnance  found 
in  the  Danish  navy.  The  favorite  appears  to  be  the  Krupp 
breech-loader,  whilst  there  are  many  guns  of  the  Finspong  pat- 
tern (see  page  276,  "Swedish  Ordnance").  The  Armstrong 
muzzle-loader  has  apparently  the  numerical  superiority. 


182 


ENGLAND. 


ENGLISH  ORDNANCE. 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND  CLASSIFICATION. 

LENGTH. 

Number  of  Grooves. 

Twist  of  Rifling. 

Weight  of  Guns. 

| 

Over  all. 

Rifled  Bore. 

Powder  Chamber. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Calib. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

17-inch  100-ton 

392 

308 

55 

27 

s%      229,000 

8,960 

f      f  16-innh.  80-t,nn 

321 

231.5 

56.5 

..      179.200 

12.5-in.,  38-ton  

230 

170.5 

27.5 

9 

85,120 

1 

12-inch,  35-ton  

195 

135 

27.5, 

9 

& 

78,400 

120 

1 

1 

12-inch,  25-ton  

182.5 

127 

18 

9 

W 

56,000 

616 

1 

i 

11-inch,  25-ton  

180 

119 

26 

9 

A 

56,000 

168 

o3 

1 

10-inch.  18-ton.  

180 

119 

26.5 

7 

10  d 

40,300 

952 

1 

5 

9-inch,  12-ton  

156 

104 

21 

6 

A 

26,900 

560 

a 

5 

8-inch,    9-ton  

144 

99.5 

18.5 

4 

0 

20,100 

448 

IB 

1 

7-inch  90-cwt 

131 

95.5 

15.5 

3 

35 

10,100 

560 

I 

7-innh    6U-tnn 

133 

95.5 

15.5 

3 

35 

14,500 

336 

1 

64-pdr.,  64-cwt.,  shell  

118 

90 

7.5 

3 

40 

7,160 

336 

| 

f  9-pdr,,    8-cwt  

72 

59.8 

3.7 

3 

30 

896 

7 

.  o  -{    9-pdr.,    6-cwt  

61 

49.3 

3.7 

3 

30 

672 

29.5 

[  7  pdr.,  200-lb.,  steel.  

41 

34 

2 

3 

20 

200 

5 

64-pdr.,  71  -cwt.,  con  vert  'd 

122.7 

96.27 

7 

3 

40 

7,950 

714 

f 

'  7-inch,  82  cwt  

126 

83.5 

16 

76 

37 

9?184 

776 

I 

40-pdr    32-cwt 

126 

92.87 

13.5 

56 

36.5 

3,584 

607 

1 

= 

40-pdr  ,  35-cwt    . 

127 

92.87 

13.5 

56 

36.5 

3,920 

532 

^e 

* 

20-pdr.,  15-cwt  

72 

43.12 

11 

44 

38 

1,680 

168 

ft 

20-ndr.  13-cwt... 

72 

43.12 

11 

44 

38 

1,456 

164 

1 

f  9-pdr.,   6-cwt  „  

68 

46.5 

7 

38 

38 

672 

82 

I 

1   6-pdr  ,   3-cwt 

66 

46 

7 

32 

30 

336 

55 

M 

[l2-pdr.,    8-cwt  

78 

52.87 

8.5 

38 

38 

896 

199 

ENGLAND. 


183 


ENGLISH  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


CARRIAGES. 

PROJECTILES. 

Weight. 

o-S            Entire  Weight. 

Weight. 

NAME,  NATURE,  AND 

MX 

CLASSIFICATION. 

rf 

31 

a- 

Sd 

vjj 

d 

"S 

<w  O 

a 

rf 

li 

1 

I 

P 

II 

1 

i 

•s« 

1 

a 

i 

1° 

«5 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

17-inch,  100-ton  

Turret 

2,000 

.... 

11.25 

.... 

_  f     f  16-inch,  80-ton  

Turret 

1,700 

9.9 

12.  5  in.,  38-ton  

Turret 

800 

843 

14 

43 

1 

12-inch,  35-ton  

25,000 

Turret 

45 

700 

615 

612 

6.5 

40 

ns.  Woolwich 

trmor-piercing 

12-inch  25-ton 

j  11,800 
|  23,100 
j  21,120 
1  10,700 
f  21,000 
}    8,940 

19,712  | 
Turret  j 
Turret  [ 
18,500  f 
Turret  i 
8,680  f 

60 
49 
49 

600 
535 
400 

497 
536 
398 

497 
404 

6.9 
5.5 

4.5 

37.7 
29.7 
20.25 

11-inch,  25-ton 

10-inch,  18-ton 

53  j  ~ 
01 

9-inch,  12-ton  

4,800 

7,400 

44 

250  250 

255 

2.5 

19 

I 

8-inch,    9-ton  

4,780 

6,710 

44 

180  182 

180 

2.5 

14.5 

1 

7-inch,  90-cwt  

2,700 

3,900 

41 

115 

117 

116 

8.75 

1 

7-inch,  6J<£-ton  

3,500 

4,700 

41 

115 

117 

116 



8.75 

1 

64-pdr.,  64-cwt.,  shell.. 

1,430 

2,600 

41.5 

64 

66 

7.2 

1 

C  9-pdr.,   8-cwt  

532 

356 

41.5 

9 

9.75 

.5 

8 

H  J    9-ndr-  .    6-*>wt 

532 

336 

9 

9.75 

.5 

1  7-pdr.,  200-lb.,  steel... 

112 

252 

7 

7.5 

.4 

64-pdr.,  71-cwt.,  con-  1 
verted  f 

1,600 

2,700 

H 

66 
Segment 
shell. 

[... 

7.2 

r 

7-inch,  82-cwt  

1,760 

2,796 

42.5 

90 

102 

7.6 

• 

40-pdr    32-cwt 

1,595 

1,425 

42 

38 

40 

.25 

1 

9 

1  " 

40-pdr.,  35-cwt  

1,595 

1,425 

42 



38 

40 

.25 

J 

H 

20-pdr.,  15-cwt  

616 

977 

29 

20.5 

20 

1.2 

it 

20-pdr.,  13-cwt  

616 

977 

29 

20.5 

20 

1.2 

J> 

i 

f  9-pdr.,    6-cwt  

298 

504 

9.5 

8.5 

.4 

i 

1  -1    6-pdr      3-cwt 

560 

6 

5.5        

2. 

12-odr..    8-cwt... 

364 

336 

11.25 

11 

.5 

184 


ENGLAND. 


ENGLISH  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND  CLASSIFICATION. 

POWDER  CHARGE.                   INITIAL  VELOCITY. 

For  Steel  and 
Chilled  Shot. 

For  Common 
Shell. 

Ordinary  Firing. 

jp 
I 

Chilled  Shot. 

Common  Shell. 

Breech-loaders.  Armstrong 
pattern.  Muzzle-loading,  built-up  Guns.  Woolwich  pattern. 

Boat.  Shell.  Boat.  Armor-piercing.  ^ 

inch,  100-ton  

Lbs. 
440 

370 
130 
110 
85 
85 
70 
50 
35 
30 
30 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Ft. 
1,590 

1  520 

Ft. 

ri6-inch,  80-ton  

1  2.  5-in.,  83-ton  
12-inch  35-ton 

67 
70 
60 
43 
30 
22 
22 
10 
1.75 
1.5 
.75 
8 
11 
5 
5 
2.5 
2.5 
1.1 
.75 
1.5 

85 
55 
60 
44 
30 
20 
14 
14 
10 
1.75 
1.5 
.75 
8 
11 
5 
5 
2.5 
2.5 
1.1 
.75 
1.5 

15 
12 
10 
10 
6 
1.5 
1 
.25 
6 
7 
3 
3 
1.5 
1.5 
1 
.7 
1 

1,451 
1,300 
1,180 
1,315 
1,361 
1,420 
1,413 
1,525 

1,250 
1,383 
1,380 
1,390 
968 
1,230 
1,165 
1,180 
1,180 
1,000 
1,000 
1,035 
1,046 
1,239 

12-inch  25-ton                 ..     . 

11-inch,  25-ton     

10-inch,  18-ton  
9-inch,  12-ton  

8-inch,    9-ton  
7-inch,  90-cwt  

7-inch,  6^-ton  

64-pdr    64-cwt 

9-pdr.,   8-cwt  
9-pdr     6-cwt       

7-pdr.,  200-lb.,  steel  

64-pdr.,  71-cwt.,  converted... 
r  7-inch  82cwt 

40-pdr    32-cwt 

40-pdr  ,  35-cwt  

20-pdr.,  15-cwt  

20-pdr     13-cwt 

r  9-pdr      6-cwt 

6-pdr      3-cwt 

12-pdr.,    8-cwt  

ENGLAND. 


185 


ENGLISH  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


MUZZLE 

PENETRATION. 

ENERGY. 

(IRON.) 

NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

1 

1 

1 

| 

REMARKS. 

j 

At  500  Y 

I 

Foot  !    Foot 

In. 

In. 

Tons.     Tons. 

17-inch,  100-ton  

37,700    .... 

f     f  16-inch,  80-ton  

27,213    .... 

27.5         26.4 

i!2.5-in.,  38-ton  

11,676    .... 

18.7         17.7 

12-inch   35-ton 

8,200 

15.4         14.6 

j3 

IB 

•f    1     12-inch,  25-ton  

7,030 

13.9         13.1 

I 

la-  11-inch,  25-ton  

6,415 

13.8 

13.1 

Woolwich   groove.      In- 
creasing twist. 

1 

§     10-inch,  18-ton  

5,160    .... 

12.7         12 

•O  - 

9-inch,  12-ton  

3,496    .... 

10.4 

9.6 

ft 

IP 

8-inch,    9-ton  

2,492 

9.8 

9.5 

1 

7-inch  90-cwt    ..   . 

1,855 

8.8 

8.6 

1  Woolwich  groove.    Uni- 

7-inch,    6^-ton  

1,246 

7.7 

7.1 

T     form  twist. 

64-pdr.,  64-cwt..  shell.. 

848 

.... 

.... 

1  Shunt  groove.    Uniform 
j     twist. 

f  9-pdr.,    8-cwt  

528 

— 



(  Modern  French  groove. 

!-(    9-nHr       fi-pwt 

120 

f     Uniform  twist. 

I  7-pdr.,200-lb.,  steel... 

45.5 

I  French  groove.  Uniform 

f     twist. 

64-pdr.  ,71-cwt.  ,conv'rt'd 

670 

I  Plain  groove.     Uniform 
f     twist. 

17-inch,  82-cwt  

847 

.... 

• 

40-pdr.,  32-cwt  

378 

I 

J40-pdr    35-cwt 

378 

j 

20-pdr    15-cwt     .  .   .  . 

142 

Armstrong  multigroove. 

ft 

[20-pdr.,  13-cwt  

142 

.... 

.... 

Uniform  twist. 

J 

{9-pdr      6-cwt 

64 

1 

6-pdr.,    3-cwt  

.... 

45.6 

12-pdr.,    8-cwt  

117 

.... 

.... 

• 

186 


ENGLAND. 


ENGLISH  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


GUNS. 


The  old  cast  and  wrought  iron  smooth-bore  guns  are  now  ob- 
solete, and  only  found  in  service  at  dock-yards  for  saluting  and 
experiment,  and  forming  the  broadside  batteries  of  some  of  the 
training  ships. 

The  rifled  ordnance  consists  of  the  Woolwich  muzzle-loader, 
the  Palliser  converted  muzzle-loader,  the  Armstrong  breech- 
loader, and  the  Gatling  machine-gun. 

The  "Woolwich  type  is  subdivided  into  marks  or  patterns 
of  each  calibre  corresponding  to  the  gradual  improvements  in 


7-inch  Mark  III. 


manufacture.     Mark  I.  is  in  most  cases  the  original  Armstrong- 
pattern,  in  which  the  jacket  is  composed  of  a  large  number  of 


i L_J 

10-inch  Mark  I. 


small  coils  or  bands.  In  the  other  marks  the  number  of  the 
coils  is  decreased,  whilst  each  one  is  increased  in  size. 

The  Palliser  converted  type  is  confined  to  the  64-pdr. 
calibre. 

The  Armstrong  breech-loader  is  no  longer  manufactured, 


ENGLAND. 


187 


but  there  are  many  guns  of  this  type  in  service.     These  breech- 
loaders were  originally  of  two  types,  known  as  the  screw  and 


64-pdr. 

the  wedge  gun.  The  latter  was  designed  especially  for  naval 
use,  but  it  has  been  entirely  withdrawn  from  service,  leaving 
only  the  screw  type.  It  is  not  improbable  that  another  type 
of  breech-loaders  will  eventually  find  its  way  into  service,  hav- 
ing a  breech-closing  arrangement  similar  to  the  French  type 
in  principle. 

Various  systems  of  grooves  will  be  found  in  these  guns, 
corresponding  to  different   stages  of  development.      In  the 


SECTION  OF  GROOVE  FULL  SIZE 


French  Groove. 


r 

French  Modified  Groove. 


7-pdr.  the  French  groove  is  used,  having  sharp  angles,  the 
loading  side  being  at  a  sharper  pitch  than  the  driving.  In  the 
9-pdrs.  appears  the  modified  French  groove,  in  which  the 
angles  are  rounded  off  and  the  loading  side  is  at  right  angles 
to  the  driving  side.  In  the  64-pdr.  converted  gun  the  plain 
groove  is  used.  This  groove  is  almost  rectangular,  the  driving 


Woolwich  Groove. 


Plain  Groove. 


side  being  canted  but  little.  In  the  64-pdr.  of  64  cwt.  the 
shunt  groove  is  used.  This  is  a  double  groove,  one  half  being 
deeper  than  the  other,  the  rear  end  of  the  groove  having  a 


183  ENGLAND. 

shunt  by  which  the  studs  are  turned  into  the  shallow  half. 
The  7-inch  muzzle-loaders  have  the  Woolwich  groove  with  a 
uniform  twist.  This  groove  is  the  final  modification  of  the 
original  French  groove.  The  higher  calibres  up  to  the  16-inch 
gun  have  the  Woolwich  groove  with  an  increasing  twist.  The 
16-inch  calibre  will  have  the  plain  multigroove,  or  the  groove 
ordinarily  used  for  expanding  projectiles.  The  breech-loaders 
have  the  Armstrong  multigroove,  a  groove  which  in  section  is 
not  unlike  a  saw-tooth. 

1-pdr.  Steel  E.  M.  L.     200  Ibs. 

Introduced  into  service  in  1873.  Made  of  a  single  block 
of  steel,  having  110  swell  at  the  muzzle,  but  a  small  dispart 
patch  into  winch  the  fore  sight  screws.  Copper  vent  bouch. 
The  sight  is  a  plain,  centre  hind  sight  set  at  a  permanent  angle 
of  deflection  of  3°.  It  seats  in  a  hole  bored  in  the  metal  of 
the  gun,  having  a  simple  clamp-screw  to  hold  it  in  position. 
Two  sight-bars  are  used  with  the  gun,  one  graduated  to  6°  and 
the  other  to  12°,  the  graduations  on  both  being  for  intervals 
of  3'.  This  gun  may  be  distinguished  from  the  9-pdr.  by  the 
slope  at  the  junction  of  the  reinforce  and  chase,  which  is 
gradual. 

9-pdr.  Wrought  Iron  R.  M.  L.     6  and  8  cwt. 

Introduced  into  service  in  1871  and  1873.  It  consists  of 
two  parts — a  toughened  steel  tube,  and  a  jacket  composed  of 
two  single  coils  and  a  trunnion-ring  welded  together.  The 
cascabel  is  cut  out  of  the  solid  end  of  the  steel  tube,  and  is  re- 


9-pdr. 

cessed  to  receive  the  head  of  the  elevating  screw,  which  is 
fastened  to  it  by  a  bolt  and  keep-pin.  The  6  cwt.  and  8  cwt. 
guns  differ  only  in  length  and  weight,  the  latter  being  10 J 
inches  longer.  The  7-pdr.  and  the  9-pdr.  are  of  the  same 
calibre,  but  the  same  projectiles  cannot  be  used  in  both,  as  the 
twist  is  different  and  the  studs  on  the  7-pdr.  projectile  are 
much  wider  than  those  of  the  9-pdr.  The  arrangement  of  the 
sights  is  the  same  for  both  guns.  It  is  easily  distinguished  by 
the  abrupt  steu  at  the  forward  end  of  the  jacket. 


ENGLAND. 


189 


.  Wrought  Iron  R.  M.  L.     64  cwt. 

There  are  three  marks  or  patterns  of  this  gun.  Mark  I. 
was  adopted  in  1864  to  replace  the  Armstrong  wedge  breech- 
loaders. It  belongs  to  the  Armstrong  type  of  construction,  and 
consists  of  a  wrought-iron  coiled  A  tube,  a  forged  breech-piece, 
a  trunnion-ring,  several  outer  coiled  tubes,  and  a  muzzle-ring. 
The  A  tube  being  bored  all  the  way  through,  the  joints  at  the 
bottom  of  the  bore  were  closed  by  means  of  a  heavy  copper 

fas-check.  The  calibre  is  6.3  inches,  in  order  to  permit  tiring 
2-pdr.  round  shot  from  it.  The  greater  part  of  these  guns 
have  been  retubed  with  a  steel  A  tube.  In  these,  the  plain 
groove  is  found,  whilst  the  iron-tubed  ones  have  the  shunt 
groove.  This  gun  is  easily  recognizable  by  its  raised  trun- 
nion-ring, and  also  by  the  combination  of  the  stepped  breech 
with  the  muzzle-ring.  Mark  II.  was  adopted  in  1866.  It  is 
made  up  of  a  coiled  wrought-iron  A  tube,  double  at  the  chase, 
a  forged  breech-piece,  a  breech-coil  composed  of  a  double  coil 
and  trunnion-hoop  welded  together,  a  coil  in  front  of  the 
trunnions,  and  a  cascabel  block.  The  end  of  the  bore  of  the  A 
tube  is  reduced  and  forms  a  gomer  chamber.  These  guns  may 
be  recognized  either  by  the  shunt  rifling  combined  with  the 
Woolwich  form  of  gun  or  by  the  letter  B  marked  on  the  left 
trunnion.  Mark  III.  is  made  up  of  a  solid-ended  steel  A  tube, 
a  breech-coil  made  up  of  a  triple  coil,  trunnion-ring  and  coil 
in  front  of  the  trunnions  welded  together,  and  a  forged  cas- 
cabel block.  These  guns  are  similar  in  appearance  to  the  7- 
inch,  but  the  sea-service  guns  of  this  mark  have  iron  A  tubes, 
and  may  be  recognized  by  the  shunt  rifling. 


.  R.  M.  L.     71  cwt.     (Converted.) 

Adopted  in  1864.     This  gun  is  the  old  cast-iron  8-inch  gun, 
which  is  bored  out  and  tubed  on  the  Palliser  plan.     The  tube 


64-pdr.  Converted. 


is  coiled  and  double  at  the  rear,  and,  being  through  bored,  the 
bottom  joints  are  closed  by  a  screw  cup.     After  insertion  the 


192 


ENGLAND. 


Armstrong  Construction. 

The  first  type  of  rifled  guns  intro- 
duced into  the  English  naval  service 
was  the  Armstrong,  for  both  breech  and 


Armstrong  Groove  for  Breech-Loader. 

muzzle  loaders.  Fabrication  of  original 
breech-loader  ceased  in  1864,  but  many 
of  this  type  still  remain  in  service. 
The  original  construction  of  the  muzzle- 
loader  was  modified  in  1864,  but  the 
general  type  and  principles  were  pre- 
served and  are  still  used.  The  present 
type  of  modified  Armstrong  construc- 
tion is  used  by  many  foreign  services,, 
and  the  100-ton  gun  has  been  intro- 
duced in  the  English  service.  The 
modified  Armstrong  breech-loading  sys- 
tem for  the  100-ton  gun  has  been 
adopted  in  Italy. 

The   grooves   of   the   breech-loader 
(original)  are  saw-toothed  in  shape,  van- 


Armstrong  Shunt  Groove  for  Muzzle-Loaders. 

ishing  at  the  shot-chamber  for  use  with 
a  lead-coated  projectile. 

The  grooves  of  the  muzzle-loader 
(original)  are  of  the-  shunt  or  double 
type,  being  cut  to  the  full  depth  for 
the  entire  length  and  one  half  the  width 
of  the  groove.  The  other  half  of  the 
width  is  cut  on  an  incline  from  the 
muzzle  towards  the  chamber,  this  half 
being  the  driving  side.  The  loading 
edge  of  the  groove  near  the  bottom  is 
cut  at  a  sharp  angle  so  as  to  throw  the  studs  of  the  projectile 
against  the  driving  edges  of  the  groove,  and  give  it  a  close 
bearing.  In  coming  out  the  studs  ride  up  the  incline  of  the 


Armstrong  100-ton  Gun  (Irn- 
jiroveu  Construction). 


ENGLAND. 


driving  side  and  are  pinched,  centring  the  projectile.  This 
groove  is  now  obsolete.  The  groove  of  the  improved  muzzle 
and  breech  loaders  is  the  plain  groove. 

BKEECH-LOAPING    GUNS    (ORIGINAL). 

1-inch  B.  L.  R.     82  cwt. 

This  calibre  has  been  totally  withdrawn  from  service,  and 
has  been  replaced  by  the  muzzle-loader.  The  body  of  the 
gun  consists  of  an  A  tube,  a  breech-piece  and  B  tube,  a  trun 
nion-ring  and  six  coils.  A  vertical  slot  pierces  the  gun  at  the 
base  of  the  chamber,  into  which  fits  a  block  called  the  vent- 
piece.  This  block  is  quite  light  and  is  easily  lifted  out  or  re- 
placed by  means  of  handles.  The  forward  face  of  the  block 
fits  the  rear  of  the  chamber,  and  the  escape  of  gas  is  prevented 


'               '* 
i 

1 

i 

CD 

Armstrong  Breech-Loader. 

by  means  of  a  tin-cup  gas-check.  This  vent-piece  is  held  in 
position  when  in  the  gun  by  a  block  termed  a  breech-screw. 
This  block  is  provided  with  a  full  screw-thread,  and  works  lon- 
•gitudinally,  the  forward  end  of  the  block  seating  against  the 
back  of  the  vent-piece.  This  breech-screw  is  provided  with 
a  handle  for  turning,  the  handle  being  weighted  at  the  end, 
and  having  a  lost-motion  movement  by  which  the  block  may 


Breech-Screw. 


be  driven  close  home  when  screwed  up.  The  vent  is  bored  in 
the  vent-piece,  piercing  it  vertically  to  the  centre,  and  then 
turning  at  right  angles.  The  breech-screw  is  hollow,  the  hole 
being  of  slightly  less  diameter  than  the  powder-chamber. 
A\  hen  the  vent-piece  is  out,  the  gun  is  cleaned  and  loaded 
through  the  breech-screw. 


194 


ENGLAND. 


4:0-pdr.  B.  L.  R.     32  and  35  cwt. 

The  same  general  type  as  the  larger  calibre.  In  this  and 
smaller  calibres  there  is  no  separate  gas-check,  the  joint  consist- 
ing of  two  bevelled  copper  facings,  one  on  the  vent-piece  and 
the  other  in  the  powder-chamber,  which  form  a  close  contact 
and  seal  the  joint  by  expansion. 

2Q-pdr.  B.  L.  R.,  15  and  13  cwt. ;  IZ-pdr.  B.  L.  R.,  8  cwt.; 
$-pdr.  B.  L.  R.,  6  cwt. ;  G-pdr  B  L.  R.,  3  cwt. 

Same  construction  as  the  40-pdr.,  except  that  the  coils  are 
fewer. 

Modified  Breech-Loaders. 

Although  these  guns  are  not  yet  introduced  into  service, 
they  probably  will  be.  The  construction  is  the  same  in  prin- 
ciple for  the  body  of  the  gun  as  in  the  old  breech-loaders,  with 
slight  modifications.  The  breech  mechanism  is  almost  identi- 
cal with  the  French,  the  modifications  being  in  the  gas-check, 
which  is  of  the  general  Broadwell  type. 

MUZZLE-LOADERS    (ORIGINAL). 

These  guns  consist  of  a  steel  solid-ended  tube,  reinforced 
by  a  number  of  coils  connected  by  hook-joints.  The  coils  are 
of  wrought-iron  bars,  rolled  into  hollow  cylinders  and  the  turns 


Armstrong  10-inch  Muzzle-Loader  (Original  Construction). 

welded  in  order  to  give  a  circumferential  direction  to  the  grain. 
Over  the  breech  and  powder-chamber  a  forged  breech-piece 
fits,  the  grain  of  the  iron  running  longitudinally.  The  base  of 
the  A  tube  is  supported  by  a  solid  wrought-iron  piece  screwing 
into  the  forged  breech-piece.  A  narrow  spiral  gutter  is  cut 


ENGLAND.  195 

around  the  A  tube  throughout  its  length,  and  carried  out  at 
the  cascabel  screw-thread.  By  means  of  this,  in  case  that  the 
steel  tube  gets  cracked  through,  the  leakage  of  gas  gives  warn- 
ing by  blowing  out  at  the  breech.  Some  of  these  guns  (7-inch) 
have  the  shunt  groove,  and  the  later  ones  the  Woolwich 
groove. 

Modified. 

The  modified  construction  consists  in  abolishing  the  forged 
breech-piece,  giving  the  steel  tube  a  greater  thickness  over  the 
powder-chamber,  and  decreasing  the  number  of  coils,  whilst 
their  thickness  is  increased  individually.  The  guns  are  also 
given  a  greatly  increased  length  of  bore,  and  the  powder-cham- 
ber is  enlarged  in  diameter  to  permit  the  insertion  of  a  heavier 
charge.  Plain  grooves. 

At  present  the  Elswick  Company  is  engaged  in  supplying 
the  Italian  Government  with  breech -loading  100-ton  guns. 
The  breech-block  is  of  the  French  type,  and  arrangements  are 
made  for  moving  the  block  as  well  as  loading  by  hydraulic 
or  steam  power.  The  100-ton  gun  has  no  carriage  proper,  its 
trunnions  resting  in  heavy  blocks  on  the  fixed  slide,  being  con- 
nected in  rear  with  hydraulic  recoil  pistons  which  are  them- 
selves connected  in  such  a  manner  as  to  equalize  the  strain  of 
recoil.  The  movements  of  running  out  and  in  and  loading 
are  all  performed  by  hydraulic  power.  The  vent  of  the  100- 
ton  gun  is  axial  both  in  the  breech  and  muzzle  loader. 

Armstrong  Projectiles  (see  page  209).     Armstrong  Fuze  (see 

page  211). 


Armstrong  Breech  Mechanism  and  Rotating  Belt. 

The  points  of  peculiarity  of  the  Armstrong  breech,  mechan- 
ism are :  1st.  The  face  of  the  breech-block  is  made  slightly 


mvex  so  that  the  gas-check  springs  back  when  the  pressure 
>mes  on  it,  throwing  the  edge  outwards,  and  making  a  wedged 


196  ENGLAND. 

joint.  This  comes  free  again  the  moment  that  the  block  is 
started.  2d.  The  rear  of  the  shaft  holding  th'e  gas-check  in 
place  is  held  bj  a  spiral  spring,  so  that  in  turning  the  block  to 
lock  it  the  gas-check  is  not  revolved  in  its  seat. 


CARRIAGES. 

Naval  gun  carriages  and  slides,  as  a  rule,  are  built  of  plate- 
iron,  although  many  of  the  wooden  ones  are  still  retained  in 
service  for  the  lighter  calibres.  The  lighter  carriages  are 
worked  by  tackles,  and  the  heavy  ones  by  gearing.  Breech- 
ings  are  no  longer  used  with  slide  carriages,  the  recoil  being 
checked  by  friction  compressors  or  hydraulic  recoil  cylinders 
and  buffers. 

Wooden  carriages  are  furnished  for  all  smooth-bores  and 
breech-loading  rifles,  and  for  64-pdr.  muzzle-loaders.  Iron 
carriages  may  be  furnished  for  these  guns,  but  wooden  ones 
are  never  furnished  for  others. 

The  wooden  standing  carriage  is  the  old-fashioned  four- 
truck  one.  The  wooden  rear-chock  carriage  is  similar  to  what 
is  known  elsewhere  as  the  Marsilly.  Breechings  are  rove 
through  holes  in  these  carriages,  and  are  not  attached  to  the 
guns.  The  wooden  slide-carriages  and  their  slides  are  of  the 
ordinary  old-fashioned  type.  The  compressor  for  these  car- 
riages consists  on  each  bracket  of  the  carriage  of  two  iron 
plates  with  hinged  pieces  on  their  lower  ends.  They  are  sus- 
pended on  iron  bolts  passing  through  the  bracket  so  that  their 
lower  ends  hang  down  and  overlap  the  side  of  the  slide. 
Through  the  upper  ends  of  the  plates  and  the  bracket  an  iron 
screw  and  lever  passes,  whose  motion  separates  or  approaches 
the  pieces,  allowing  them  to  release  or  grip  the  slide.  Some 
slide- carriages  are  provided  with  hydraulic  recoil  cylinders. 

Iron  Field-Carriage. 

This  carriage  consists  of  two  ^-inch  plate-iron  brackets  re- 
cessed to  receive  the  axle-tree.  These  plates  are  strengthened 
by  angle-irons  riveted  along  the  upper  edge  on  the  outer  side 
from  the  trunnion-holes  to  the  point.  The  brackets  are  light- 
ened as  much  as  possible  by  having  pieces  cut  out  of  them. 
A  front  transom  of  plate-iron,  having  angle-irons  riveted  to  it 
each  side  to  connect  it  with  the  brackets;  a  similar  transom 
about  half  way  down  the  brackets;  an  iron  trail-plate  and 
axle-tree,  and  wooden  wheels.  The  carriage  makes  a  load  for 
a  mule,  and  the  wheels  another  load.  The  elevating-gear  con- 
sists of  an  iron  stool-bed  formed  in  front  to  hook  loosely  over 


ENGLAND. 


197 


a  cross-bar,  while  the  rear  end,  provided  with  two  small  studs, 
rests  in  racks  riveted  to  the  brackets.  This  is  for  getting  rapid 
elevations.  For  fine  sighting  a  sliding  quoin  is  fitted  to  the 


7-pdr.  Field-Car r. 


stool-bed  by  clips,  and  is  worked  by  a  hand-wheel.  Check- 
ropes  are  applied  to  the  trail-eye  and  lashed  to  the  wheels  in 
firing.  The  Gatling  gimris  provided  with  a  curved  ratchet 
projecting  down  from  the  bottom  of  the  gun-case,  giving  ele- 
vations by  means  of  a  hand-wheel  and  pinion. 


Iron  Boat-Carriage. 

The  boat-carriage  is  made  up  of  two  f-inch  plate  brackets, 
having  narrow  stiffening  pieces  along  the  front  and  upper 
edges.  The  brackets  are  riveted  to  a  bottom  plate  by  angle- 
irons  on  the  outer  sides,  and  are  connected  in  front  by  a  tran- 
som of  plate  riveted  to  angle-irons,  and  in  rear  by  another  tran- 
som. It  has  two  outside  holding-down  clips  on  each  side. 


9-pdr.  Boat-Carriage. 

The  elevating-screw  admits  of  10°  elevation  and  2°  depression. 
The  slide  consists  of  two  sides  of  girder-iron,  6J  inches  deep, 
and  are  joined  by  a  connecting  plate,  three  bottom  plates,  and 
a  rear  transom.  These  bottom  plates  have  metal  friction- 
plates  attached  beneath  them.  The  centre  as  well  as  the  front 
is  fitted  with  a  pivot-bolt.  The  transporting  axle  bolts  beneath 


198 


ENGLAND. 


the  slide.  The  hydraulic  buffer  lies  upon  the  centre  and  rear 
transoms,  to  each  of  which  it  is  secured  by  a  band.  This  buf- 
fer is  nothing  more  than  the  ordinary  type  of  long  cylinder 
and  piston.*  .  The  cylinder  is  nearly  tilled  with  oil  through  a 
hole  in  the  upper  rear  part.  In  case  it  is  desired  to  empty 
the  cylinder,  there  is  a  hole  for  the  purpose  in  the  lower  for- 
ward end.  Holes  of  a  certain  diameter  are  bored  through  the 
piston,  and  the  recoil  is  checked  in  proportion  to  the  resistance 
of  the  oil  in  passing  through  these  holes.  The  cylinder  not 
being  quite  full  leaves  an  air-cushion  to  ease  the  strain.  The 
piston-rod  is  secured  to  the  carriage,  and  a  slight  vertical  play 
is  allowed  in  its  fastenings  to  prevent  the  jump  of  the  gun 
from  bending  it. 


Carriage  for  Light  Upper-Deck  Guns. 


The  carriage  consists  of  two  ^-iiich  plate  brackets  connected 
by  a  bottom  plate  and  transom.  This  carriage  has  no  rollers. 
It  is  fitted  with  the  elevating  hand-wheel,  pinion,  and  ratchet 
in  use  with  the  heavier  calibre.f  The  toothed  ratchet  bolts  to 
the  side  of  the  breech  of  the  gun.  The  toothed  edge  of  the 
ratchet  gears  to  a  pinion,  wiiile  the  back  is  supported  by  a 


Slide  for  Light  Upper-Deck  Guns. 

friction-roller  attached  to  the  bracket.  The  pinion  being  in- 
side the  bracket  connects  with  a  hand-wheel  on  the  outside, 
which  is  held  by  a  friction-brake.  The  peculiarity  of  the  slide 
is  that  it  slopes  to  the  front  at  an  angle  of  10°.  It  is  provided 
with  a  hydraulic  recoil  buffer  (see  Boat-Carriage),  and  also  with 
plate  compressors.  There  are  two  rubber  buffers  at  the  front 
of  the  slide  to  catch  the  gun  in  running  out,  and  an  in-tackle 
is  fitted  underneath  the  slide.  A  pivot-flap  projects  from  the 
front  of  the  slide,  the  pivot-bolt  being  close  to  the  gun-port. 


*  See  cut,  page  203. 


f  See  cut,  page  199. 


ENGLAND. 


199 


Carriage  and  Slide  for  1-inch  M.  L.  R. 

The  carriage  is  a  single-plate  one,  having  two  brackets,  two 
transoms,  aiicTa  bottom  plate  assembled  by  angle-irons.  The 
bottom  plate  is  slotted  for  the  Elswick  compressor.*  This  com- 


7-inch.  Carriage. 


pressor  is  a  modification  of  the  American  15-inch  one.  It  is 
made  up  of  six  bars  of  plate-iron,  all  of  which  are  movable 
and  which  are  placed  lengthwise  in  the  slide  like  the  wooden 
balks  in  the  American  type.  Seven  plates  hang  through  the 
slot  in  the  bottom  plate  of  the  carriage,  being  loosely  se- 
cured to  it.  The  plates  and  bars  are  pressed  together 
by  rocking  levers  worked  by  screw  -  shafts,  the  shafts  be- 


7-inch  Slide. 

ing  worked  by  levers.  The  screws  on  the  shafts  are  of  dif- 
ferent pitch.  That  on  the  right  is  called  the  compressing, 
having  a  quick  pitch ;  when  it  is  moved  it  presses  the  plates 
against  the  other  lever,  which,  having  a  finer-pitched  screw,  is 
called  the  adjusting.  The  lower  end  of  the  adjusting  lever  is 
prolonged  to  form  a  trip-stop  so  that  the  recoil  of  the  gun  will 
throw  the  lever  down  automatically. 

The  front  rollers  of  the  carriage  are  permanently  in  action, 
whilst  the  rear  ones  are  on  eccentrics.  The  elevating-gear  is 
the  wheel  and  ratchet.  The  slide  has  a  slope  to  the  front  of 
3°.  The  slide-rollers  are  on  eccentric  axles.  Attached  to  the 
rear  of  the  slide  is  a  simple  system  of  winch-gear  for  running 


*  See  cut,  page  201. 


200  ENGLAND. 

in  and  training.  This  is  nothing  more  than  a  spur-wheel  and 
windlass  revolved  by  a  pinion  and  crank.  In  using  it,  the 
fall  of  the  in-tackle  or  training-tackle  is  caught  over  the  wind- 
lass which  is  turned  by  the  crank.  In  revolving  slides,  or 
slides  which  shift  from  one  port  to  another,  there  is  a  separate 
attachment  under  the  forward  end,  which  is  nothing  more 
than  a  centre  roller  which  when  thrown  into  action  raises 
the  forward  rollers  clear  of  the  deck;  the  after-end  of  the 
slide  being  held  by  a  pivot-bolt,  the  forward  one  is  swung  to  a 
new  pivot-centre.  This  centre  roller  is  thrown  into  action  by 
gearing.  Two  ordinary  bollard-heads  are  attached  to  the  rear 
of  the  slide,  so  that  the  carriage  may  be  held  back  or  veered 
out  in  a  seaway  by  turns  of  the  in-tackle  falls  about  them. 

Carriage  and  Slide  for  8-inch  J^f.  L.  R. 

The  carriage  is  similar  to  the  7-inch,  except  that  instead  of 
being  fitted  for  tackles  it  is  provide*!  with  Scott's  nipping-gear 
and  endless  chain.*  The  chain  is  a  slide  attachment.  The 


8-inch  Slide. 

nipping -gear  consists  of  a  heavy  iron  stirrup,  movable  in  a 
vertical  direction  by  means  of  an  eccentric  and  lever.  The 
chain  passes  freely  through  this  stirrup  when  it  is  down,  but 
on  throwing  it  up  the  links  of  the  chain  are  caught  in  the 
teeth  of  a  sprocket-plate  fas'tened  to  the  bed-plate  of  the  car- 
riage, so  that  the  movement  of  the  chain  carries  the  carri.iiiv 
with  it.  The  slide  is  similar  to  the  7-inch,  except  that  the 
Scott  chain  and  gearing  is  used,  which  also  traverses  the  slide. 
There  are  two  chains,  one  at  each  side  of  the  slide,  which  ;nv 
revolved  by  pinions  at  either  end.  At  the  rear  end  the  pin- 
ions are  on  a  heavy  axle,  which  is  revolved  by  a  crank  and 
gearing.  For  training,  this  gearing  is  connected  to  a  short 
shaft,  naving  a  pinion  at  its  forward  end,  which  gears  in  a 
metal  rack  on  the  deck ;  this  shaft  may  be  revolved  or  fixed  at 

*  See  cut,  page  202. 


ENGLAND. 


201 


will  by  means  of  a  pawl-wheel  and  screw-break,  so  that  in  train- 
ing the  slide  can  be  traversed  or  fixed  as  desired.  When  the 
slide  is  a  shifting  one,  the  same  gearing  is  used  to  swing  the 
forward  end  of  it  around,  by  means  of  another  pinion  whicli 


Elswick  Compressor. 

is  shipped  just  in  front  of  the  forward  end  of  the  slide. 
compressor  is  the  Elswick  pattern. 


The 


Carriage  and  Slide  for  $-inch  M.  L.  R. 

The  broadside  9-inch  carriage  is  the  same  as  the  8-inch ; 
that  for  ships  of  the  Sultan  class  differs  in  several  particulars. 
The  carriage  is  very  low,  its  bottom  plate  coming  well  down 
inside  of  the  slide.  It  is  a  double-plate  carriage  built  on  a 


9-inch  Elevating-Gear. 

cast-iron  frame,  the  outer  plate  coming  to  the  top  of  the  slide, 
whilst  the  inner  one  is  carried  down  inside.  The  rollers  are 
completely  hidden  in  their  recesses,  the  forward  ones  being 
permanently  in  action,  whilst  the  rear  ones  are  on  eccentrics. 
The  rear  axle  between  the  rollers  is  bent  down  so  as  to  give 
room  for  the  breech  of  the  gun  in  elevating. 

The  compressor  fitted  to  this  carriage  is  called  the  bow- 
compressor.  It  consists,  on  each  side,  of  a  bow  or  cramp  pivot- 
ed at  the  centre,  so  that  one  arm  projects  inside  the  carriage 
through  the  bracket.  A  hinged  plate  is  secured  to  the  inner 
end,  while  the  outer  one  holds  an  adjusting-screw  which  is 


202 


ENGLAND. 


worked  by  a  hand-wheel,  the  latter  having  a  pawl  to  hold  it  in 
any  desired  position.  A  brass  arc  near  the  face  of  this  wheel 
graduated  up  to  17°  shows  the  amount  of  compression.  Two 


Bow-Corn  pressor. 

projecting  pieces  are  attached  to  the  side  of  the  carriage  to 
support  the  compressor-plates  which  hang  upon  them.  These 
plates  are  three  in  number,  the  two  inner  ones  being  tapered, 
whilst  the  outer  one  is  square-faced  and  much  heavier.  When 
the  carriage  is  mounted  on  the  slide,  these  tapering  plates  lie 
between  the  outer  side  of  the  slide  (the  T  of  which  is  filled 
out  with  wood)  and  two  compressor-bars,  which  are  tapered  to 
correspond  with  the  plates.  The  adjusting-screw  takes  against 
the  outer  plate,  and  by  turning  it  the  plates  and  bars  are 
jammed  together.  The  advantage  of  this  compressor  is  that 
when  once  set  it  is  self-acting,  going  out  of  action  when  the 
carriage  is  raised  on  its  rear  rollers,  and  coming  into  action 
by  the  weight  of  gun  and  carriage  when  the  rollers  are  down. 


Scott  Nipping-Gear. 


The  Scott  nipping-gear  is  used,  but  it  is  single,  the  chain 
traversing  the  middle  of  the  slide.  The  slide  has  no  peculiari- 
ties except  its  height,  which  is  greater  than  that  of  the  8-inch. 


ENGLAND. 


203 


Carriage  and  Slide  for  10-inch  M.  L.  R. 

The  carriages  for  ships  of  the  Sultan  class  are  the  same  as 
those  for  the  9-inch,  except  that  the  rear  rollers  are  thrown  in 
action  by  means  of  a  hydraulic  jack  attached  to  the  left  bracket, 
there  being  a  capstan-head  arrangement  at  the  other  end  of  the 
ax  for  use  in  case  the  jack  should  break  down.  (For  turret- 


Hydraulic  Recoil  Compressor. 


carriage,  see  turret-carriage  of  11-inch.)  The  slide  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  9-inch,  except  that  instead  of  the  bow-com- 
pressor two  hydraulic  recoil  cylinders  are  used,  one  at  each 
side  of  the  slide. 


( 't  i  mage  and  Slide  for  \\-inch  M.  L  It. 


The  carriages  for  ships  of  the  Temeraire  or  Hotspur  class 
are  the  same  as  the  9-inch  ones.  The  turret-carriage  is  of  the 
muzzle-pivoting  type.  This  carriage  presents  the  peculiarity 


11-inch  Small-Port  Carriage. 


of  having  one  bracket  larger  than  the  other,  in  order  to  allow 
for  the  circular  shape  of  the  turret.     The  general  frame  of  the 


204  ENGLAND. 

carriage  is  similar  in  shape  to  the  ordinary  type,  being  double 
plate  on  a  cast-iron  frame,  with  an  interior  wrought-iron  frame 
which  serves  as  a  guide  for  the  saddle.  The  gun  is  supported 
by  the  trunnions  in  a  saddle  which  is  nothing  more  than  a  mas- 
sive fork,  the  leg  of  which  is  a  hydraulic  piston-rod.  The 
arms,  containing  the  trunnion-holes,  are  supported  in  the 
framework  of  the  brackets.  The  hydraulic  cylinder  projects- 
through  and  is  secured  to  the  bottom  plate  of  the  carriage,  and 
the  double-acting  pump-brake  is  attached  to  a  spindle  passing 
through  the  bracket. 

The  gun  does  not  rest  permanently  on  the  hydraulic,  but 
when  at  the  middle  or  top  of  its  elevation  the  saddle-arms 
are  supported  by  iron  blocks,  which  are  put  in  place  through 
slits  in  the  brackets.  When  the  gun  is  down  the  saddle  rests 
on  the  bottom  of  its  slots.  At  the  low  level  the  gun  gets 
13°  elevation,  and  at  the  high  level  6°  depression.  The  rear 
rollers  are  thrown  in  action  by  means  of  a  double-acting 
hydraulic.  The  elevating-gear  for  this  gun  is  different  from 
that  of  the  smaller  calibres.  Instead  of  having  a  curved  ratchet 
attached  to  the  gun,  the  ratchet  in  this  case  is  pivoted  to  the 
carriage,  and  a  gearing  and  traveller  being  clamped  to  the 
cascabel  of  the  gun,  the  breech  elevates  or  depresses  up  and 
down  the  stationary  ratchet.  This  carriage  is  provided  with 
Scott's  nipping-gear  and  the  bow-compressor,  the  latter  being 
heavier  and  double,  working  on  both  sides  of  the  slide-plates. 
These  carriages  are  provided  with  breechings  which  pass  around 
a  fitting  bolted  to  the  inside  of  the  front  transom.  Additional 
hydraulic  jacks  are  placed  underneath  the  arms  of  the  saddle  for 
use  in  case  the  central  one  gives  out.  The  slide  is  similar  to 
the  10-inch,  where  traversing  slides  are  used.  In  turrets  the 
slide  is  a  fixture.  (See  12-inch  slide.) 

Carriage  and  Slide  for  \^-inch  and  1%%-mck  M.  L.  R* 

The  carriage  for  turrets  of  the  Devastation  class  is  similar 
in  general  to  that  of  the  11-inch.  The  hydraulic  lift  for  the 
saddle  is  not  a  part  of  the  carriage,  however,  but  a  part  of  the 
ship,  there  being  two  rams,  one  for  raising  the  gun  when  run 
out,  and  one  for  raising  it  when  run  in.  The  elevating-gear 
is  also  different,  in  having  an  arrangement  for  altering  the 
height  of  the  stationary  ratchet  to  correspond  with  the  differ- 
ent levels  of  the  trunnions.  The  slide  is  provided  with 
hv<lr;,nlic  recoil  cylinders,  which  also  act  as  the  running  in 
and  out  power.  The  piston-head  has  no  holes  bored  in  it,  but 
when  the  gun  recoils  the  oil  is  driven  out  of  the  cylinder,  the 


ENGLAND. 

flow  being  regulated  by  a  balanced  valve.  The  pump  to  move 
the  hydraulic  is  worked  by  steam,  the  direction  of  the  move- 
ment being  controlled  by  a  lever  in  the  turret. 

Carriage  and  Slide  for  16-inch  M.  L.  R. 

There  is  no  carriage  proper  for  the  16-inch  gun,  the  trun- 
nions resting  in  saddles  on  beams  fixed  in  the  turret.  Hydrau- 
lic piston-rods  are  attached  to  each  saddle,  the  two  cylinders 
being  connected  by  a  pipe  to  equalize  the  strain.  The  breech 
of  the  gun  rests  on  a  third  block  which  travels  in  guides. 
These  guides  are  hinged  at  the  rear,  the  forward  ends  resting 
by  means  of  a  cross-head  on  the  piston  of  a  vertical  hydraulic 
cylinder.  By  means  of  this  the  gun  is  elevated  or  depressed. 
The  gun  is  run  in  or  out,  elevated,  and  loaded  by  hydraulic  power. 

Loading  Arrangements. 

With  the  lighter  calibres  and  broadside  guns  the  usual 
loading  ^  methods  are  used,  the  heavy  charges  and  projec- 
tiles being  transported  by  means  of  railways  either  on  deck 


TURRET 


81-ton  Gun-Slide  and  Trunnion  Saddles — Hydraulic  Loading  Arrangements. 

or  under  the  beams  (the  projectile  in  the  latter  case  being 
slung  to  a  traveller),  and  raised  to  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  bv  a 
small  davit  shipped  at  the  proper  point  on  the  slide.  With 
the  heavy  turret-guns,  automatic  loading  is  resorted  to.  To 
accomplish  this,  a  hole  the  size  of  the  bore  of  the  gun  is 
worked  in  the  turret  underneath  the  port.  Athwartship 
openings  are  left  in  the  turret  casing  of  the  main-deck,  in 
front  of  which  are  placed  a  hydraulic  lift  and  the  hydraulic 
extension  rammer.  The  gun  being  run  in,  the  turret  is  re- 


206  ENGLAND. 

volved  until  the  port  comes  over  the  station  of  the  rammer- 
The  muzzle  is  then  depressed,  and  the  gun  started  out  until  it 
rests  at  the  loading-hole.  The  rammer,  which  is  also  the^ 


^fto"* 

Hydraulic  Recoil  Press. 

sponge,  being  fixed  permanently  at  the  proper  angle,  is  started 
ahead  by  a  lever  and  is  pushed  to  the  bottom  of  the  bore.  On 
bringing  up,  a  small  spring  at  one  •  side  of  the  rammer-head  is 
pressed,  which  opens  a  valve  and  turns  on  a  stream  of  water. 
The  rammer  being  withdrawn,  the  charge  is  run  up  in  a  hand- 
car on  to  the  hydraulic  lift,  by  which  it  is  raised  to  the  muzzle. 
A  wad  is  shipped  on  the  head  of  the  rammer,  and  the  latter, 
being  started  ahead,  pushes  the  charge  home.  Owing  to  the 
shape  of  the  rammer-head,  the  valve-spring  cannot  be  pressed 
in  pushing  the  charge  down,  so  there  is  no  danger  of  turning 
on  the  water.  The  position  of  the  rammer-head  in  the  bore 
is  denoted  by  a  simple  pointer  worked  by  a  string,  the  other 
end  being  attached  to  the  rammer-head.  This  crude  arrange- 
ment is  frequently  out  of  order,  and  but  little  attention  was 
paid  to  it  until  its  importance  was  brought  forcibly  into  notice 
by  the  double  loading  and  consequent  explosion  of  one  of  the 
Thunderer's  guns.  One  drawback  to  this  system  of  loading  is 
the  care  necessary  to  put  the  projectile  on  its  car  in  one  exact 
position,  in  order  that  the  studs  may  come  opposite  their 
grooves.  The  car  itself  must  be  built  at  a  certain  fixed  angle 
to  bring  the  charge  exactly  in  line  for  loading. 


GUNPOWDER. 

Gunpowder  is  graduated,  according  to  size  of  grain  and 
type,  into  seven  distinct  classes. 

Service  Pistol  Powder  is  used  for  Colts'  and  Adams'  pis- 
tols and  for  the  bursting  charges  of  shrapnel.  It  passes 
through  a  44  and  rests  on  a  72  mesh  sieve. 

Service  It.  F.  G.  Powder  is  used  for  rifled  small-arms,  ex- 
cept the  Martini-Henry,  Gatling  guns,  and  pistols.  It  passes- 
through  a  12  and  rests  on  a  20  mesh  sieve.  Density,  1.6. 


ENGLAND.  207 

Service*  R.  F.  G?  Powder  is  used  for  Martini-Henry 
rifles  and  Gatling  guns.  It  is  of  the  same  size  as  the  R.  F.  G., 
but  greater  density — 1.72. 

L.  G.  Powder  is  used  in  smooth-bores,  and  in  rifled  guns 
below  7  inches.  This  powder  is  being  withdrawn  as  of  inferior 
quality. 

12.  L.  G.  Powder  is  used  for  full  charges  in  guns  of  7 
inches  and  upward  where  the  weight  of  charge  does  not  exceed 
forty  pounds.  It  passes  through  the  4  and  rests  on  the  8  mesh 
sieve. 

P.  Powder  is  used  for  battering-charges  of  all  rifled  guns 
of  7  inches  and  above,  up  to  12^  inches,  and  for  all  service  charges 
of  forty  pounds  and  upward.  The  grain  is  cubical,  $•  of  an 
inch  on  a  side. 

P?  Powder  is  used  with  the  12J-inch  and  upward.  This 
powder  is  cubical,  1-J-  inches  on  a  side. 

Gunpowder  is  graduated  according  to  its.  fitness  for  use  into 
six  classes : 

CLASS  I.  Service. — All  new  powder.  All  returned  pow- 
der found  to  be  uninjured. 

CLASS  II.  Blank. — Powder  from  broken-np  cannon-charges 
too  dusty  for  Class  I.  Powder  from  broken-np  small-arm  ammu- 
nition. Service  powder  found  too  dusty  for  use  in  cartridges. 

CLASS  III.   Shell. — Powder  found  too  dusty  for  Class  II. 

CLASS  IY.  Doubtful. — All  powder  returned  into  store 
and  waiting  examination. 

CLASS  V.  Condemned  for  Sale. — Powder  too  much  dete- 
riorated for  the  higher  classes. 

CLASS  VI.  Condemned  for  Extraction. — Powder  obtained 
from  shells,  and  powrder  found  to  have  been  too  much  dam- 
aged for  any  use  except  for  the  extraction  of  the  saltpetre. 

CARTRIDGES. 

Cartridge-bags  are  made  either  of  serge  or  of  silk  cloth. 

Serge  is  used  in  all  smooth-bores  and  breech-loading  rifles, 
except  for  the  blank  cartridges  of  smooth-bores,  which  are  of 
silk. 

Silk  is  used  for  all  muzzle-loading  rifles. 

Cartridges  are  always  filled  by  weight  and  not  by  measure. 

•  All  cartridges  are  both  choked  and  hooped,  the  number  of 

hoops  depending  on  the  length  of  the  cartridge.     These  hoops 

are  either  of  twine  or  braid,  according  to  the  size  and  weight 

of  cartridge  and  the  stiffness  required. 

All  cartridges  are  marked  in  black  with  the  nature  of  the 
gun  for  which  they  are  intended,  the  weight  of  powder,  and 
the  monogram  of  the  station  where  they  were  filled. 


208 


ENGLAND. 


Cartridges  are  packed  in  magazines,  in  corrugated  brass 
tanks  which  are  either  rectangular  or  pentagonal. 

Cartridges  for  calibres  above  8  inches  are  not  transported 
about  the  ship's  decks  in  passing-boxes,  but  in  zinc  cylinders 
with  a  lock  cover. 


PROJECTILES. 


The  projectiles  used  are  shot,  shell,  shrapnel,  and  case- 
shot. 

The  Palliser  chilled  shot  is  used  with  the  muzzle-loading 

guns  of  7  inches  and  upward.  It  is  of  cast-iron,  the  head  as  far 


Woolwich  Shrapnel. 


Woolwich  Com- 
mon Shell. 


Woolwich   Case- 
Shot. 


Woolwich 
Double  Shell. 


as  the  shoulder  being  cast  in  a  chill,  while  the  rest  is  in  a  sand- 
mould.  This  shot  is  never  solid,  but  a  space  is  left  largo 
enough  to  contain  a  bursting-charge  if  desirable.  By  this 
means  a  better  casting  is  obtained.  "With  the  larger  calibres, 
the  cylindrical  part  of  the  shot  is  reduced  slightly  in  diameter 
to  allow  for  setting  up  when  the  projectile  first  starts.  There 
are  four  kinds  of  shells:  the  segment,  common,  double,  and 
Palliser.  The  segment  shells  are  only  used  with  breech- 


ENGLAND. 


209 


loaders..  This  shell  consists  of  a  thin  cast-iron  cylindro-co- 
noidal  case  lined  with  cast-iron  segments  built  up  in  layers  and 
leaving  a  cylindrical  powder-chamber  in  the  centre.  The  base 
is  closed  by  a  cast-iron  disc.  It  is  provided  with  a  thin  jacket 
of  alloy,  which  takes  in  the  rifling  and  gives  the  twist  to  the 
projectile. 

The  common  shell  is  the  ordinary  cast-iron  projectile.  In 
addition  to  its  fuse-hole  it  is  provided  with  a  loading-hole 
opening  on  the  shoulder. 

The  double  shell  is  similar  to  the  common  shell,  except 
that  it  is  nearly  four  calibres  long  and  its  chamber  is  provided 
with  longitudinal  strengthening  ribs.  It  is  only  used  in  the 
T-inch  gun. 


=f — 1= 

7,IN-M.LR. 


22Ibs 


Zinc  Passing- 
Box. 


Armstrong  Segment 
Shell. 


Armstrong 
Shrapnel. 


Woolwich 
Cartridge. 


The  Palliser  shell  is  similar  to  the  Palliser  shot,  except  that 
it  is  slightly  longer  and  has  a  larger  chamber.  Fuses  are  never 
used  with  the  Palliser  shot  or  shell. 

The  shrapnel  consists  of  two  main  parts — the  cast-iron  body 
and  the  wooden  head.  The  body  is  nearly  as  thick  as  that 
of  the  common  shell,  and  is  scored  longitudinally  in  order  to 
permit  it  to  break  up  easily.  The  wooden  head  is  covered 
with  a  light  sheet-iron  case  which  rivets  to  the  body.  The 
bottom  of  the  chamber  is  the  powder-chamber  proper,  over 
the  mouth  of  which  rests  a  wrought-iron  disc  having  a  hole  in 
the  centre,  tapped  to  take  a  wrought-iron  tube.  The  upper 
chamber  is  filled  with  lead  bullets  which  are  set  fast  with 
resin.  The  fuse  screws  into  a  hole  in  the  head,  and  projects 


210 


ENGLAND. 


into  the  wrought-iron  tube  communicating  with  the  powder- 
chamber.  Both  the  chamber  and  the  tube  are  filled  with 
powder. 

Case-shot  are  of  the  ordinary  form.  Up  to  the  7-inch 
calibre  the  body  is  made  of  tin,  beyond  that  it  is  of  tinned 
sheet-iron.  For  the  smaller  calibres  the  bottom  is  of  tin,  for 
the  larger  it  is  a  wrought-iron  disc.  The  top  is  in  all  cases 
tinned  iron.  The  contents  of  the  case  are  packed  in  clay  and 
sand,  and  there  is  an  interior  lining  made  up  of  three  loose- 
fitting  wrought-iron  segments. 

Shot  and  shell  used  with  muzzle-loading  rifles  are  now  pro- 
vided with  a  copper  disc  attached  to  the  base,  called  a  gas- 
check.  This  disc  is  slightly  convex  to  the  rear  to  enable  it  to 
spread  and  stop  the  windage  on  firing.  It  is  attached  to 
the  projectile  by  means  of  a  screw-plug  and  nut.  On  firing,  it 
is  expanded  into  the  rifling  and  completely  stops  the  windage. 
It  gains  a  grip  on  the  base  of  the  shell  by  means  of  an  under- 
cut rim,  whilst  radial  scores  on  the  base  prevent  it  from  gain- 
ing an  independent  rotary  motion,  and  enable  it  to  assist  in 
rotating  the  projectile. 


Palliser  Shot. 


Papier-mach6  Wad. 


Brass  Gas-Check 
for  Projectiles. 


All  muzzle-loading  projectiles  are  provided  with  studs  for 
rotation.  They  are  of  gun-metal,  swedged  into  countersunk 
holes,  in  two  rows.  The  loading  side  of  all  grooves  is  cut 
back  so  as  to  double  the  width  of  the  groove  at  the  muzzle,  in 
order  to  facilitate  the  insertion  of  the  projectile. 

Papier-mache  wads  are  used  in  front  of  the  heavier  pro- 
jectiles to  keep  them  from  slipping  forward  out  of  place. 
These  wads  are  very  slightly  less  than  the  calibre  of  the  gun, 
and  about  an  inch  in  thickness.  A  hole  is  bored  through  the 
centre,  large  enough  to  leave  a  clear  space  for  the  fuse.  A 
short  papier-mache  tube  projects  from  the  forward  side  of  the 
wad,  which  serves  to  attach  it  to  the  rammer  when  loading, 
and  hold  it  vertical  while  the  charge  is  going  home. 


ENGLAND. 


211 


Shell-charges    for  Palliser  projectiles   are   introduced  in 
serge  bags  to  prevent  premature  explosions. 


FUSES. 


Both  time  and  percussion  fuses  are  used  in  the  navy. 
The  time-fuses  are  the  Boxer  and  the  Armstrong ;  the  latter 
used  only  with  breech-loading  segment  shell.  The  percussion- 
fuse  is  the  Pettman. 

The  Boxer  time-fuse  has  a  beech- wood  body  and  is  conical 
in  shape.  The  fuse  composition  is  a  vertical  column  in  a  cen- 
tre channel  which  is  not  bored  entirely  through 
the  bottom,  a  base  being  left  to  receive  the  set- 
back of  the  column  on  firing.  Two  side  chan- 
nels are  bored  from  the  bottom  nearly  to  the 
top,  and  are  filled  with  mealed  powder.  Holes 
are  bored  from  the  outside  into  these  channels 
one  tenth  of  an  inch  apart,  and  the  composition 
burns  at  the  rate  of  one  inch  in  five  seconds, 
so  that  each  hole  represents  a  half -second.  The 
head  of  the  fuse  is  closed  by  a  safety-cap,  which 
is  removed  before  loading.  The  time  of  burn- 
ing is  set  by  boring  through  the  desired  hole 
into  the  composition.  The  bottom  hole  is  al-  Boxer  Time-Fuse, 
ways  bored  through. 

The  Armstrong  time-fuse  is  made  of  gun-metal.  A  ring 
of  fuse  composition  similar  to  that  of  the  old  Bormann  fuse 
is  pressed  in  a  channel  whose  outer  wall  is  marked  in  inches 


Armstrong  Time-Fuse. 


Armstrong  Percussion-Fuse. 


and  tenths.  This  fuse  composition  is  covered  by  a  movable 
collar  which  is  kept  in  place  by  a  nut.  Attached  to  this  mov- 
able collar  is  a  small  chamber  containing  a  detonator.  When 
the  gun  is  fired,  this  detonator  ignites  the  composition  at  the 
point  at  which  it  is  set,  and  the  flame  travels  around  until  it 


212 


ENGLAND. 


meets  the  magazine,  or  blowing-chamber,  which  communicates 
the  flame  to  the  shell-charge. 

The  Pettman  percussion- fuse  is  made  up  of  seven  principal 


parts — the    body, 
cone  plug,  lead  cap 


top    plug,    steady    plug,    detonating    ball, 
p,  and  bottom  plug.     The  top  and  bottom 


Pettman  Percussion-Fuse. 


Laboratory  Percussion-Fuse. 


plugs  are  set  fast ;  the  shock  of  firing  sets  back  all  the  other 
parts,  crushing  the  lead  cap  over  the  cone  and  bottom  plugs, 
which  by  their  shape  are  all  held  fast  when  jammed  together. 
The  detonating  ball,  whose  surface  is  covered  with  a  detonating 
composition,  is  carried  straight  back  and  prevented  from  com- 
ing in  contact  with  the  sides  of  the  chamber  by  the  steady 
plug.  "When  the  projectile  strikes,  however,  the  steady  plug 
starts  forward  and  releases  the  ball,  which,  coming  in  contact 
with  the  sides  of  the  fuse,  explodes  the  detonating  powder  and 
the  flame  is  carried  by  holes  through  the  lower  plugs  to  the 
charge. 

PRIMERS. 

Gun-locks  are  no  longer  used  in  the  navy.     Guns  are  fired 
by  means  of  either  the  friction  or  the  electric  tube.     The  quill 


Dummy  Primer. 


Electrical  Primer. 


Quill  Friction  Primer. 


friction-tube  is  used  exclusively  for  the  navy.  This  tube  is 
of  two  sizes,  the  short  and  the  long,  the  latter  being  used  with 
the  heavy  calibres.  The  quill  is  driven  with  mealed  powder, 
and  a  hole  is  pierced  through  the  centre.  The  top  and  bottom 


ENGLAND. 


213 


are  stopped  with  shellac  putty.  In  the  upper  part  of  the  tube 
an  iron-wire  friction-bar  is  inserted,  having  a  sprinkling  of 
detonating  composition  and  mealed  powder  on  one  side.  The 
top  of  the  tube  is  strengthened  by  a  thread  woolding  and  a 
leather  loop,  which  slip  over  a  pin  placed  forward  of  the  vent. 
The  naval  electric  tube  consists  of  a  quill  body  and  a  xylo- 
nite bottom,  the  quill  being  of  a  diameter  to  slip  completely 
into  the  vent.  Within  this  quill  are  insulated  terminals  of 


i 

35 


z. 

S. 

ft 

MM  11 


Wood  Scale. 


Centre  Hind-Sight—Muzzle-Loaders. 

wire  connected  by  a  platinum-silver  wire  bridge  surrounded 
by  priming  composition.  The  whole  tube  goes  into  the  vent, 
a  stop  on  the  insulating  wires  preventing  it  from  going  too 
far. 


SIGHTS. 


All   muzzle -loading   spins,   except  turret-guns   and  boat- 
guns,   have   six   sights — three   hind-sights   (two    tangent   and 


314 


ENGLISH  NAVAL  ORDNANCE. 


t: 
5: 


E 


M     2§ 


Sliding  Leaf  Tangent  Sight— Muzzle-Loaders. 


ENGLAND. 


215 


one  centre)  and  three  trunnion-sights.  Boat-guns  have  one 
centre  hind  and  one  fore  sight,  and  turret-guns  have  turret- 
sights.  All  guns  except  boat-guns  have  wood  scales,  and  all 


Barrel-Head  Tangent-Sight—Breech- 
Loaders. 


(Screw.)  (Drop.) 

Fore-Sight. 


Sliding  -  Leaf 
Tangent-Sight  — 
Breech-Loaders. 


guns  in  covered  batteries,  except  turret-guns,  have  graduated 
arcs  on  the  pivot-circles. 

The  tangent-sight  is  a  rectangular  steel  bar  rounded  off  on 
two  sides,  and  having  a  gun-metal  head  in  which  slides  a  gun- 


216  ENGLAND. 

metal  leaf.  The  gun-metal  leaf  slides  in  a  socket,  and  is  pro- 
vided with  a  simple  clamp-screw.  These  sights  are  graduated 
on  the  four  sides.  In  general,  the  forward  side  is  gradiiated  to 
10'  from  0  up  to  12°.  The  right  side  is  marked  from  100  up 
to  4000  yards,  and  for  seconds  of  fuse  from  1  to  30 — both 
graduations  for  common  shell  with  the  full  charge  ;  the  rear 
side  from  100  to  4800  yards  for  Palliser  shot  or  shell  with  the 
battering-charge;  the  left  side  from  100  to  4800  yards,  and 
from  1  second  to  34  seconds,  for  common  shell  with  battering- 
charge. 

The  centre  hind-sight  is  a  hexagonal  gun-metal  bar  with  the 
sliding  leaf  marked  like  the  tangent-sights,  but  shorter. 

All  hind-sights  are  set  at  a  permanent  angle  of  deflection. 

The  fore  or  trunnion  sights  consist  of  a  pillar  and  collar  of 
gun-metal,  a  small  steel  leaf,  and  a  screw  for  fixing  the  leaf.  A 
gun-metal  socket  is  fixed  in  the  gun,  and  the  sight  secured  in 
this  socket  by  a  double  bayonet-joint,  so  that  it  may  be  readily 
removed  or  replaced  without  requiring  a  special  adjustment. 

With  turret-guns  the  sights  are  placed  on  top  of  the  turret. 
Each  turret  is  provided  with  a  number  of  man-holes  large 
enough  to  admit  the  head  and  shoulders.  For  each  man-hole 
a  pair  of  sights  is  adjusted,  the  line  of  sight  being  parallel  to 
the  axis  of  the  gun.  In  some  turrets,  in  order  to  prevent  ex- 
posure, mirrors  are  arranged  so  that  these  sights  may  be  used 
by  persons  in  the  turret. 

The  wood  scale  is  a  wooden  bar  used  in  connection  with 
marks  on  the  rear  face  of  the  cascabel.  This  face  is  marked 
from  0  to  3J°  for  both  elevation  and  depression.  The  wood 
scale  is  a  square  bar  having  its  four  sides  marked  to  yards  for 
different  charges.  When  the  gun  is  placed  in  position  aboard 
ship,  this  scale  is  cut  so  that  its  zero  and  the  cascabel  zero  shall 
coincide  with  the  guns  at  level,  on  an  even  keel. 

The  sights  for  breech-loaders  are  similar  to  those  of  muzzle- 
loaders,  except  that  what  is  known  as  the  barrel-headed  sliding 
leaf  is  used,  and  there  are  no  centre-sights. 


DISTINGUISHING    MARKS    OF    PROJECTILES. 

The  common  shell  is  known  from  its  carrying  a  fuse  in  the 
point  which  is  cut  off  for  that  purpose. 

The  double  shell  is  known  by  its  disproportion  of  length  to 
diameter. 

The  Palliser  projectile  is  known  from  its  sharp  point. 

The  shrapnel  is  known  from  the  joint  which  connects  the 
head  to  the  body. 


ENGLAND. 


217 


Fragments  of  a  copper 
disc  would  denote  that  Jral- 
liser  projectiles  were  used, 
and  a  fragment  of  the  head 
of  a  Palliser  projectile  is 
easily  recognizable  by  the 
grain  of  the  iron. 

PALLISEK  CONSTRUCTION. 

The  Palliser  construction 
is  entirely  applied  to  the  con- 
version  of  old  cast-iron 
smooth-bore  guns  into  effi- 
cient rifles.  In  this  system 
the  bore  of  the  gun  is  reamed 
out  to  a  sufficient  diameter 
to  permit  the  insertion  of  a 
coiled  wrought-iron  tube. 
This  tube  is  made  up  of  a 
number  of  short  coiled  sec- 
tions end-welded  together. 
The  rear  of  the  tube  is  planed 
down,  and  a  jacket  (coiled 
with  the  spirals  opposite  in 
direction  to  the  tube)  is  shrunk 
on.  The  breech  end  of  the 
tube  is  closed  by  a  wrought- 
iron  disc  screwed  into  place. 
The  surface  of  the  tube  is 
then  turned  to  a  snug  but  not 
tight  fit  in  the  casing  or  gun, 
and  is  inserted,  being  held  in 
place  by  a  muzzle  screw-col- 
lar. A  screw  is  tapped 
through  the  chase  into  the 
tube  to  keep  it  from  turning. 
The  old  vent  is  bored  through 
and  the  gun  is  submitted  to 
a  course  of  proof -firing  with 
full  charges,  to  expand  the 
tube  against  the  wall  of  the 
casing,  making  a  snug  fit.  A 
spiral  slot  is  cut  around  the 
tube  from  front  to  rear,  and 
carried  through  the  cascabel 


218 


ENGLAND. 


as  a  tell-tale  for  the  escape  of  gas  in  case  the  tube  is  split  or 
cracked  through  at  a  weld.  These  guns  are  extraordinarily 
long-lived,  and  have  been  extensively  used  by  the  governments 
of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States. 

Palliser  Projectiles.     See  Pages  208-210. 

WHITWORTH    CONSTRUCTION. 

"Whitworth  ordnance  is  used  almost  exclusively  in  the  Bra- 
zilian Navy,  and  is  the  regulation  type.     The  "Whitworth  con- 


Whitworth  Muzzle-Loader. 

struction  belongs  to  the  all-steel  type,  and  differs  in  almost  every 
particular  from  the  other  types.  The  guns  are  both  muzzle 
and  breech  loaders.  The  body  of  the  gun  consists  of  a  steel 
tube  reinforced  by  steel  hoops.  The  tube  is  cast  solid  and  sub- 
mitted to  a  heavy  hydraulic  pressure  while  in  a  molten  state, 
giving  the  metal  as  it  solidifies  a  perfectly  homogeneous  crys- 
tallization throughout.  This  tube  is  bored  completely  through, 
and  in  the  muzzle-loaders  the  breech  end  is  closed  by  a  steel 
screw-plug.  The  hoops  are  hollow  cast  and  forged  on  a  man- 
drel, the  lengths  in  the  different  layers  being  accurately  turned 
and  screwed  together ;  the  layers  are  then  put  on  the  gun  cold 


Whitworth  Breech-Loader. 


and  forced  home  (from  the  muzzle  end)  by  hydraulic  pressure, 
the  forcing  being  carefully  gauged  so  as  not  to  crush  the  metal 
of  the  tube. 


ENGLAND. 


219 


The  breech-loaders  are  slotted  across  the  rear  face  in  such 
a  manner  that  the  rear  face  of  the  block  is  entirely  exposed, 
thus  saving  in  length  of  breech  of  gun.  The  breech-block  is 
cubical,  and  is  traversed  along  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces  by 
heavy  threads  set  at  an  angle  with  the  face  of  the  block.  These 
threads  travel  in  heavy  male  threads  in  the  slot,  the  system 
forming  the  support  for  the  thrust  on  the  block.  Attached  to 
the  rear  face  of  the  block  is  a  weighted  crank  which  revolves 
a  cogged  wheel  housed  in  the  block  and  travelling  in  a  rack  in 
the  rear  of  the  lower  side  of  the  block-seat.  In  guns  of  heavy 
calibre  the  system  is  reversed,  the  crank  and  wheel  housing  in 
the  rear  of  the  gun  and  the  rack  in  the  block.  By  means  of 
this  gearing  the  block  is  moved  transversely,  masking  and  un- 
masking the  bore,  the  left  end  of  the  block  being  cut  for  a 
loading-hole.  A  stop  on  the  face  of  the  breech  locks  the  block 
when  home  and  catches  it  at  the  proper  point  when  open. 

The  Whitworth  groove  is  of  a  peculiar  nature,  being  almost 


a  perfect  hexagon,  and  having  an  extremely  sharp  twist  of  from 
one  turn  in  2  feet  in  the  2-pdr.  to  one  turn  in  13  feet  in  the  9-inch. 
The  projectiles  are  cut  to  fit  the  grooves,  the  armor-punch- 
ing ones  being  of  compressed  steel. 


Whitworth  Projectiles. 


THE    VAVASSEUR    CONSTRUCTION. 


Yavasseur  ordnance  is  used  considerably  in  China,  and  has 
found  some  use  in  other  quarters  of  the  world.  The  gun  be- 
longs to  the  steel  type.  It  consists  of  a  mild-steel  oil-tempered 


220 


ENGLAND. 


tube,  reinforced  by  steel  hoops,  the  hoops  being  narrow  and 
numerous  and  shrunk  on.  The  trunnion-hoop  is  of  wrought 
iron.  The  gun  has,  properly  speaking,  ribs  instead  of  grooves, 
the  grooves  being  cut  in  the  projectiles.  The  twist  is  a  con- 
stant one. 

The  gun-carriage  possesses  a  peculiar  recoil  arrangement, 
consisting  of  a  heavy  screw-shaft  traversing  the  middle  of  the 
slide  and  carrying  at  its  forward  end  a  wrought-iron  friction- 
wheel  with  a  metal  strap  worked  by  a  lever,  by  which  any  de- 
sired amount  of  friction  may  be  applied.  Attached  to  the  car- 
riage is  a  sleeve  or  clutch  grasping  the  screw-shaft.  When  the 
gun  recoils,  the  motion  of  the  sleeve  along  the  shaft  causes  the 
latter  to  revolve,  the  friction  being  regulated  by  the  friction- 


Vavasseur  Gun  and  Carriage. 


band.  For  running  in  and  out  a  large  cog-wheel  is  fixed  to  the 
inside  of  each  carriage-bracket,  the  cogs  taking  in  racks  along 
the  sides  of  the  slide.  In  starting  the  gun  out,  the  motion  of 
starting  slacks  the  friction-band  on  the  screw-shaft,  allowing 
the  gun  to  run  freely  ;  for  controlling  the  motion  in  a  sea-way, 
a  small  friction-brake  on  the  rear  of  the  slide  is  used.  The 
carriage  is  mounted  on  eccentric  rollers,  and  the  movement  of 
throwing  them  out  of  or  into  action  ungears  or  gears  the  run- 
ning-out cranks  outside  of  the  brackets,  so  that  in  recoiling  the 
cranks  are  not  thrown  around.  The  chamber  of  the  Yavasseur 
gun,  as  originally  constructed,  is  smaller  than  the  bore,  being 
in  this  a  reversal  of  the  present  accepted  true  principle,  and 
limiting  the  guns  to  small  charges  and  low  velocities. 


FRANCE. 


221 


FRENCH   ORDNANCE. 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND  CLASSIFICATION. 

, 

LENGTH. 

t 

Twist  of  Rifling. 

WEIGHT. 

| 

Over  all. 

s 

Gun,  including 
Breech-block. 

2 

f     f32  cm  

In. 
12.6 

In. 

264 

In. 
244 

32 

Cal. 

Lbs. 

85,800 

Lbs. 
1,540 

Lbs. 
39b 

.0         .    27    " 

10.8 

212 

194 

28 

A 

51,040 

1,100    :     88 

9.46 

195 

119 

24 

A 

34,400 

726 

88 

-8  _     |     18    "  

7.64 

164 

151 

20 

A 

17,500 

352 

88 

Ij  *  w  ;;  

6.49 
5.46 
10.8 
9.46 
7.64 

146 
123 

184 
180 
150 

135 
115 
167 
165 
138 

16 
14 
5 
5 
5 

A 

A 
A 

12,000 
5,900 
45,100 
31,900 
17,610 

176 
704 
567 
295 

103 
103 

ijj    ^14     

1"     5     24    " 

|       ^19    «   

La    14   " 

6.49 
5.46 

4.78 
3.41 

1.46 

133 

81 

81.4 
37.8 

51.2 

124 
73.6 

71.5 
31.7 

29.1 

3 
3 

6 
6 

A 

11,000 
4,100 

1,360 
220 

440 

191 
103 

330 
165 

176 
33 

|iS  fl2cm  

Hotchkiss  Machine-gun  

<_             22  cm 

|»al    ,4   „ 

.... 

222 


FRANCE. 


FRENCH  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND  CLASSIFICATION. 

CARRIAGE. 

PROJECTILES. 

Weight. 

Complete  Weight. 

W'ght. 

1 

1 

3 

! 

j 

Common. 

Canister 

Bursting 
Charge  Cem- 
inon  Shell. 

Model  of  W 
is:.s  r,o  Bronze 
Mu/./.lc  g-  Muzzle-  French  pattern,  cast-iron,  steel-lined 
loaders.  y  loaders.  Breechloaders. 

i 
I 

S- 

1 

12 
4 

iss 
22 
M 

14 

32  cm 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 
770 

475 
317 
165 
99 

Lbs. 
770 

475 
317 
165 
99 

475 
317 
165 
99 

Lbs. 
630 

396 
264 
137.5 
84 
46 
317 
220 
115 
69 
41 

25 
10 

1 

Lbs. 

317 
220 
114 
69 
41 

321 
(2111 

ls»f 

105 

66 

27 
39.6 

24.6 
10 

Lbs. 
37.4 

24 

17 

7 

2.4 
14.6 
10.3 
4.8 
3 
2.1 

1.1 
.17 

27    "  

10,230 

(7,304 
|5,720 
)  4.664 
(4,400 

3,520 
2,085 
10,230 
5,720 

4,400 

j  3,520 
(2,639 

1,540 

1,023 
385 
352 
319 

12,980 

j-  8,140 

(11,550) 
f   3,410  f 

9,460 
1,287 
12,980 
8,140 

3,410 

(    9,460) 
1    1,260  f 

1,100 

24    "  

19    "  

16    "  
14    "  

'27    "  

24    "  
19    "  

16    " 

14    " 

cm  ... 

j-      231 

.... 

Machine-gun  

cm  

„ 

FKANCE. 


223 


FRENCH  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND  CLASSIFI- 
CATION. 

POWDER  CHARGE. 

INITIAL  VELOCITY. 

Steel  and  ChiUed 
Shot. 

Common  Shell. 

Ordinary. 

j 

i 

I 

Common. 

Model  of  U 
IS5S-60  o  Bronze 
Muzzle-  Muzzle-  French  pattern,  east-iron,  steel-lined 
loaders.  •  loaders.  Breech-loaders. 

\     (32  cm      .  . 

Lbs. 
132 

92.4 
61.6 
33 
20.9 

Lbs. 
132 

92.4 
61.6 
33 
20.9 
9 
52.8 
35.2 
17.6 
11 
4.4 

2.2 

.66 

.18 

Lbs. 

52.8 
35.2 
17.6 

9 
52.8 
35.2 
17.6 
11 
4.4 

2.2 

.66 

Lbs. 

19.8 
13.2 

7.7 

3.3 
19.8 
13.2 
7.7 
5.5 
4.4 

2.2 

.66 

Feet. 
1,394 

1,417 
1,443 
1,456 
1,575 

Feet. 
1,394 

1,417 
1,443 
1,456 
1,575 

1,086 
1,115 
1,128 
1,132 

Feet. 
1,496 

1,542 
1,555 
1,726 
1,660 
1,493 
1,188 
1,188 
1,168 
1,197 
1,053 

1,007 
738 

1,318 

o    27    "  .. 

£ 

if4"  

1    19    "  .. 

0 

S     16    ••  

[14    " 

f27    " 

79.2 
52.8 
27.5 
16.5 

I    24    " 

£  <|  19    " 

§     16    ". 

0 

*     14    •'  

12  cm  

4    "   .. 

. 
iss  Machine-gun  

'22cm  

16    "   

14    «   

i 

224 


FKANCE, 


FRENCH  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED,) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND  CLASSIFI- 
CATION. 

MUZZLE  ENERGY. 

PENETRATION. 

REMARKS. 

i 

1 
i 

| 

So 

1 

Model  of  M 
IH.VS  -tw  Bronze 
Muzzle-  S?  Muzzle-  French  pattern,  cast-Iron,  steel-lined 
loaders.  g  loaders.  Breech-loaders. 

1  S  5  tt  I  *  B  Model  of  1864^7'  Model  of  1870. 

32  cm  

Ft.  Tons. 
10,390 

6,596 
4,561 
2,330 
1,698 

Ft.  Tons. 
10;390 

6,596 
4.561 
2,330 
1,698 

3,871 
2,821 
1,451 
876 

Ft.  Tons. 
9,730 

6,506  ' 
4,414 
1,828 
1,598 
712 
3,088 
2,144 
1,081 
687 
314 

176 
39 

In. 
14.5 

12.5 
11.1 
9 

8.2 

In. 
14.5 

12.5 
11.1 
9 

8.2 

9.6 
8.75 
7.0 
5.87 

.94 

27    "    

24    "    

19     "    
16    "    
.14    "    
27    "    

24    " 

19    " 

16    "    

14    "    

cm.. 

Machine-gun  

cm  

H 

FEANCE. 

FRENCH   ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 

GUNS. 

Smooth-bore  guns  are  entirely  obsolete,  except  for  saluting 
purposes  at  dock-yards. 

The  rifled  ordnance  consists  of  the  cast-iron  breech-loader, 
model  1870,  the  cast-iron  breech-loader,  model  1864-67,  the 
cast-iron  muzzle-loader,  model  1858-60,  the  bronze  muzzle- 
loader,  the  mitrailleuse,  and  the  Hotchkiss  machine-gun.  A  new 
all-steel  pattern  is  being  introduced  into  the  service,  whose  at- 
tachments are  quite  similar  to  the  model  of  1870. 

The  two  models  of  breech-loaders  differ  radically  in  the  style 
of  rifling,  and  although  the  breech  mechanism  is  the  same  in 
principle  in  both  types,  it  is  quite  different  in  detail. 

Breech-Loader ',  Model  1870. 

Guns  of  this  type  consist  of  a  cast-iron  body  strengthened 
by  a  steel  tube  and  steel  hoops.  The  steel  tube,  which  is  about 


27-cm.  French  Gun,  Model  1870. 

one  quarter  of  a  calibre  in  thickness,  is  inserted  into  the  bore 
from  the  rear,  and  is  set  fast  by  a  heavy  male  screw-thread 
worked  at  its  rear  end.  It  extends  a  short  distance  forward  of 
the  trunnions.  The  steel  hoops  are  shrunk  on  over  the  cast- 
iron  body,  and  cover  all  that  part  occupied  by  the  tube.  For 
the  14-cm.  calibre  there  is  but  one  row  of  hoops  ;  for  the  higher 
calibres  two  rows  breaking  joints.  The  trunnions  form  a  part 
of  the  hoop  next  to  the  forward  one.  In  all  calibres  above 
16-cm.  this  trunnion-hoop  is  thicker  than  the  others,  and  forms 
a  salient  on  the  surface  of  the  gun. 

The  bore  is  rifled  on  the  multigroove  system,  with  an  in- 
creasing twist  of  from  0°  at  the  breech  to  4°  at  the  muzzle, 
the  direction  of  the  twist  being  from  right  to  left  (contrary  to 
the  invariable  rule  in  other  countries).  The  chamber  proper 
is  divided  into  four  parts :  the  shot-chamber,  the  powder-cham- 
ber, the  gas-check  seat,  and  the  breech-block  seat. 

The  shot-chamber  is  conical  in  shape,  small  end  forward, 
the  rifling  vanishing  at  this  point  in  an  easy  slope.  The  di- 


226 


FRANCE. 


ameter  of  this  end  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  bore  measured 
across  the  grooves.  The  rear  end  is  joined  to  the  powder- 
chamber  by  a  second  small  cone,  against  which  the  rear  ring  of 
the  projectile  takes  when  home. 

The  powder-chamber  is  cylindrical,  and  of  a  diameter  slightly 
greater  than  that  of  the  bore. 

The  gas-check  seat  is  of  considerably  greater  diameter  than 
the  powder-chamber.  It  is  conical  in  shape,  small  end  forward. 

The  breech-block  seat  is  cylindrical,  having  a  heavy  screw- 
thread  around  its  wall,  which  is  cut  into  three  equal  sectors, 


Breech-Block  (Gun  open). 


Breech-Block  (Gun  closed). 


leaving  three  blanks  of  the  same  width.  One  of  these  blanks 
comes  at  the  bottom  of  the  seat,  in  order  to  allowr  the  breech- 
block to  slide  back  and  forth. 

The  breech  mechanism  consists  of  two  main  parts,  the  block 

and  the  console  or  bracket,  which  is  hinged  to  the  face  of  the 

breech  and  holds  the  block  when  it  is  withdrawn  from  its  seat. 

The  breech-block  is  a  steel  cylinder  having  heavy  screw- 

__        sectors  about  its  surface  to  correspond 

with  those  in  the  seat.  The  last  turn 
of  screw-thread  is  left  entire  in  order 
to  relieve  the  shock  of,  closing  the 
breech.  The  forward  face  is  made 
movable  in  order  that  when  it  be- 
comes worn  and  scored  by  the  action  of  the  powder-gas  it  may 
be  changed.  This  face  is  a  steel  disc  which  sets  flat 
against  the  face  of  the  block,  and  is  of  the  same  diameter. 
It  seats  in  the  face  of  the  block  by  means  of  a  smaller 
cylinder  or  trunnion,  and  projecting  from  the  rear  of  this 
trunnion  is  a  steel  rod,  which  passes  completely  through  the 
axis  of  the  block  and  carries  tne  vent.  In  order  to  prevent 
the  disc  from  having  any  independent  motion,  a  small  tenon 


Gas-Check  (1871). 


FKANCE.  227 

on  its  rear  face  enters  a  socket  in  the  face  of  the  block.  The 
disc  is  keyed  fast  by  a  small  pin  which  is  screwed  radially 
through  the  block  near  the  middle,  the  end  of  the  pin  taking 
in  a  score  cut  in  the  vent-rod.  A  small  catch,  projecting  from 
the  rear  lower  side  of  the  block,  holds  the  console  in  place 
when  the  breech  is  closed.  The  rear  face  of  the  block  is  pro- 
vided with  two  parallel  handles  screwed  to  it,  to  assist  in  mov- 
ing it,  and  a  long  crank-handle  between  them  for  revolving  the 
block.  At  the  end  of  this  crank-handle  there  is  a  slight  pro- 
jection made  to  receive  the  blows  of  any  instrument  that  may 
be  used  to  drive  the  block  around  when  it  works  stiffly.  Along 
the  two  lower  blanks  of  the  block  slots  are  cut,  in  wrhich  trav- 
erse small  projections  of  the  console  to  hold  the  block  steady. 
About  the  middle  of  the  lower  screw-sector  a  small  hole  is  cut 
into  which  a  small  stop  springs  when  the  block  is  withdrawn  to 
its  limit  on  the  console.  The  vent  is  provided  with  a  copper 
bush  at  its  forward  end  and  a  steel  one  at  its  rear. 

The  console  is  semi-cylindrical,  and  is  hinged  to  the  face  of 
the  breech  so  that  when  the  breech-block  is  withdrawn  it  may 
be  swung  to  the  right  and  unmask  the  bore.  It  is  provided 
with  a  spring  stop  and  two  small  projections  taking  in  the 
block,  which  limit  the  movement  of  the  latter  and  hold  it  steady 
when  resting  on  the  console. 

Two  small  pins,  screwed  into  the  face  of  the  breech,  limit 
the  arc  of  movement  of  the  crank-handle,  one  at  the  vertical 
point  and  the  other  60°  to  the  right. 

A  small  stop  attached  to  the  face  of  the  breech  holds  the 
crank-handle  fast  when  the  breech  is  closed.  This  stop  allows 
the  handle  to  pass  in  closing,  but  must  be  raised  by  hand  in 
opening. 

The  gas-check  is  of  copper,  and  is  a  fixture  in  its  seat.  It  is 
a  ring  in  reality,  the  centre  being  cut  out  to  permit  the  passage 
of  the  charge  through  it  in  loading ;  the  edge  is  turned  up, 
forming  a  cup,  the  outer  part  being  conical  to  fit  the  seat.  The 
bend  of  the  rim  is  quite  thick,  and  a  gutter  is  cut  around  it  in 
order  to  make  the  powder-gas  seal  the  joint  properly.  The 
bottom  of  this  ring  is  provided  with  three  concentric  grooves 
to  break  the  force  of  the  gas  that  may  .escape  through  the  joints. 
When  the  breech  is  closed  the  face  of  the  block  presses  directly 
on  the  gas-check,  and  a  copper  ring  is  countersunk  in  the  face 
of  the  block  which  forms  the  contact  with  the  check.  This 
ring  has  grooves  to  correspond  with  the  grooves  on  the  back  of 
the  gas-check. 

The  vent  is  horizontal,  and  is  situated  in  the  axis  of  the 
breech-block.  Its  outer  end  is  formed  in  double-cone  shape 
(throughout  the  steel  bush),  the  small  ends  of  the  cone  being 


226 


FRANCE. 


ameter  of  this  end  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  bore  measured 
across  the  grooves.  The  rear  end  is  joined  to  the  powder- 
chamber  by  a  second  small  cone,  against  which  the  rear  ring  of 
the  projectile  takes  when  home. 

The  powder-chamber  is  cylindrical,  and  of  a  diameter  slightly 
greater  than  that  of  the  bore. 

The  gas-check  seat  is  of  considerably  greater  diameter  than 
the  powder-chamber.  It  is  conical  in  shape,  small  end  forward. 

The  breech-block  seat  is  cylindrical,  having  a  heavy  screw- 
thread  around  its  wall,  which  is  cut  into  three  equal  sectors, 


Breech-Block  (Gun  open). 


Breech-Block  (Gun  closed). 


leaving  three  blanks  of  the  same  width.  One  of  these  blanks 
comes  at  the  bottom  of  the  seat,  in  order  to  allow  the  breech- 
block to  slide  back  and  forth. 

The  breech  mechanism  consists  of  two  main  parts,  the  block 

and  the  console  or  bracket,  which  is  hinged  to  the  face  of  the 

breech  and  holds  the  block  when  it  is  withdrawn  from  its  seat. 

The  breech-block  is  a  steel  cylinder  having  heavy  screw- 

sectors  about  its  surface  to  correspond 

with  those  in  the  seat.  The  last  turn 
of  screw-thread  is  left  entire  in  order 
to  relieve  the  shock  of.  closing  the 
breech.  The  forward  face  is  made 
movable  in  order  that  when  it  be- 
comes worn  and  scored  by  the  action  of  the  powder-gas  it  may 
be  changed.  This  face  is  a  steel  disc  which  sets  flat 
against  the  face  of  the  block,  and  is  of  the  same  diameter. 
It  seats  in  the  face  of  the  block  by  means  of  a  smaller 
cylinder  or  trunnion,  and  projecting  from  the  rear  of  this 
trunnion  is  a  steel  rod,  which  passes  completely  through  the 
axis  of  the  block  and  carries  the  vent.  In  order  to  prevent 
the  disc  from  having  any  independent  motion,  a  small  tenon. 


Gas-Check  (1871). 


FKANCE.  227 

on  its  rear  face  enters  a  socket  in  the  face  of  the  block.  The 
disc  is  keyed  fast  by  a  small  pin  which  is  screwed  radially 
through  the  block  near  the  middle,  the  end  of  the  pin  taking 
in  a  score  cnt  in  the  vent-rod.  A  small  catch,  projecting  from 
the  rear  lower  side  of  the  block,  holds  the  console  in  place 
when  the  breech  is  closed.  The  rear  face  of  the  block  is  pro- 
vided with  two  parallel  handles  screwed  to  it,  to  assist  in  mov- 
ing it,  and  a  long  crank-handle  between  them  for  revolving  the 
block.  At  the  end  of  this  crank-handle  there  is  a  slight  pro- 
jection made  to  receive  the  blows  of  any  instrument  that  may 
be  used  to  drive  the  block  around  when  it  works  stiffly.  Along 
the  two  lower  blanks  of  the  block  slots  are  cut,  in  which  trav- 
erse small  projections  of  the  console  to  hold  the  block  steady. 
About  the  middle  of  the  lower  screw-sector  a  small  hole  is  cut 
into  which  a  small  stop  springs  when  the  block  is  withdrawn  to 
its  limit  on  the  console.  The  vent  is  provided  with  a  copper 
bush  at  its  forward  end  and  a  steel  one  at  its  rear. 

The  console  is  semi-cylindrical,  and  is  hinged  to  the  face  of 
the  breech  so  that  when  the  breech-block  is  withdrawn  it  may 
be  swung  to  the  right  and  unmask  the  bore.  It  is  provided 
with  a  spring  stop  and  two  small  projections  taking  in  the 
block,  which  limit  the  movement  of  the  latter  and  hold  it  steady 
when  resting  on  the  console. 

Two  small  pins,  screwed  into  the  face  of  the  breech,  limit 
the  arc  of  movement  of  the  crank-handle,  one  at  the  vertical 
point  and  the  other  60°  to  the  right. 

A  small  stop  attached  to  the  face  of  the  breech  holds  the 
crank-handle  fast  when  the  breech  is  closed.  This  stop  allows 
the  handle  to  pass  in  closing,  but  must  be  raised  by  hand  in 
opening. 

The  gas-check  is  of  copper,  and  is  a  fixture  in  its  seat.  It  is 
a  ring  in  reality,  the  centre  being  cut  out  to  permit  the  passage 
of  the  charge  through  it  in  loading ;  the  edge  is  turned  up, 
forming  a  cup,  the  outer  part  being  conical  to  fit  the  seat.  The 
bend  of  the  rim  is  quite  thick,  and  a  gutter  is  cut  around  it  in 
order  to  make  the  powder-gas  seal  the  joint  properly.  The 
bottom  of  this  ring  is  provided  with  three  concentric  grooves 
to  break  the  force  of  the  gas  that  may  escape  through  the  joints. 
When  the  breech  is  closed  the  face  of  the  block  presses  directly 
on  the  gas-check,  and  a  copper  ring  is  countersunk  in  the  face 
of  the  block  which  forms  the  contact  with  the  check.  This 
ring  has  grooves  to  correspond  with  the  grooves  on  the  back  of 
the  gas-check. 

The  vent  is  horizontal,  and  is  situated  in  the  axis  of  the 
breech-block.  Its  outer  end  is  formed  in  double-cone  shape 
(throughout  the  steel  bush),  the  small  ends  of  the  cone  being 


228 


FRANCE. 


joined.     Percussion   primers   are   used  in  connection  with  a 
spring  gun-lock.     (See  Primers.) 

Breech-Loader,  Model  1864-67. 

These  guns  are  hooped  like  the  model  of  1870,  but  are  not 
tubed. 


14-cm.  French  Gun. 


The  vent  is  pierced  vertically  near  the  bottom  of  the  powder- 
chamber,  instead  of  being  in  the  breech-block. 

The  grooves  are  of  the  pattern  known  as  the  "  basket-han- 
dle," for  mechanical  fit  projectiles  (see  French  Groove,  English 


Groove  (1864). 


Groove  (1871). 


Rear  end  of  Groove  (1864),  showing 
Stop  for  Projectile. 


Ordnance),  having  an  increasing  twist  of  from  0°  to  6°.  The 
14-cm.  and  16-cm.  guns  have  three  grooves,  the  others  five. 
The  width  of  the  grooves  is  the  same  throughout  the  length  of 
the  bore,  being  cut  back  on  the  loading  side  near  the  powder- 
chamber  to  facilitate  loading.  The  depth  of  the  groove,  how- 
ever, diminishes  towards  the  muzzle  in  order  to  pinch  the  studs 
and  steadv  the  projectile.  At  the  powder-chamber  and  running 
forward  for  a  short  distance  in  the  centre  of  each  band  is  a 
supplementary  groove,  in  which  travel  the  rear  studs  of  the 
projectiles,  which  are  made  so  small  as  to  easily  sheer  off. 
These  secondary  grooves  prevent  the  projectile  from  being 
pushed  too  far  into  the  bore.  "With  the  19-cm.  gun,  the  sup- 
plementary groove  is  made  by  cutting  back  the  loading  side  of 
the  regular  groove.  There  is  no  shot-chamber  proper. 

Tlie  powder-chamber  is  cylindrical,  of  the  same  diameter  as 
that  of  the  bore  across  the  grooves.  The  bottom  groove  is 
produced  through  the  powder-chamber,  to  serve  as  a  directing 
groove  for  the  projectile  in  loading. 

In  rear  of  the  powder-chamber  there  are  two  gas-check 
seats,  conical  in  shape,  with  the  small  diameter  forward.  The 


FRANCE. 


229 


rear  and  larger  one  is  intended  for  service  in  case  of  accident  to 
the  other. 


Gas-Check  (1864). 


Breech-Block  (Section). 


The  breech-ping  seat  is  similar  to  the  model  1870. 

The  breech-closing  mechanism  consists  of  two  main  parts 
like  that  of  the  model  1870,  the  breech-plug  and  the  console 
or  bracket. 

The  breech-ping  differs  from  the  model  1870  in  being 
lighter,  by  having  the  interior  cut  away  as  much  as  possible  con- 
sistent with  strength.  It  has  two  movable  faces  or  discs  to 
correspond  with  the  two  gas-check  seats.  These  discs  are  se- 
cured to  the  face  of  the  plug  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  model 
1870,  except  that  the  disc  in  this  case  is  allowed  to  revolve 
freely.  The  gas-check  is  carried  on  the  face  of  the  disc  instead 
of  being  a  fixture  of  the  gun. 

It  is  quite  similar  to  the  model  1870,  except  that  the  hole 
in  the  centre  is  smaller  and  serves  to  secure  it  to  the  face  of 
the  disc.  The  centre  of  the  disc  being  slightly  raised  carries 
two  ears  which  receive  the  inner  edge  of  the  gas-check  and  cen- 
tre it.  Over  these  a  solid-headed  nut  screws,  which  fixes  the 
gas-check  and  makes  a  tight  joint.  The  gas-check  is  made  of 
steel. 

The  console  is  similar  to  the  model  1870. 

Muzzle-Loader,  Model  1858-60. 

These  guns  are  hooped,  but  have  no  tubes.  The  trunnions 
are  cast  with  the  body  of  the  gun,  the  hoops  not  coming  so  far 
forward.  The  vent  is  vertical  near  the  bottom  of  the  powder- 
chamber,  like  the  model  1864. 

The  grooves  are  of  the  "  basket-handle"  type,  three  in  num- 
ber, with  an  increasing  twist  of  from  0°  to  6°.  These  grooves, 
near  the  chamber,  are  cut  back  and  prolonged  to  form  seats  for 
the  rear  studs. 

All  guns  of  this  model  are  converted  from  old  smooth-bores. 


230  FRANCE. 


Bronze  Muzzle-Loader. 

These  guns  are  of  the  ordinary  bronze  type.  The  23-pdr. 
(canon  de  12)  has  six  common  grooves  having  a  Tegular  twist 
from  left  to  right.  The  bottom  groove  is  narrowed  on  the 
loading  side  near  the  powder-chamber  in  order  to  force  the 
studs  into  close  contact  with  the  driving  side.  The  8-pdr. 
(canon  de  4)  has  six  grooves  with  a  regular  twist  similar  to  the 
23-pdr. 

The  vent  is  pierced  vertically  near  the  bottom  of  the  pow- 
der-chamber. 

The  Mitrailleuse. 

The  exterior  of  the  mitrailleuse  has  the  appearance  of  a 
bronze  cannon.  This  case  encloses  25  rifled  tubes  brazed  to- 
gether. The  rear  part  of  the  cannon  presents  a  vertical  cavity, 
very  large  and  nearly  rectangular  in  shape.  This  cavity  is 
called  the  cage,  and  is  intended  to  receive  the  breech-block  and 
firing  mechanism.  The  breech-block  is  a  cubical  block  con- 
taining prolongations  of  the  25  barrels  which  serve  as  cham- 
bers for  the  cartridges.  When  loaded,  this  block  drops  into 
the  forward  part  of  the  cage.  The  lock  mechanism  is  a  box 
containing  25  firing-pins,  arranged  with  guides  and  springs  on 
the  ordinary  system.  This  box  is  movable  longitudinally  by 
the  motion  of  a  breech-screw,  which  also  sets  up  the  breech- 
block when  in  place.  The  motion  forward  of  this  box  retracts 
the  firing-pins,  which  are  then  held  until  released  in  rapid  suc- 
cession by  a  turn  of  the  crank.  After  firing,  the  breech-screw 
is  backed,  the  block  taken  out  and  a  loaded  one  is  put  in  its 
place,  the  screw  is  set  up  retracting  the  locks,  and  the  piece  is 
ready  for  firing  again. 

Ilotchldss  Machine- Gun. 

(See  United  States  Ordnance.)  This  gun  is  an  American 
invention,  but  was  first  introduced  into  the  French  Navy. 

CARRIAGES. 

Gun-carriages  in  the  French  Navy  are  classified  as  follows : 
Slide-carriages  for  heavy  broadside-guns. 
Turret -carriages  and  revolving  -  slide  carriages  for  heavy 
guns. 

Directing-bar  carriages  for  broadside-guns. 
Four-truck  and  rear-chock  carriages  for  broadside-guns. 


FRANCE. 


231 


Gun-boat  carriages  for  bronze  guns. 
Boat-carriages  for  bronze  guns. 
Mountain  carriages  for  bronze  guns. 
Mitrailleuse  saddle  or  fork  for  machine-guns. 

Slide-Carriage  for  27-cm.  and  24-cm.  Guns. 

The  rails  of  the  slide  are  of  heavy  double  T  iron,  connected  by 
T  and  plate  iron  transoms.  The  slide  rests  on  a  pair  of  conical 
rollers,  with  concentric  axles  forward  and  a  double  pair  of  rear 
rollers  (concentric)  at  the  rear.  The  forward  pair  of  the  rear 
rollers  and  the  front  rollers  travel  on  smooth  tracks,  while  the 
rear  pair  of  rollers  are  pinions  working  in  a  rack  on  deck.  The 
slide  is  traversed  by  tackles,  except  in  fine  pointing,  when 
levers  are  shipped  on  the  rear  rollers  and  the  fine  traversing  is 
done  by  heaving  on  them.  A  pawl  working  on  the  rear  roll- 
ers secures  the  slide  in  any  desired  position.  The  recoil  is 
checked  by  friction  compressors.  There  are  eight  iron  com- 
pressor-bars on  each  side  of  the  slide,  just  inside  of  the  rails, 
resting  on  the  front  and  rear  transoms.  On  top  of  the  front 
transom  is  a  heavy  iron  dumb-sheave,  which  receives  the  bight 
of  a  rope  breeching.  The  carriage  is  of  the  ordinary  form  of 
double  plate,  mounted  on  rollers,  the  forward  pair  being  in 
permanent  action  and  the  rear  pair  on  eccentric  axles.  Tackles 
are  used  for  running  out  and  in.  The  compressor-plates  are 
nine  in  number  on  each  side,  suspended  on  an  axle.  The  outer 
plates  are  heavier  than  the  others.  The  ones  next  to  the  brackets 
are  backed  by  steel  disc-springs.  Rocking  levers  working  in 
screw-threads  on  the  axle  press  against  the  inner  plates.  The 
levers  are  worked  by  a  ratchet-lever  on  the  exterior  right  side, 


Elevating-Gear  and  Compressor,  24-cm.  Gun. 

this  lever  being  provided  with  a  trip  for  throwing  it  down  au- 
tomatically in  firing.  Railway  buffers  are  placed  at  the  rear  of 
the  sjide  to  act  in  case  of  over-recoil.  The  elevating-gear  con- 


232  FRANCE. 

sists  of  a  flat-linked  chain  passing  underneath  and  supporting 
the  breech  of  the  gun.  The  ends  of  the  chain  wind  about 
axles  in  the  carriage-brackets,  the  axles  being  revolved  by  end- 
less-screw gearing.  Levers  for  turning  this  gearing  ship  out- 
side the  brackets.  In  elevating  or  depressing,  it  is  necessary  to 
turn  the  gearing  alike  011  both  sides  in  order  to  keep  the  centre 
link,  which  is  marked,  in  its  place  under  the  breech.  In  ele- 
vating, the  gearing  must  be  worked  slowly  in  order  to  allow  the 
breech  to  follow  down  by  its  preponderance.  With  the  24:-cm. 
gun,  the  compressor-plates,  12  in  number,  are  all  in  the  centre 
instead  of  being  at  the  sides. 

Slide-Carriage  J -or  19-<?m.   Gun. 

The  fixtures  for  the  slide  and  carriage  differ  in  several  par- 
ticulars from  the  heavier  ones.  The  slide  travels  on  four  pairs 
of  rollers,  the  rear  rollers  of  the  rear  pairs  being 
cogged  for  fine  pointing  as  in  the  heavier  ones. 
The  slide  rests  on  iron  pillars  with  screw-threads  at 
the  upper  extremities,  the  lower  ones  resting  on 
the  axles  between  the  rollers,  forming  a  pair.  The 
threaded  top  has  a  capstan-head,  so  that,  by  turn- 
ing, the  front  or  rear  of  the  slide  may  be  elevated 
or  depressed.  These  rollers  are  also  arranged  for 
transporting  the  slide  from  port  to  port.  For  this 
they  may  be  turned  to  run  in  the  desired  direc- 
tion, similar  to  the  principle  of  chair-rollers  (casters). 
Clamps  are  provided  to  hold  them  in  the  desired 
position. 

The  carriage  has  only  one  in-tackle.     The  rock- 
ing-lever  compressor  is  changed   to  the  ordinary 
bow  -  compressor.      (See   English   Ordnance,  Compressor    for 
wooden-slide  carriages.) 

Turret- Carriage  and  Slide  for  Heavy  Guns* 

The  turret-slide,  instead  of  being  provided  with  rollers  for 
traversing,  is  mounted  on  a  centre-pivoting  turn-table.  The 
turret  itself  is  fixed,  the  gun  firing  over  it  "  en  barbette."  The 
turn-table  is  mounted  on  sixteen  conical  rollers,  and  is  revolved 
by  means  of  a  fixed  rack,  to  which  gears  a  pinion  worked  by 
a  crank  attachment  on  the  slide.  This  attachment  consists  of  a 
horizontal  axle  revolving  in  bearings  through  the  rear  of  the 
slide-plates,  having  a  crank  at  each  end  and  a  chain-wheel  in 
the  middle.  An  endless  chain  transmits  the  motion  to  gearing 

*  See  plate  Part  IV.     French  Barbette  Turret. 


FRANCE. 


233 


at  the  forward  end  of  the  slide,  which  connects  with  the  rack 
on  the  floor  of  the  turret.  A  locking  arrangement 
holds  the  turn-table  in  the  desired  direction.  The 
slide  resting  011  its  supports  rises  to  a  much  greater 
height  than  with  broadside-carriages,  and  is  pro- 
vided with  a  short  stairway  from  the  turn-table  to 
the  slide-top.  The  carriage  is  similar  to  the  ones 
heretofore  described,  except  that  extra  gearing  is 
applied  to  the  elevating  apparatus  to  enable  it  to 
be  reached  by  the  men  standing  on  the  turn-table. 
Chain-gear  similar  to  Scott's  in  and  out  gear  is 
used  with  the  carriage.  Instead  of  a  movable 
stirrup  used  to  catch  the  chain,  the  upper  part 
passes  through  a  slit  in  the  rear  transom  of  the 
carriage,  so  that  when  the  rear  trucks  are  thrown 
in  action  teeth  in  it  catch  the  chain.  The  same 
style  of  compressor  is  used  as  is  found  with  the  24-cm.  carriage 


Additional 
Gearing  for 
E 1  e  v  a  t  ing- 
Gear  of  Tur- 
ret-Carriage. 


Barbette  Turret-Carriage. 

previously  described,  except  for  the  19- cm.  gun,  which  has  the 
ordinary  cramp-compressor. 


Revolving-Slide  Carriage. 

The  slide  is  a  centre-pivot  resting  on  a  circular  track  and  on 
four  rollers.  It  is  traversed  by  a  crank  revolving  gearing  which 
works  in  a  circular  rack  around  the  outside  of  the  roller-circle. 


234 


FRANCE. 


The  carriage  is  similar  to  the  ordinary  type, -except  that  it  is 
much  higher,  in  order  to  allow  a  greater  angle  of  depression  to 
the  gun.  Instead  of  in  and  out  tackles,  a  runner  is  used  which 
passes  over  a  windlass  fixed  on  the  rear  slide-transom.  This 


Training-Gear  for  Centre-Pivot.          Elevating-Gear  for  Centre-Pivot  Carriage. 

runner  throws  the  rear  trucks  in  action,  and  then,  according  to 
its  lead,  runs  the  gun  in  or  out.  The  elevating-gear  for  the 
16-cm.  gun  consists  of  a  heavy  cross-bar  underneath  the  breech, 
having  sleeves  at  the  extremities  which  clasp  heavy  upright 
screws.  By  revolving  these  screws,  the  bar  is  carried  up^or 
down.  The  elevating-gear  for  the  14^cm.  gun  is  the  old- 
fashioned  telescopic  elevating-screw. 


Directing- Bar  Carriage. 

The  carriage  proper  is  of  the  ordinary  rear-chock  or  Mai- 
silly  type,  which  when  run  out  for  firing  is  lifted  from  the 
deck  on  a  slide  or  chariot,  so  that  it  may  be  easily  and  quickly 
trained.  The  chariot  consists  of  a  broad,  short  front-piece, 
mounted  on  two  rollers  ;  projecting  forward  from  it  is  a  pivot- 
flap  which  secures  by  a  pivot-bolt  just  underneath  the  port,  the 
rollers  being  canted  for  traversing  about  the  pivot.  Projecting 
to  the  rear  from  this  front-piece  is  a  tongue  made  of  T  iron, 
which  is  supported  at  its  rear  end  on  two  trucks  which  are 
canted  like  the  forward  ones  for  traversing.  When  the  carriage 
is  run  in,  its  rear  end  comes  flush  with  the  end  of  this  tongue, 
and  the  forward  trucks  rest  on  the  deck.  In  running  out,  how- 
ever, two  small  rollers  on  the  axle,  inside  of  the  brackets,  catch 
on  and  mount  two  inclined  planes  which  slope  back  from  the  top 
rear  of  the  chariot,  thus  lifting  the  carriage  completely  from 


FRANCE. 


235 


the  deck.  A  breeching  is  used  with  this  carriage,  its  bight 
going  around  a  B  block  on  the  front  of  the  chariot.  There  is 
also  a  friction  compressor  at  the 
rear  of  the  brackets,  the  compressor 
plates  taking  against  the  sides  of  the 
T  iron,  which  are  filled  out  with 
wood  for  that  purpose.  The  for- 
ward edge  of  the  B  block  serves  as 
a  hurter  in  running  out.  In  all 
other  respects  the  carriage  is  similar 
to  the  ordinary  broadside  rear-chock 
carriage.  It  is  used  on  upper  decks 
of  large  ships  for  light  guns. 

Four-Truck    Carriage 

and  Rear-Chock 

Carriage. 

These  are  of  the 
general  type  of  old- 
fashioned  wooden  car- 
riages. 

Gun  -  Boat    Carriages 
and  Boat-Carriages. 

These  carriages  are 
of  the  old  -  fashioned 
type.  The  former  is 
the  slide  pattern,  its 
only  peculiarity  being 
that  its  forward  and 
rear  rollers  can  be  re- 
volved for  transporta- 
tion on  a  vertical  pivot. 
The  carriage  has  no 
rear  trucks. 


Boat-Carriage. 

The  carriage  is  provided  with  holding-down  clips,  and  the 
recoil  is  checked  by  a  breeching  whose  ends  are  made  fast  to 


236  FRANCE. 

the  brackets,  the  bight  passing  around  a  bollard  on  the  forward 
transom  of  the  slide. 

Mountain-  Carnage. 

The  mountain-carriage  is  similar  to  the  English  field-car- 
riage except  the  elevating-gear,  which  consists  of  a  plain  ele- 
vating-screw to  which  a  hand- wheel  and  pinion  gear. 

Mitrailleuse  Saddle. 

This  consists  of  a  pillar  whose  lower  end  ships  in  a  socket 
in  the  ship's  rail,  and  whose  upper  end  branches  into  a  fork  to* 
support  the  trunnions.  A  longitudinal  support  projects  from, 
the  pillar,  which  holds  a  pivoted  arm  by  means  of  a  clamp. 
This  gives  a  quick  motion  for  elevating  or  depressing.  The 
end  of  the  pivoted  arm  holds  an  ordinary  elevating-screw  for 
slow  motion. 

Hotchkiss  Saddle.     See  United  States  Gun-Carriages. 


GUNPOWDER. 

The  gunpowder  used  in  the  French  service  is  classified 
according  to  the  size  of  grain. 

Wetter  en  powder,  named  from  the  place  of  manufacture  in 
Belgium,  is  a  large-grained  cubical  powder  used  in  guns  of 
the  model  1870. 

Ripault  powder,  named  from  its  place  of  manufacture  in 
France,  is  an  ordinary-sized  cannon  pow^der  used  in  all  guns- 
except  the  above. 

Hunting  powder  is  a  small-grained,  highly-glazed  powder 
used  in  revolver  cartridges. 

B  powder,  of  a  slightly  larger  grain  than  the  hunting,  is 
used  in  Chassepot  rifle  cartridges. 

Musket  powder  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  primers,  fuses,, 
and  signals. 

CARTRIDGES. 

Cartridge-bags  are  made  either  of  parchment  or  serge.  For 
the  smaller  calibres  they  are  of  parchment. 

Each  cartridge  is  marked  in  black  with  the  calibre  of  the 
gun  for  which  it  is  intended,  the  weight  of  charge,  monogram, 
of  the  place  where  it  was  filled,  and  date  of  filling. 


FRAN  rK. 


237 


Cartridges  are  kept  aboard  ship  in  brass  or  copper  tanks  of 
various  forms  having  water-tight  covers. 


PROJECTILES. 

The  projectiles  used  in  the  French  Navy  are  shot,  shell 
and  case-shot.  There  are  two  kinds  of  shot,  cylindrical  and 
ogive-cylindrical,  corresponding  to  the  shape  of  the  head ;  the 
cylindrical  being  used  only  in  the  calibres  above  19  cm.  They 
are  all  steel.  The  ogivo-cylindrical  shot  are  used  in  all  calibres 
above  14  cm.,  and  are  either  of  steel  or  chilled  cast-iron. 
Shell  are  of  cast-iron,  and  are  similar  in  shape  to  the  ogival  shot. 

These  projectiles  are  differently  mounted  for  the  different 
models.  For  the  model  1870  the  mounting  consists  of  a  for- 
ward ring  of  zinc  or  cast-iron  just  back  of  the  shoulder  of  the 
shell,  slightly  smaller  than  the  diameter  of  the  bore  across  the 


Projectiles,  Model  1864. 


Projectiles,  Model  1870. 


Armor-Shot. 


Shell.        Solid  Shot.      Armor-Shot. 


Shell. 


Solid  Shot. 


lands.  Its  object  is  simply  to  keep  the  forward  end  of  the 
projectile  centred.  A  rear  ring  of  copper,  of  a  diameter  slightly 
greater  than  that  of  the  bore  across  the  grooves.  This  ring 
brings  up  in  its  seat  in  the  shot-chamber,  and  on  firing  the 
bands  are  scored  and  rotate  the  projectile.  Around  the  surface 
of  this  ring  are  two  or  three  grooves,  cut  to  receive  the  metal 
displaced  by  the  lands  on  firing.  These  projectiles  carry  at 
their  base  a  light  wire  grommet  to  facilitate  handling  them. 

For  the  model  1864-67  the  projectiles  are  provided  with 
studs,  there  being  two  rows.  The  forward  studs  take  in  the 
grooves  and  give  the  twist  to  the  projectile ;  the  rear  ones  hold 
the  base  of  the  projectile  centred,  and  according  to  the  calibre 
of  the  piece  they  travel  in  the  grooves  or  on  the  lands.  For 
the  heavy  projectiles,  where  the  rear  studs  travel  on  the  lands, 
there  are  provided  three  small  intermediate  studs  which  bring 
up  in  false  grooves  provided  for  the  purpose,  keeping  the  pro- 
jectile from  going  too  far  forward  in  the  bore  when  loading. 
These  studs  are  sheared  off  on  firing.  The  studs  are  made 
either  of  zinc  or  bronze.  Projectiles  for  the  bronze  muzzle- 
loaders  are  similar  to  the  model  1864. 


238  FRANCE. 

Case-shot  are  of  the  ordinary  type,  and  have  neither  studs 
nor  belts. 

Sea-weed  wads  are  used  with  all  projectiles  except  those  of 
the  model  1870.  These  are  used  in  order  that  the  powder- 
charge  may  act  with  a  more  gradual  effect  on  the  projectile  at 
the  start.  Placed  between  the  charge  and  the  projectile,  their 
rapid  compression  gives  room  for  the  powder  to  expand  and 
burn  more  slowly  at  the  first  instant. 


FUSES. 

Percussion-fuses  are  used  in  all  shell  except  the  25-pdr.  and 
8-pdr.  boat-guns,  which  use  time-fuses. 

The  percussion-fuse  consists  of  a  hollow  cylindrical  bronze 
body  having  a  solid  conical  head.  At  the  bottom  of  the  cy- 
linder is  screwed  a  copper  firing-pin.  The  centre  of  the  cylin- 
der is  occupied  by  a  brass  plunger  carrying  a  charge  of  hunting 
powder.  The  forward  end  of  this  plunger  carries  a  wooden 
plug  which  is  hollow  and  filled  with  de- 
tonating composition.  The  plunger  is  held 
in  position  by  two  iron  pins  upon  which 
the  base  rests,  and  two  leaden  stops  through 
the  wall  of  the  fuse  entering  the  shell  of 
the  plunger.  These  stops  are  not  broken 
by  the  start  of  the  projectile,  but  by  its 
shock  on  striking  an  object.  The  bottom  of 
the  fuse,  being  covered  by  shellac-paper,  is 
blown  away  by  the  charge  of  powder  in  the 
plunger,  and  the  flame  is  communicated  to  the  charge. 

The  time-fuse  for  boat-guns  consists  of  a  brass  body  having 
two  longitudinal  chambers  for  fuse-composition  columns  of  dif- 
ferent times  of  burning.  For  the  23-pdr.  the  times  corre- 
spond to  1500  and  3000  metres  ;  for  the  8-pdr.  they  correspond 
to  1100  and  2200  metres^  The  longer  column  is  always  un- 
capped on  loading.  The  different  times  are  distinguishable  by 
the  difference  in  the  caps.  That  for  the  long  time  is  of  wire;, 
for  the  short  time  it  is  of  leather  covered  with  a  red  wafer. 


PRIMERS. 

The  primers  are  of  two  kinds,  percussion  and  friction.  The 
former  seal  the  vent  entirely  on  firing,  and  are  only  used  in 
guns  having  vents  through  the  breech-block  (Model  1870). 
Friction  primers  are  used  in  all  guns  having  vertical  vents. 


FRANCE.  239 

The  percussion  primer  consists  of  a  body  of  brass  or  copper, 
slightly  conical  and  having  a  solid  head.  Into  this  body  screws 
a  small  steel  anvil  carrying  an  ordinary  percussion-cap,  which, 
when  the  anvil  is  screwed  home,  bears  against  the  primer-head. 
The  remainder  of  the  body  is  filled  with  tine 
hunting  powder,  and  the  bottom  is  closed  by 
a  shellacked  wafer. 

The  friction  primer  consists  of  two  quill 
tubes,  the  lower  and  larger  one  being  filled 
with  line  musket  powder,  the  bottom  being 
sealed  with  wax.  The  upper  is  filled  with 
fulminating  composition,  and  has  passing 

,     .,&  /?  •    .L-  •  &         Qul11        Percussion 

through  its  centre  a  brass  friction-wire  corru-    Primer.       Primer, 
gated  along  its  length.     The  exterior  of  the 
wire  is  formed  in  a  loop  for  hooking  on  the  firing  laniard.    The 
upper  part  of  the  primer  is  closed  by  a  block  of  wood  forming 
a  fail-leader  for  the  friction- wire.     A  small  independent  loop 
is  attached  to  the  head  of  the  primer,  by  which  it  may  be  with- 
drawn from  the  vent  without  touching  the  friction- wire. 


SIGHTS. 

The  sights  used  in  the  French  Navy  are  all  side-sights,  and 
for  the  most  part  the  tangent-sights  are  inclined  at  a  perma- 
nent angle. 

The  front-sights  are  conical  in  shape,  and  are  screwed  into 
the  rim-bases. 

The  tangent-sights  are  square  in  section,  working  in  boxes 
screwed  to  the  face  of  the  breech.  They  are  graduated  to  full 
and  half  cable-lengths  (200  and  100  metres).  As  a  rule,  guns 
are  sighted  on  the  left  side,  although  provision  is  made  for  a 
right  tangent  and  front  sight.  Sights  are  graduated  on  the  left 
side  for  shell  and  on  the  right  for  shot,  the  graduations  being 
all  carried  across  the  rear  face.  In  general  there  is  a  short  and 
a  long  sight,  the  long  one  being  used  for  distances  greater  than 
30  cables  (6000  metres). 

ACCESSORIES. 

The  loading-plate  is  a  plate  which  attaches  to  the  breech 
of  the  gun  when  the  breech-block  is  open ;  along  the  bottom 
of  this  plate  is  a  groove  which  forms  a  prolongation  of  the 
bottom  groove  of  the  gun  (not  applicable  to  model  1870);  the 
projectile  being  hoisted  to  the  level  of  the  bore  is  landed  on 
this  plate,  and  is  then  in  position  to  be  rammed  home.  For 


240  FRANCE. 

small  projectiles  this  plate  serves  as  a  shell-bearer  for  trans- 
porting projectiles,  being  provided  with  side  handles. 

The  shell  is  brought  to  the  loading-plate  on  covered  decks 
by  means  of  a  tackle  appended  to  a  roller  working  on  a  travel- 
ler. The  projectile  being  hoisted  from  the  deck  is  pushed  along 
on  the  traveller  to  the  plate.  In  turrets  the  projectile  is  hoisted 
and  swung  by  means  of  a  davit. 

The  passing-box  for  the  cartridge  is  made  of  leather  with 
an  ordinary  close  leather  cover. 

The  rammer  and  sponge  are  of  the  old-fashioned  type. 

In  calibres  of  a  nature  above  16-cm.  a  leather  guard  is  al- 
ways used  in  loading,  to  cover  the  gas-check  and  prevent  injury 
from  shocks  in  loading. 

A  system  of  guards  against  firing  the  gun  before  the  breech- 
block is  entirely  closed  is  attached  to  the  breech  or  the  breech- 
block. In  guns  of  the  model  1864  the  guard  consists  of  a 
small  hollow  cylinder  with  funnel-shaped  ends,  acting  as  a  sort 
of  fairleader  for  the  firing  laniard.  On  the  lanarid  itself  are 
worked  three  turk's-heads  which,  when  the  laniard  is  rove 
through  the  fairleader  and  hooked  to  the  primer,  come  for- 
ward of  the  forward  edge.  A  small  spring  is  attached  to  the 
closing-stop  of  the  handle,  which  projects  into  the  funnel  and 
will  not  permit  the  laniard  to  pass.  W  hen  the  breech  is  closed, 
the  crank  pressing  against  the  closing-stop  pushes  back  the 
spring  and  allows  a  free  passage  to  the  laniard.  In  guns  of 
the  model  1870  the  guard  consists  of  a  small  disc  which  slides 
over  the  vent  when  the  breech-block  is  opened,  and  remains 
there  so  that  a  primer  cannot  be  inserted  until  the  block  is 
closed  and  locked. 


GERMANY. 


241 


GERMAN  ORDNANCE. 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

LENGTH. 

WEIGHT. 

1 

of  Grooves 

1 

m 

d 

•§=? 

1 

1 

i 

<s> 

i     1 

1 

"o 

1 

n   3 

spq 

3 

E 
O 

5          (2 

| 
to 

i 

r 

£ 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Calib. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

f  30J4  cm.  ,  hooped  

12 

264 

172 

54.7 

72       45 

78,980 

2,970 

28  cm.,  hooped        and  ) 

Y     11.15 

240 

171 

46.1 

36 

70 

60,500 

2,244 

tubed  ) 

28    "       hooped  

10.34 

240 

171 

46.1 

36 

70 

60,500 

2,244 

26    "       long  hooped  

10.24 

225 

138.5        55.3 

36 

50 

48,400 

1,980 

26    "       short      "      

10.24 

205 

128 

42.1 

36 

50 

39,600 

1,980 

24   "       long       "      

9.27 

206 

136 

38.4 

32 

70 

34,100 

1,375 

| 

24    •«       short      "      

9.27 

185 

115.4 

38.4 

32 

65 

31,900 

1,375 

3 

21    "       long        "       

8.24 

185 

124.6 

33.7 

30 

68 

21,450 

858 

| 

21    "       short      "      

8.24 

154 

96.8 

31.4 

30 

59 

19,800 

858 

i 

17    "       long       "      

6.8 

167 

107.5 

40.8 

30 

45 

12,320 

495 

8" 

a 

17   "       short      "      

6.8 

134 

92.0 

24.7 

30 

59 

11,000 

484 

1 
I 

17   "       short,        light) 

6.8 

136 

92.7 

25.7 

30 

45 

7,590 

411 

hooped  ) 

, 

! 

15    "       long  hooped  

5.87 

152 

105.8 

27 

24 

45 

8,800 

319 

M 

15   "       short     "       

5.87 

129 

86.8 

23.5 

24 

68 

7,700 

319 

15   "       tubed  

5.87 

128 

86.8 

23.5 

24 

65 

7,040 

391 

12   "       hooped  

4.74 

115 

85.7 

14.7 

18 

60 

3,014 

178 

8    "       heavy 

3.19 

76 

57.6 

8.4 

12 

46 

714 

64 

8    "       light 

3.19 

76 

57.6 

8.4 

12 

46 

650 

64 

8    "       

2.20 

62 

45.9 

7.7 

12 

46 

500 

55 

,  4    "        

1.54 

69 

54.7 

9 

12 

70 

156 

9 

242 


GERMANY. 


GERMAN  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


PROJECTILES. 


AME,  NATURE,  AND  CLASSIFICATION. 

) 

I 

55 

Height  of  Axis  of 
Bore  above  Deck. 

Full  Weight. 

Bursting 
Charge. 

j 

§ 

Chilled. 

Common. 

f  30^  cm  ,  hooped  

Lbs. 

Lbs. 
51,040 
24,200 
24,200 
16,500 
8,349 
8,349 
5,082 
4,290 
4,114 
2,772 
2,321 
2,156 
2,057 
1,947 
1,903 
1,595 
1,100 
880 
246 
Turn 

Lbs. 

18,075 
13,831 
13,831 
8,756 
6,556 
6,402 
4,576 
3,400 
2,068 
3,806 
2,530 
2,640 
2,750 

table. 

In. 

102 

102 
102 
67 
48 
48 
39 
40 
42 
41 
33 
34 
38 
34 
35 
47 
33 
35 
35 

Lbs. 
715 

561 
561 
411 
411 
308 
308 
216 
216 
123 
121 
117 
78 
78 
78 
38 

Lbs. 
609.5 

477 
477 
367 
367 
261 
261 
175 
175 
112 
99 
112 
73 
61 
61 
33 
9.5 
9.5 
6.7 
125 

Lbs. 

8 

7.7 
7.7 
5.28 
5.28 
3.19 
3.19 
2.75 
2.75 
1.21 
1.21 
1.32 
7.7 
7.7 
7.7 

Lbs. 
22 

25.3 
25.3 

17.27 
17.27 
15.4 
15.4 
10.45 
10.45 
9.24 
6.6 
5.94 
6.5 
4.4 
4.4 
2.48 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.28 

28  cm.  ,  hooped  and  tubed  

28    "     hooped 

26    "     long  hooped 

26    "     short     " 

24    "     long       "       .   . 

24    "     short     "       
21    "     long       "       
21    "     short     "       

.... 

17    "     long       ll       

17    "     short     " 

17    "     short,  light  hooped  ... 
15    "     long  hooped  
15    "     short      "      
15    "     tubed  

16.5 
48.4 
62.7 
22.2 
15.4 
14.7 
14 

12    "     hooped 

8    "     heavy 

8    "     light  

8    "      

L  4    "      

GERMANY. 


243 


GERMAN  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND 

POWDER  CHARGE. 

j 

VELOCITY. 

WORKING  EFFECT. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

11 

| 

| 

| 

- 

g 

? 

1 

1 

I 

1 

| 

1 

| 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Ft. 

Ft. 

Foot 
Tons. 

Foot 
Tons. 

f30^  cm.,  hooped  

158.4 

158.4 

16.4 

1,591 

1,623 

12,584 

11,176 

28  cm.,  hooped  and  tubed  .  . 

132 

132 

14.4 

1,515 

1,640 

8,960 

8,931 

28    "     hooped  

132 

132 

13.3 

1,515 

1,640 

7,210 

8,931 

26    "     long  hooped  —  

107.8 

107.8 

17.6 

13 

1,587 

1,640 

6,802 

6,876 

26    "     short      "     
24    "     long        "     

107.8 
59.4 
59.4 
41.8 

107.8 
44 
44 
30.8 

17.6 
17.6 
17.6 
13.2 

11.5 
11.27 
10.05 
8.9 

1,430 
1,502 
1,469 
1,476 

1,387 
1,391 
1,355 
1,394 

4,835 
4,625 
4,625 
3,275 

6,466 
3,511 
3,327 
2,348 

24    "     short      "     

21     "     long        "      

21    "     short      M     
17    "     long        "     

35.2 
26.4 
17.6 

26.4 

22 
14.3 

13.2 
6.6 
6.6 

8.55 
7.25 
7.33 

1,312 
1,548 
1,279 

1,394 
1,525 
1,279 

2,587 
1,944 
1,399 

1,970 
1,809 
1,127 

17    '  '     short        '     

17    "     short,  light  hooped. 

16.5 

16.5 

6.G 

7.88 

1,825 

1,341 

1,437 

1,411 

15    "      long  hooped  

18.7 

15.4 

4.4       6.7 

1,623 

1,615 

1,431 

1,172 

15    "     short      "     

132 

12.1 

4.4       6.58 

1,477 

1,591 

1,030 

l^* 

15    "     tubed  

13.2 

7.7 

12.1 
4.62 
1.1 
1.1 
.98 

4.4 
2.31 
11 
1.1 

1.1 

5.6 
5.6 

1,358 
1,476 

1,446 
1,230 
1,118 
1,118 
1,135 
1,837 

1,001 
584 

888 
345 
84 
84 
66.5 

12    "     hooped 

8    "     heavy 

8    "     light      

8    "      

4    " 

41 

244 


GERMANY. 


GERMAN  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


GUNS. 

Smooth-bore  guns  are  now  entirely  obsolete.  The  rifled 
ordnance  is  constructed  entirely  on  the  Krupp  system  of  steel 
breech-loaders.  Although  the  Krupp  system  taken  as  a  whole 
is  represented  by  three  distinct  types  of  guns  corresponding  to 
different  developments  of  the  breech-closing  mechanism,  but 
one,  the  latest  development,  appears  in  the  armament  of  war 
vessels.  There  are  also  two  types  corresponding  to  the  build- 
ing of  the  body  of  the  guns,  but  these  are  quite  similar,  the 
difference  being  simply  in  the  use  of  a  number  of  thin  hoops 
in  the  later  guns  to  replace  a  few  thick  hoops  in  the  earlier 
construction.  All  guns  except  the  9-pdr.  bronze  breech-loader 
are  built  entirely  of  steel.  The  broadside-guns  of  medium  cali- 


bre are  divided  into  two  classes,  the  long  and  the  short  gun, 
the  latter  being  intended  for  vessels  whose  beam  or  displace- 
ment will  not  permit  the  use  of  the  longer  and  heavier  gun. 
The  short  gun  of  one  calibre  is,  however,  in  all  cases  a  more 
powerful  gun  than  the  long  one  of  the  next  lower  calibre. 

All  naval  guns  except  the  converted  15-cm.  calibre  have  a 
steel  body  strengthened  by  hoops.  The  converted  gun  has  no 
hoops,  it'having  been  strengthened  by  boring  the  body  up  to 
form  a  casing,  which  was  shrank  over  a  steel  tube.  This  tube 


GERMANY. 


245 


extends  from  the  breech-block  to  about  one  calibre  beyond  the 
muzzle. 

The  30-J-cm.  gun  has  three  tiers  of  hoops,  the  26-cm.  and 
24-cm.  guns  have  two  tiers,  and  the  remainder  one  tier.  The 
trunnions  in  all  cases  are  in  one  with  one  of  the  hoops.  The 
hoops  are  prolonged  forward  of  the  trunnions,  diminishing  rap- 
idly in  thickness. 

The  bore  is  rifled  on  the  multigroove  plan,  the  rifling  dif- 
fering slightly  according  to  the  projectile  which  the  gun  was 


intended  to  fire.  Formerly  all  projectiles  were  provided  with 
a  zinc  rifling-jacket,  and  for  such,  a  smooth  shot-chamber  was 
necessary,  the  rifling  stopping  at  its  forward  end.  The  French 
style  of  copper  bands  being  now  used,  the  rifling  is  continued 
through  the  shot-chamber  to  the  opening  of  the  powder- 
chamber.  With  the  zinc  jackets,  the  grooves  decreased  in 
width  from  the  breech  towards  the  muzzle  in  order  to  keep  a 
firm  grip  on  the  easily  yielding  metal  throughout  the  bore. 
With  the  copper  rotating  belt  the  grooves  are  of  the  same 
width  throughout. 


246  GERMANY. 

The  powder-chamber  is  cylindrical,  and  about  the  depth 
of  a  groove  wider  than  the  diameter  of  the  bore  across  the 
grooves.  It  is  connected  with  the  shot-chamber  by  a  short 
cone  which  brings  up  the  rear  rifling-belt  of  the  projectile  in 
loading.  In  general  the  powder-chamber  is  concentric,  but 
there  are  two  calibres  (26  cm.  and  15  cm.)  in  which  it  is  ec- 
centric, its  axis  being  slightly  above  that  of  the  bore.  The 
powder-chamber  ends  in  a  gas-check  seat,  which  is  coned 
and  slightly  countersunk  forward  to  receive  the  Broadwell 
gas-check. 

Just  behind  the  gas-check  seat  is  the  transverse  breech- 
block seat,  three  of  its  sides  being  flat,  and  the  rear  or  bearing 
side  being  hollowed  out  to  a  semicircular  wall. 

The  bore  of  the  gun  is  continued  straight  through  the 
breech,  forming  a  loading-hole  in  rear  of  the  breech-block. 

The  breech-blocks  of  all  guns  traverse  the  breech  trans- 
versely, and  they  are  all  single  blocks.  There  are  two  pat- 
terns, differing  only  in  the  shape  of  the  rear  portion,  one  being 


Broadwell  Gas-Check,  Seat,  and  Face-Plate. 

cylindrical  and  the  other  flat.  The  latter  type  is  found  only 
in  guns  where  formerly  a  double  wedge  (the  Kreiner  system) 
was  used,  so  that  in  changing  to  the  single  wedge  there  WMS 
not  metal  enough  left  in  rear  to  permit  hollowing  out  that 
face. 

The  breech  mechanism  consists  of  the  breech-block,  the 
covering-plate,  the  transporting-screw,  the  locking-screw,  the 
curb-chain,  the  gas-check,  the  face-plate,  and  the  vent. 

The  breech-block  is  a  heavy  solid  steel  block,  generally 
cylindro-prismatic,  sometimes  square  in  section.  The  rear  of 
this  block  is  not  parallel  to  the  front,  but  inclined  in  wedge 
shape  at  an  angle  of  1°  55'.  The  prismatic  part  of  the  block 
is  slightly  wider  than  the  diameter  of  the  cylindrical  part, 
forming  at  the  junction  an  edge  at  the  top  and  bottom,  winch 
serves  as  a  guide  for  the  block  in  sliding  in  and  out.  The 
block  is  much  shorter  than  the  width  of  its  seat,  so  that  it  is 
not  necessary  to  entirely  withdraw  it  in  order  to  unmask  the 


GERMANY.  247 

bore.  Except  for  special  guns,  the  breech-block  always  draws 
out  to  the  left,  and  its  left  end  has  bolted  to  it  a  steel  plate  of 
the  same  size,  called  the  covering-plate. 

This  plate  merely  serves  as  a  holder  for  the  locking  and 
moving  mechanism.  With  light  breech-blocks  a  shackle-han- 
dle bolts  to  the  centre  of  this  plate  for  withdrawing  the  block. 
With  the  heavier  calibre,  where  the  block  cannot  be  moved  by 
hand  it  is  worked  in  and  out  by  a  screw. 

This  transporting-screw  lies  along  the  top  of  the  block 
from  end  to  end,  revolving  in  journals ;  one  half  of  the  cir- 
cumference only  lies  in  the  block,  the  other  half,  projecting, 
takes  in  a  half-female  thread  in  the  upper  wall  of  the  gun. 
The  end  of  the  screw  projecting  beyond  the  coveriiig-plate 
is  squared  so  as  to  permit  a  crank  to  be  shipped.  In  this 
manner,  by  revolving  the  screw,  the  block  is  worked  out 
or  in. 


Breech-Block  (front).  Breech-Block  (rear). 

The  locking-screw,  as  its  name  implies,  serves  to  lock  the 
block.  It  is  on  the  rear  part  of  the  block,  placed  like  the 
transporting-screw  only  half  in  the  block,  so  that  its  thread  will 
take  in  the  gun-wall.  Besides  locking  the  breech,  it  forces 
the  block  close  home  and  releases  it,  taking  the  strain  from  the 
transporting-screw,  which  might  otherwise  be  bent  by  the 
shock  of  firing.  The  threads  of  the  locking-screw,  except  the 
first  or  outer  turn,  are  cut  away  for  one  third  of  the  circum- 
ference, so  that  the  action  of  locking  and  unlocking  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  French  mechanism.  The  outer  thread  is  left 
full  to  cover  the  joint  when  the  breech  is  closed.  A  stop  on 
this  thread  limits  the  revolution  of  this  screw  by  catching  on 
the  covering-plate,  so  that  when  brought  up  at  one  point  it 
shows  the  breech  to  be  locked,  and  at  the  other  that  it  is  un- 
locked.  The  same  crank  is  used  to  work  the  transporting- 
screw  and  the  locking-screw. 


248  GERMANY. 

The  curb-chain  is  a  short  chain  which  limits  the  withdrawal 
of  the  block  and  prevents  it  from  being  pulled  all  the  way 
out.  One  end  is  fast  to  the  lower  end  of  the  covering-plate, 
and  the  other  to  the  gun  just  underneath. 

The  Broadwell  gas-check  is  a  steel  ring,  fixed  in  the  gun 
semi -permanently  ;  that  is,  it  does  not  move  with  the  breech- 
block, although  it  may  easily  be  knocked  out.  This  ring  is 
coned  around  its  outer  edge,  which  is  turned  up  cup-shaped. 
The  inner  side  of  this  cup-rim  is  shaped  in  gutter  form,  in 
order  to  make  the  best  distribution  of  the  gas  pressure.  The 
whole  middle  is  cut  away,  of  the  same  size  as  the  powder- 
chamber,  so  that  the  charge  can  be  passed  through  it.  Three 
concentric  scores  are  cut  around  the  back  of  the  check,  the 
idea  being  to  break  the  force  of  any  gas  that  may  escape  by 
making  it  suddenly  expand  and  contract  as  it  forces  its  way  by 
them.  The  rear  of  the  gas-check  projects  slightly  beyond  the 
rear  of  its  seat. 

The  face-plate  is  a  steel  disc  attached  to  the  forward  face 
of  the  block,  and  forming  the  bearing  surface  for  the  gas- 
check.  This  plate  has  a  slightly  greater  diameter  than  the 


Vent-Piece,  showing  Hook 
Vent-Bush  and  Vent  Gas-Check.  for  Head  of  Primer. 

height  of  the  block.  It  fits  into  a  seat  cut  for  it,  and  is  pre- 
vented from,  turning  or  falling  out  by  a  little  dowel  and  a 
spring-catch  on  the  upper  part  of  the  block.  As  this  plate 
wears,  thin  washers  of  brass  or  copper  are  fitted  behind  it. 
The  rear  face  of  this  plate  is  fitted  with  grooves,  which,  from 
the  shock  of  firing,  attach  and  hold  fast  these  washers.  Each 
gun  is  provided  with  a  spare  face-plate  and  gas-check,  and 
aboard  ship  a  reserve  gas-check  is  supplied  in  addition  for  each 
pair  of  guns. 

The  vent  is  pierced  in  a  steel  vent-bush,  which  traverses 
the  breech-block  in  the  axis  of  the  bore.  The  forward  part  of 
the  vent  is  provided  with  a  simple  arrangement  for  preventing 
the  escape  of  gas.  A  small  vertical  chamber  contains  a  steel 
ball,  which  in  its  normal  position  covers  the  vent  completely. 
When  the  primer  is  fired,  the  flame  drives  the  hall  up  imd 
passes  on  to  the  cartridge,  but  the  back-flame  also  striking  the 
ball  drives  it  down  over  the  mouth  of  the  vent  again  and  seals 
it.  The  rear  end  of  the  vent-bush  is  provided  with  a  hook  for 


GERMANY.  249 

holding  the  primer  in  place  for  firing.  The  hook  itself  com- 
pletely covers  the  mouth  of  the  vent,  having  a  slit  for  the 
friction-bar  of  the  primer.  It  is  so  shaped  on  the  rear  side 
that  the  back-flame  through  the  vent  throws  it  back.  A  small 
knob  is  fixed  to  it  for  convenience  in  hooking  and  unhooking. 
This  hook  is  so  screwed  on  the  end  of  the  vent-bush  that  it 
may  be  easily  removed,  and  after  removing  the  vent-bush 
itself  may  be  easily  backed  out  of  the  block.  Aboard  ship 
each  gun  is  provided  with  two  reserve  vent-bushes. 

The  vent  of  the  8-cm  boat-gun  is  a  right-angled  one, 
pierced  from  the  face  of  the  block  to  its  centre,  and  then,  turn- 
ing at  right  angles,  passes  up  through  the  block  and  the  wall 
of  the  gun.  The  joint  at  the  top  of  the  block  is  made  tight 
by  copper  bearing  surfaces.  This  vent  has  neither  the  ball  for 
checking  back-fire  nor  the  primer-hook. 

All  guns  except  boat-guns  are  provided  with  a  loading- 
box.  This  is  a  hollow  steel  cylinder  fitting  in  the  loading-hole. 
When  in  place,  its  forward  end  rests  against  the  back  of  the 
gas-check,  while  the  rear  end  comes  to  the  end  of  the  cascabel, 
being  provided  with  steadying  hooks  that  hook  into  the  casca- 
bel. The  charge  being  entered  in  this  loading-box  is  pushed 
directly  home.  The  boat-guns  have  no  loading-box,  but  in- 
stead the  right  end  of  the  breech-block  is  prolonged  and  a 
loading--hole  is  cut  through  it. 

The  transporting-screw  removes  the  block  by  about  one  and 
three  quarter  turns,  as  it  has  a  very  sharp  pitch.  Below  the 
calibre  of  seventeen  centimetres  there  is  no  transporting-screw, 
the  locking-screw  serving  both  purposes. 


CARRIAGES. 


Broadside- Carriage  for  the  Heavy  and  Light  8-cm.  Guns. 

This  carriage  is  of  the  simplest  construction.  It  consists 
of  two  plate-iron  brackets  connected  and  braced  by  through- 
bolts.  It  is  mounted  on  two  trucks  forward,  and  a  single 
broad  wooden  rear  chock.  For  the  light  gun,  breeching-holes 
are  made  in  the  forward  part  of  the  carriage,  the  ends  of  the 
breeching  shackling  to  bolts  in  the  ship's  side  ;  for  the  heavy 
grin,  the  ends  of  the  breeching  shackle  to  the  brackets,  the 
bight  being  shackled  under  the  centre  of  the  port.  These 
carnages  are  provided  with  breast-pieces  for  training,  a  train- 
ing handspike,  and  tackles  for  running  out  and  in.  The  light 


250  GERMANY. 

gun  is  provided  with  the  ordinary  elevating-screw,   but  the 
heavy  one  has  a  rack,  pinion,  and  hand-wheel  for  rapid  and 


Broadside-Carriage  for  8-cm.  Boat-Gun. 

extreme  elevating.     The   pinion   is   held  by   a   compressing 
lever.     The  trucks  are  of  cast-iron  with  brass  journals. 

Broadside-Carriage  for  \%-cm.  and  15-cm.  Guns. 

This  carriage  consists  of  two  plate-iron  brackets,  a  forward 
transom,  and  two  bottom  plates.  The  trunnion-holes,  as  in  all 
other  carriages,  are  broadened  by  brass  journal-plates.  It  rests 
on  two  cast-iron  trucks  forward,  and  in  rear  on  a  rear  chock. 
A  swivel  roller  is  fixed  in  the  middle  of  this  chock  with  a 
forked  attachment,  by  which  a  trail  handspike  may  be  shipped  at 
an  angle  of  about  45°.  Heaving  down  on  this  handspike  lifts 
the  rear  of  the  carriage  on  the  roller,  and  the  lateral  movement 
permitted  to  the  handspike  enables  the  carriage  to  be  steered 
out.  Bolted  to  the  forward  transom  is  a  fork  which,  project- 
ing forwards,  forms  a  pivoting  point.  In  running  out  it  is 
necessary  to  run  the  end  of  this  fork  (which  has  jaws  for  the 
purpose)  against  the  bolt  provided  for  it  to  pivot  about.  The 
rear  chock  is  of  plate-iron  with  a  brass  shoe. 

The  recoil  is  governed  by  what  is  called  the  Brookwell 
apparatus.  This  consists  of  a  drum  with  a  friction-band  con- 
trolled by  a  lever  at  the  left  side.  Turns  of  a  breeching  are 
wrapped  around  the  drum,  the  ends  being  fast  to  it,  and  the 
bight  shackling  to  the  pivot-bolt  in  the  centre  of  the  port.  In 
running  out,  cranks  ship  on  the  ends  of  the  axle,  and  the 
breeching  is  in  this  manner  wound  on  the  drum  by  heaving 
down  the  brake,  the  friction-band  is  tightened  on  the  periphery 
of  the  drum,  thus  easing  the  recoil.  The  power  of  the  cranks 
is  not  sufficient  to  enable  the  gun  to  be  run  out  by  this  arrange- 


GERMANY. 


251 


merit,  and  side  tackles  have  to  be  used.  A  reserve  breeching 
is  also  kept  rove,  through  breeching-holes  in  the  forward  part 
of  the  brackets.  • 


Brookwell  Broadside-Carriage. 

The  ordinary  elevating-screw  is  used,  working  in  a  screw- 
box  through  the  rear  transom. 

Slide-  Carriages. 

Slide-carriages  are  used  with  all  guns  of  seventeen  centi- 
metres and  upwards.  These  carriages  are  classified  as  either 
carriages  with  fixed  or  with  movable  slides ;  and  each  of  these 
is  subdivided  into  slides  for  firing  from  ports  or  over  the  rail. 
As  the  necessities  have  arisen  for  modifications,  changes  have 
been  made  in  the  details  of  these  carriages  and  slides,  although 
the  general  form  has  remained  the  same.  As  a  rule,  the  pivot 
centre  of  the  slides  is  either  in  the  middle  of  the  gun-port  or 
close  to  the  spirketing,  always  forward  of  the  body  of  the  slide. 


Slide  and  Carriage  for  Short  24-cm.  and  21-cm.   Guns, 
Pattern  1868. 

The  carriage-brackets  are  of  the  double-plate  pattern,  hav- 
ing a  wrought-iron  frame,  and,  connected  by  a  bottom  plate, 
forward  and  rear  transoms  secured  by  angle-irons.  The  car- 
riage rests  on  rollers,  both  front  and  rear  being  on  eccentric 
axles.  The  rear  rollers  are  thrown  into  action  by  means  of 
levers,  and  the  act  of  lifting  the  rear  of  the  carriage  on  the. 


252 


GERMANY. 


axle  throws  the  front  rollers  into  action.  The  bottoms  of  the 
brackets  are  shod  with  brass  friction-plates  for  travelling  on 
the  slide.  The  elevating-gear  consists  of  a  metal  rack  and 
pinion.  The  front  edge  of  the  rack  is  kept  against  the  pin- 
ion by  a  smooth  roller  against  the  rear  edge.  The  pinion  is 
worked  by  means  of  a  lever  aiid  capstan-head  outside  of  the 


Carriage  and  Slide  for  21-cm.  Gun. 

bracket.  A  screw-brake  holds  the  gear  fast,  it  being  worked  by 
a  lever.  When  this  lever  is  thrown  up  the  brake  is  off,  when 
down  it  is  set  fast.  The  carriage  is  run  out  and  in  by  means  of 
tackles,  but  one  tackle  being  used  on  each  side.  The  carriage- 
block  for  this  tackle  is  a  -double  block  working  on  a  hinge 
midway  on  the  forward  end  of  the  bracket.  The  compressing 
arrangement  is  the  Elswick  pattern  (see  English  Ordnance) 
of  iron  bars  and  plates  worked  by  rocking  levers,  and  having 
a  compressing  lever  outside  of  one  bracket  and  a  regulating 
lever  outside  of  the  other,  the  former  being  provided  with  a 
trip  for  automatic  compression.  The  carriage  has  also  front 
and  rear  holding-down  clips  bolted  to  the  bottom  plate. 

The  slide  consists  of  two  heavy  double  T-iron  rails  bent  in 


Slide  Tackle-Block. 


Hinged  Carriage 
Tackle-Block. 


Buffer. 


front.  They  are  connected  by  three  bottom  plates,  and  an 
angle-iron  joining  the  front  ends.  Seven  compressor-bars  are 
laid  in  the  centre  of  the  slide,  and  from  the  middle  to  the  rear 
bottom  plate  a  wooden  platform  is  laid.  Two  railway  buffers 
are  provided  at  either  end  for  taking  up  the  shock  in  violent 
running  in  or  out.  The  fighting  pivot-flap  is  a  stout  bar  hinged 
to  the  front  end  of  the  slide  so  as  to  have  vertical  motion  ;  a 


GERMANY. 


253 


single  eye  in  the  end  enters  the  jaws  of  the  pivot-shackle  in 
the  centre  of  the  port.  The  slide  rests  on  front  and  rear  roll- 
ers, the  front  ones  being  permanently  in  action  and  the  rear 


Centre  Pivot-Bolt. 


Centre-port  Pivot-Bolt. 


Eccentric  Axle  and  Hand- 
spike Socket. 


ones,  on  eccentric  axles,  being  thrown  into  action  by  levers. 
The  24-cm.-gun  slide  is  provided  with  a  windlass  for  running 
in  and  out  and  training.  This  consists  on  each  side  of  the 


Windlass  for  Training  and  In  Tackles. 


Front  Housing-Bolt. 


slide  of  a  pinion  turned  by  crank  and  gearing  in  a  spur-wheel 
which  carries  the  bollard.  The  out  and  in  tackles  are  carried 
directly  to  the  windlass.  For  training,  the  fall  of  the  tackle 
is  rove  through  a  leading-block  hooked  just  forward  of  the 
windlass  to  give  a  fair  lead.  Housing  pivot-flaps  are  hinged  at 
each  end  of  the  slide,  which  drop  and  key  over  bolts  project- 
ing from  the  deck.  Bow  and  stern  pivot-slides  are  provided 
with  transporting  rollers,  which  ship  just  inside  the  traversing 
rollers  and  work  on  eccentric  axles.  There  are  three  travers- 
ing circles  on  the  deck :  the  front  and  rear  are  for  the  front 
and  rear  rollers,  the  centre  one  holds  the  slide  when  it  buckles 
from  the  position  of  the  gun  on  it. 


254 


GERMANY. 


Carriage  and  Slide  for  the  Long  21-cm.    Gun,  Pattern 

1869. 

This  pattern  only  differs  from  the  former  in  being  heavier 
braced.  The  lighting  pivot-flap  is  not  hinged,  but  is  three- 
armed  and  secures  to  the  slide  by  shackle-bolts.  Shifting, 
slides  are  provided  with  a  third  pair  of  rollers  just  forward  of 
the  centre  of  the  slide,  which  are  thrown  in  action  when  piv- 
oting around  the  rear  pivot-bolt ;  from  their  position,  they  lift 
the  forward  rollers  clear  of  the  deck  when  in  action. 


Cabin-Carriage  for  the  Long  21-cm.  Gun. 

Owing  to  the  cramped  space  for  training  bow  and  stern 
guns,  and  the  necessity  for  rapid  training,  geared  train-wheels. 


Training-Gear  for  Cabin-Carriage. 


are  used  in  this  slide  in  place  of  the  regular  training-tackle. 
A  sunken  rack  in  the  deck,  midway  of  the  slide,  forms  the 
track  for  a  heave  mitre-wheel,  the  axle  of  which  cants  up  to 
the  rear  and  is  held  by  a  journal  in  the  rear  transom.  On  its 


GERMANY. 


255 


outer  end  a  large  spur-wheel  gears  in  an  endless  screw  which 
is  revolved  by  cranks.  The  axle  of  this  endless  screw  also 
carries  the  windlass-drum  for  aiding  the  in  and  out  tackle ;  it 
is  therefore  necessary  that  the  screw  and  spur-wheel  can  un- 
gear. For  this  purpose  the  main  axle  is  in  two  parts,  the 
rear  one  carrying  a  heavy  sleeve  which  is  free  to  revolve,  and 
has  a  female  screw-thread  worked  in  it  and  handles  outside 
for  turning.  A  male  screw-thread  is 
worked  on  the  forward  axle,  and  the 
end  is  also  slotted  to  allow  a  tenon 
on  the  after  axle  to  fit  it.  By  revolv- 
ing the  sleeve,  then,  the  rear  axle  is 
pushed  to  the  rear  through  the  rear 
journal,  thus  releasing  the  spur-wheel 
from  the  screw.  In  this  carriage 
there  is  also  a  slight  modification  of 
the  arrangement  for  jamming  the  ele- 
vating-gear. There  is  also  but  one 
compressor-lever  working  as  a  ratchet-lever  in  a  ratchet-wheel 
on  the  compressor-axle.  The  slide-rollers  of  this  type  are  on 
concentric  axles  in  action  permanently. 


Slide  Rear  Roller,  showing 
Manner  of  Pinning  the  Roller 
in  Action. 


Slide- Carriage  for  the  Long  %1-cm.  Gun,  Pattern  1873. 

This  pattern  differs  from  the  1868  one  in  having  a  higher 
slide  and  lower  carriage,  gearing  for  training  the  gun,  and  the 
Scott  endless  chain  for  running  out  and  in.  The  forward 


(Plan.) 


(Section.) 


Stirrup  on  Carriage  for  Endless  Chain. 


Rear  of  Slide,  showing  Training-Gear, 
Chain-Roller,  Crank,  and  Recessed  Rear 
Roller  for  taking  Recoil. 


rollers  work  automatically  as  in  the  former  pattern.  The 
levers  for  the  rear  rollers  ship  inside  the  brackets,  and  heave 
down  instead  of  up  for  putting  in  action.  The  chain-clamp 
consists  of  a  stirrup  moving  vertically,  which  carries  the  chain 
freely  when  down,  but  when  hove  up  by  a  lever  jams  the 
links  in  a  toothed  rack.  A  stop  on  the  outside  of  the  brackets 
holds  the  stirrup  when  lifted  by  the  lever.  An  endless  chain 


256 


GERMANY. 


travels  on  each  side,  but  only  one  is  used,  the  other  one  being 
kept  as  a  reserve.  The  slide-rollers  are  constantly  in  action, 
and  are  arranged  to  divide  with  the  pivot-bolt  the  strain  of  the 
recoil.  To  accomplish  this  the  circle,  or  racer,  is  made  quite  nar- 
row, and  the  middle  part  of  the  roller  is  hollowred  out  so  as  to 
grip  both  sides  of  it.  The  training-gear  is  similar  to  the  one 


Axle-Grip  for  Putting  Training-Gear  in  and  out  of  Action. 


the 


eeve 


for  the  cabin-carriage,  except  with  regard  to  connecting 
screw  and  spur-wheel.     The  screw  is  worked  on  a  loose  sle 
which  at  its  left  end  is  toothed.     A  movable  toothed  gripe 
revolving  with  the  axle,  but  free  to  move  along  it,  is  brought 


Training- Axle  and  Rear  Chain- Axle  with  Gearing. 

to  the  sleeve  or  retracted  from  it,  as  desired,  thus  revolving 
the  screw  or  leaving  it  free  on  the  axle.  The  gripe  is  moved 
by  a  lever.  The  screw-shaft  is  revolved  by  means  of  pinions 
at  each  end,  which  gear  in  large  spur-wTheels.  The  axle  of  these 


Front  Chain-Roller. 


Recoil-Hook  and  Counter- 
sunk Traverse. 


spur-wheels  carries,  also,  inside  the  slide,  the  rear  rollers  of 
the  endless  chain.  Outside  of  the  spur-wheels  are  the  cranks. 
By  this  arrangement,  the  same  gearing  runs  the  carriage  in  or 
out  and  trains  the  slide.  If  the  gripe  be  backed  clear  of  the 
screw-sleeve,  the  training-gear  is  thrown  out  of  action,  and  by 


GERMANY. 


257 


heaving  up  the  stirrup  the  carriage  is  clamped  to  the  chain  and 
run  in  or  out.  Reversing  these  processes,  the  carriage  is 
thrown  out  of  action  and  the  slide  is  trained  to  the  right  or 
left. 


Slide-Carriage  for  the  Short  %6-cm.  Gun,  Pattern  1875. 

This  pattern  is  similar  in  general  to  the  one  just  described. 
The  forward  carriage-rollers  are  automatic  eccentric  ones,  the 


Gearing  for  Short  24-cm.  Slide. 


rear  work  by  levers,  the  Scott  chain-gear  is  used  for  running 
in  and  out,  and  similar  training-gear  is  used.  The  pivot-bolt 
does  not  bear  any  of  the  shock  bi  the  recoil,  it  being  taken  up 
partially  by  the  'slide-rollers  and  partially  by  a  cramp  fixed  to 
the  forward  end  of  the  slide  and  travelling  in  an  undercut  cir- 
cle on  the  deck.  The  slide  inclines  to  the  rear  to  facilitate 


running  out. 

The  main  difference 


between  this  carriage  and  the  others 


is  the  use  of  a  hydraulic  recoil  cylinder  working  in  a  manner 


Hydraulic  Recoil  Cylinder  and  Piston. 

quite  different  from  the  English  style.  The  cylinder  itself  is 
of  steel,  and  is  hung  on  trunnions  to  the  carriage.  The  piston- 
rod  runs  completely  through  it,  and  is  secured  at  each  end  of 
the  slide.  Both  ends  of  the  cylinder  are  closed  by  cast-iron 
heads  with  stuffing-glands.  The  forward  head,  being  the  one 
which  receives  the  violence  of  the  recoil,  is  secured  by  a  heavy 
iron  brace  which  fastens  to  the  cylinder  trunnions.  The  cylin- 
der is  filled  with  glycerine,  the  filling  and  drip  holes  being 
both  at  the  rear  end.  It  rests  and  slides  on  a  bed  fixed  along 


258 


GERMANY. 


the  middle  of  the  slide.  The  arrangement  for  checking  recoil, 
and  also  for  governing  violent  movements  of  the  carriage,  is 
contained  in  the  piston-head.  This  head  is  made  up  of  two 
discs  which  are  bolted  together,  the  interior  face  of  each  being 
hollowed  out  so  as  to  form  a  chamber  in  the  piston-head. 
Four  holes  are  bored  through  each  disc  into  the  chamber,  but 
they  are  not  in  line,  the  hole  in  one  disc  coming  opposite  a 
blank  in  the  other.  Four  small  valves  close  the  inner  ends  of 
the  forward  holes,  and  these  valves  are  secured  to  a  plate  which 
is  free  to  move  back  and  forth  in  the  little  chamber,  and  thus 
open  or  close  the  holes.  A  rod  from  the  back  of  this  plate 
passes  through  the  hollow  rear  end  of  the  piston-rod,  and  seats 
against  a  carriage-spring  on  the  rear  transom  of  the  slide. 
This  spring  holds  the  valves  forward,  closing  the  forward 
piston-holes.  A  small  hand-lever  on  the  valve-rod  enables  it 
to  be  drawn  back,  thus  opening  the  valves  at  will.  The  action 
of  the  compressor  is  as  f  ollowrs  :  The  recoil  of  the  gun  carries 


Piston-Head. 


Rear  End  of  Piston-Rod  and  Connections. 


the  cylinder  to  the  rear  and  violently  contracts  the  space  for- 
ward of  the  piston-head  ;  the  oil  is  forced  with  violence  through 
the  forward  holes,  pressing  back  the  small  valves  and  escaping 
by  the  other  holes  to  the  rear  of  the  cylinder.  As  the  recoil 
ceases,  the  force  of  the  spring  carries  the  valve-stem  and  its 
valves  forward  again,  closing  the  holes.  The  gun  is  held  thus 
in  position,  as  it  cannot  run  out  unless  the  valves  permit  the 
oil  to  pass  into  the  forward  end  of  the  cylinder  again.  The 
pressure,  however,  comes  against  the  back  of  the  valves  and 
keeps  them  closed.  A  slight  turn  of  the  hand-lever  opens  the 
valves,  and  the  oil  gaining  free  passage  permits  the  gun  to  run 
out.  The  moment  that  the  gun  starts,  however,  to  run  out 
violently,  a  single  movement  closes  the  valves  and  the  gun  is 
held  fast. 

Slide-Carriage  for  the  Short  %4-cm.  Gun,  Pattern  187ft. 

This  carriage  differs  in  no  important  point  from  the  last 
mentioned,  except  in  the  training-gear,  which  is  more  com- 


GERMANY.  259 

pactly  arranged.  The  training-shaft  carries  on  its  rear  end, 
instead  of  a  large  spur-wheel,  a  small  mitre-wheel.  Instead  of 
the  endless  screw  on  the  shaft,  there  is  a  mitre-pinion  worked 
on  a  loose  sleeve  and  having  the  same  locking  apparatus  as  the 
one  before  mentioned.  The  outer^gearing  for  revolving  the 
train- work  is  similar  to  what  has  been  described  ;  the  axle  car- 
rying the  endless-chain  rollers,  however,  is  not  continued 
across  the  slide,  but  each  wheel  is  independent,  its  axle  seating 
in  a  journal  inside  the  slide. 

Slide-Carriage  for  17- cm.,  15-cm.,  and  1%-cm.  Guns. 

These  carriages  are  of  the  ordinary  pattern  and  simple  in 
detail.  The  carriage-rollers  are  like  the  others,  automatic  for- 
ward and  worked  by  levers  in  rear.  The  elevating-gear  is 
rack  and  pinion  style  for  the  lYrcm.,  and  simple  screw  for  the 
others.  In  the  carriages  previous  to  1875,  breechings  are 
used.  Where  the  gun  is  not  a  shifting  one,  the  bight  is  rove 
through  holes  in  the  forward  ends  of  the  brackets ;  where  it 
is  shifting,  the  ends  of  the  breeching  shackle  to  the  brackets. 
The  forward  slide-rollers  are  permanently  in  action,  the  rear 
ones  are  worked  by  levers.  Where  the  slide  is  a  shifting  one, 
a  third  pair  of  eccentric  rollers  is  midway  of  the  slide  and 
canted  for  rear-pivoting.  The  carriage  is  held  on  the  slide  by 
front  and  rear  clips.  Carriages  later  than  1875,  unless  they 
are  of  the  newest  type,  have  Elswick  compressors  ;  the  latest 
have  the  before-mentioned  hydraulic  recoil  cylinder  in  some 
instances,  and  in  others  the  English  style.  These  slides  all 
have  rear  housing-bolts  as  above  described.  Where  the  fight- 
ing pivot-arm  is  long,  a  front  housing-bolt  and  lip  are  used ;  if 
it  is  short,  there  is  none.  Tackles  are  used  entirely  for  run- 
ning in  and  out. 

Half -Slide  Carriage  for  the  VI -cm.  Gun,  Pattern  1875. 

(Side  View.) 


(End  View.) 


Half-Slide  Carriage  for  17-cm.  Gun. 


The  general  plan  of   slide  and  carriage  is  similar  to  the 
foregoing.     The  slide  is,  however,  very  low  and  short,  its  roll- 


200  GERMANY. 

ers  being  permanently  in  action.  The  carriage  lias  two  front 
rollers  on  eccentric  axles  worked  by  levers.  The  rear  of  the 
carriage  is  somewhat  longer  than  ordinary,  and  under  it  is  hung 
a  single  long  roller,  which,  when  the  gun  is  run  out,  does  not 
touch  the  deck.  In  recoiling  it  drops  to  the  deck  and  sup- 
ports the  rear  of  the  carriage.  The  recoil  is  checked  by  the 
Elswick  compressor,  and  in  addition  a  breeching  is  provided, 
whose  bight  runs  through  holes  in  the  front  of  the  bracket. 
Hack  and  pinion  elevating-gear  is  used.  In  slides  intended 
for  shifting  ports,  the  rollers  can  be  turned  around  a  vertical 
axis  and  be  locked  so  as  to  move  the  slide  sideways. 

Slide-Carriages  for  Light  Guns  Firing  over  the  Rail. 

The  only  difference  between  these  and  the  others  is  that 
the  slide  is  much  higher  and  is  centre-pivoting.  In  order  to 
take  off  the  shock  of  recoil  from  the  pivot-bolt,  the  slide- 
rollers  overlap  the  circles  on  both  sides. 

Slide-Carriage  for  the  30$-c?n.  Gun  for  Armored  Gun-l<>ats. 

The  general  principle  of  the  carriage  is  the  same  as  the 
ordinary  one.  Its  front  and  rear  rollers  are  the  same,  and 
the  elevating-gear  is  the  rack  and  pinion  type,  the  power 
being  increased  in  accordance  with  the  greater  weight  to  be 
moved.  The  carriage  is  heavier  braced,  having  three  transoms 
in  place  of  two.  There  are  no  out-tackles  or  chain-gearing, 
the  slope  of  the  slide  (6°)  being  sufficient  to  run  the  gnu  out 
by  its  own  weight.  When  it  is  necessary  to  run  it  in,  in- 
tackles  are  used,  the  falls  being  taken  over  windlass-heads  on 
the  rear  hurter  of  the  slide.  The  slide  is  centre-pivoting,  and 
traverses  on  four  heavy  rollers  which  overlap  the  edges  of  the 
circles  to  take  the  force  of  the  recoil.  A  cramp  under  the 
forward  end  of  the  slide  moving  in  an  undercut  circle  on  deck 
also  takes  the  recoil  shock.  The  gun  is  traversed  by  gearing. 
Just  inside  the  roller-circles  is  a  circular  rack  into  which  a 
pinion  gears  ;  the  inner  end  of  the  pinion-axle  carries  a  mitre- 
wheel  whose  upper  and  lower  cogs  gear  in  mitre-pinions  which 
are  worked  on  loose  sleeves  on  a  vertical  axle.  Between  tlioc 
pinions,  revolving  with  the  axle,  but  free  to  move  vertically, 
is  an  iron  grip  which  catches  in  the  upper  or  lower  pinion. 
according  as  it  is  desired  to  sweep  the  gun  to  the  right  or  Ici'r. 
The  vertical  axle  passes  down  to  the  lower  deck,  where  is  a  train- 
work  with  crank-handles  to  be  revolved  by  six  men.  \\\ 
means  of  the  simple  grip  arrangement  between  the  mitre-pin- 
ions, the  gun  may  be  traversed  to  the  right  or  left  or  stopped 


GERMANY. 


261 


without  reversing  the  motion  of  the  crank-handles  below. 
The  hydraulic  recoil  cylinder  above  described  is  used  to  check 
the  recoil  and  control  the  running  out  of  the  gun.  A  sheet- 
iron  musket-proof  shelter  is  raised  on  the  slide  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  gun's  crew.  For  lifting  the  projectile  to  the  gun 
a  derrick  is  fixed  at  the  rear  of  the  slide.  The  fall  of  the 


Front  Half  of  Slide  for  Centre-Pivoting  Gun-boat  Carriage. 


Gear  below  Deck  for  Revolving  Gun-boat  Carriage. 

whip  is  taken  around  a  windlass-head,  and  the  davit  is  swung 
around  by  means  of  an  endless  screw  and  pinion. 

Turret- Carriage  for  the  %1-cm.   Gun  (Arminius). 

The  turret-slide  is  fixed,  and  forms  a  part  of  the  turret. 
The  rails  incline  forward  at  an  angle  of  6°,  so  that  out-tackles 


262 


GERMANY. 


are  unnecessary.     The  carriage-rollers  are  of  the  ordinary  type. 
But  one  lever  is  used  in  throwing  the  rear  trucks  in  action,  as 


there  is  not  room  to  work  on  the  inside  of  the  carriage.     For 
running  in,  two  chains  shackle  to  the  turret  in  rear  of  the  gun 


GERMANY.  263 

and  pass  over  a  drum  in  the  centre  of  the  carriage.  The  drum 
is  revolved  by  gearing.  The  recoil  is  controlled  by  the  Els- 
wick  compressor.  The  elevating-gear  is  the  single-screw  type. 

Turret- Carriage  for  the  24-ew.  Gun,  Pattern  1874. 

This  carriage,  intended  for  a  small  port,  differs  in  height 
and  shape  from  the  previous  ones  in  order  to  permit  a  vertical 
elevation  and  depression  of  the  gun-trunnions.  It  is  built  on 
the  double-plate  plan,  with  heavy  transoms  and  bottom  plates. 
The  four  carriage-rollers  are  arranged  in  the  usual  manner, 
the  levers  for  throwing  the  rear  trucks  in  action  being  moved 
by  a  tackle.  The  elevating-gear  is  Hxed  to  the  chase  of  the 
gun  forward  of  the  trunnions.  It  is  of  the  ordinary  rack  and 
pinion  type,  but  does  not  connect  with  the  carriage,  being  hung 
in  a  frame  which  projects  from  the  trunnions.  The  gun  is 
run  in  and  out  by  means  of  the  endless-chain  gear,  the  gearing 
being  connected  to  a  long  shaft  outside  of  the  turret,  to  which 
three  hand- wheels  are  attached.  These  hand- wheels  are  of 
course  underneath  the  upper  deck,  coming  out  directly  under 
the  port.  The  recoil  is  governed  by  a  hydraulic  recoil  piston, 
the  arrangement  in  this  case  being  identical  with  the  English 
system.  (See  English  Ordnance.)  The  trunnions  have  three 
positions,  the  lower,  middle,  and  upper.  They  are  supported 
in  a  saddle  whose  arms  travel  in  a  framework  in  the  brackets, 
being  supported  by  iron  blocks  inserted  through  holes  in  the 
sides  of  the  brackets.  The  saddle  is  raised  by  a  hydraulic 
press,  which  is  so  fixed  in  the  turret  that  the  piston  takes 
against  the  bottom  of  the  saddle  when  the  gun  is  run  out.  The 
details  of  this  arrangement  are  precisely  similar  to  those  of 
the  corresponding  English  turret-carriage.  The  slide-rails  are 
fixed  in  the  turret  with  a  slope  to  the  front  of  5°.  In  addition 
to  the  chain  nipping-gear  and  the  hydraulic  recoil  piston,  the 
gun-carriage  is  provided  with  bow-compressors  on  each  side. 
(See  English  Ordnance.) 

Boat-  Carriages. 

The  boat-carriage  complete  consists  of  a  wooden  slide 
bound  together  in  front  and  rear  by  iron  plates,  and  a  compo- 
site carriage  made  up  of  a  wooden  bed  surmounted  by  an  iron 
bed-plate  and  bracket-frames  for  the  trunnions.  Two  buffers 
are  put  at  the  rear  of  the  slide  to  take  an  over-recoil.  The 
elevating-gear  is  the,  simple  screw  and  hand- wheel.  The  com- 
pressor is  a  brass-faced  block  whose  upper  side  takes  in  under- 
cut spaces  in  the  slide.  The  block  is  held  up  and  tightened 


264 


GERMANY. 


by  a  screw  and  hand-clamp.     For  transporting  the  boat-car- 
riage and  gun  together  a  small  block-cart  is  used,  which  is 


Boat-Carriage. 


nothing  more  than  a  heavy,  flat,  wooden  body  provided  with, 
an  axle  and  two  gun-trucks. 


Field-  Carriages. 

The  field-carriage  is  of  the  ordinary  type,  consisting  of  two 
straight  iron  brackets,  strengthened  along  the  upper  edge  by 
angle-irons,  and  curved  to  form  a  sole  at  the  bottom.  To  this 
a  trunnion  socket-frame  is  bolted.  The  brackets  are  braced  by 
transoms  and  by  two  side  rods.  An  iron  axle  bolts  to  the 
under  side  of  the  brackets  just  in  rear  of  the  trunnion-holes. 


Field-Carriage. 


The  wheels  are  wooden  with  brass  hub-boxes  and  iron  tires. 
The  elevating-gear  is  of  the  plain  screw  and  hand-wheel  pat- 
tern. A  limber  is  provided  with  this  carriage  which  carries 
two  ammunition-boxes,  each  of  which  holds  six  rounds  of 
shell  and  the  corresponding  cartridges  (not  fixed  to  the  pro- 
jectile). The  carriage  itself  also  carries  two  ammunition- 
boxes  of  the  same  size. 


GERMANY. 


265 


GUNPOWDER. 

The  gunpowder  used  for  the  majority  of  naval  guns  is  of 
the  kind  known  as  prismatic  powder.     Of  this  there  are  two 
classes.     The  first,  for  use  with  the  heaviest 
calibres,   is   solid ;    that   for  medium  calibres 
is  pierced  with  holes  longitudinally — for  the 
high  calibres  with  one  central  hole,  and  for 
the  medium  with  seven.     Large-grained  can- 
non-powder is  used  in  shell-guns,  whilst  the 
usual  classes  of  small-grained  powder  is  used 
with  small-arms  and  for  shell-charges.     Pris- 
matic powder  is  invariably  used  for  battering- 
cliarges  in  all  calibres,  the  gradation  with  re- 
gard to  time  of  burning  being  obtained  by 
the  holes  pierced  through   the   grains :    slow  powder,  solid ; 
medium,  one  hole ;  quick,  seven  holes. 


PROJECTILES. 


The  projectiles  used  in  the  German  Navy  are  shot,  shell, 
case-shot,  and  shrapnel.  Shot  are  either  solid  or  hollow  for  the 
lighter  calibres,  and  hollow  for  the  heavy  ones.  They  are  of 
ordinary  cast-iron,  chilled  cast-iron,  and  steel,  the  solid  shot 
being  invariably  made  of  ordinary  cast-iron.  They  are  of  two 


Chilled  Shot.      Common 
Shell. 

27-cm.  Gun. 


15-cm.  Gun. 


8-cm. 


different  types,  according  to  the  style  of  rifling  arrangement. 
In  the  earlier  patterns,  all  projectiles  were  provided  with  a  lead 
belt  extending  from  the  shoulder  to  within  about  two  inches 
of  the  base.  To  receive  and  hold  this  jacket,  broad  shallow 
grooves  were  cut  around  the  circumference  of  the  projectile, 
the  ridges  left  having  slots  cut  through  them  at  intervals  to  re- 
sist the  tendency  of  the  jacket  to  slew  around.  The  jacket  was 


266  GERMANY. 

moulded  around  the  projectile  and  zinc-soldered.  Correspond- 
ing with  the  grooves  in  the  projectile,  there  were  grooves  in 
the  jacket  to  receive  the  overflow  of  metal  forced  back  when 
the  projectile  took  the  rifling. 

In  the  late  patterns,  instead  of  a  jacket,  two  rings  are  used ; 
the  forward  one  being  for  centring  or  holding  steady  the 
head  of  the  projectile,  and  the  rear  and  larger  one  for  rifling. 
This  rear  one  is  provided  with  grooves  to  receive  the  overflow 
of  metal.  Both  rings  are  copper.  The  steel  and  chilled  shot 
are  very  similar  in  appearance. 

Shell  are  similar  in  exterior  shape  and  appointment  to  shot, 
and  are  all  made  of  ordinary  cast-iron.  Double  shell  (see 
English  Ordnance)  are  used  with  the  17-cm.  and  15-cm. 
calibres. 

Case-shot  are  of  the  ordinary  pattern. 

Shrapnel  are  only  used  with  boat-guns,  and  are  similar  in 
construction  to  the  English.  (See  English  Ordnance.) 

Solid  shot  are  used  only  with  the  17-cm.  and  15-cm.  guns. 

Case-shot  are  not  used  with  boat-guns. 

Hollow-shot,  shell,  and  case-shot  are  used  with  all  the 
liigher  calibres. 

Fuses  are  not  used  with  hollow-shot,  the  bases  of  which  are 
•closed  by  a  gun-metal  screw-plug. 

FUSES. 

Both  percussion  and  time  fuses  are  used  in  the  shells  of  all 
calibres.  The  percussion-fuse  consists  of  a  plunger  having  a 
fire-hole  through  the  centre  and  surmounted  by  a  pointed  an- 
vil. This  is  dropped  into  the  fuse-hole  of  the  shell,  and  hangs 
on  a  shoulder  in  the  wall  of  the  fuse-hole.  Even  with  the 
point  of  the  anvil  a  hole  is  bored  through  the  wall  of  the  shell 


German  Percussion-Fuse. 

horizontally,  into  which  a  pin  is  inserted  whose  inner  end 
covers  the  anvil  and  keeps  it  from  going  forward.  A  gun- 
metal  case  screws  into  the  end  of  the  fuze-hole,  and  into  this 
screws  a  small  cap  carrying  the  fulminating  composition. 
When  the  gun  is  fired  the  centrifugal  force  throws  the  pin 
out,  and  when  the  projectile  strikes  the  plunger  rides  forward 


GERMANY.  267 


against  the  fulminate  and  explodes  it.  The  fulminate-cap  and 
the  pin  are  not  inserted  until  the  projectile  is  brought  to  the 
gun,  the  mouth  of  the  fuse-hole  being  kept  sealed  by  a  wafer. 
The  Krupp  time-fuse  consists  of  a  gun-metal  body  which 


German  Time-Fuse. 

screws  into  the  fuse-hole  and  has  two  chambers.  The  lower 
one,  containing  the  blowing-charge,  opens  into  the  shell.  It 
is  solid  to  the  rear,  except  a  diagonal  channel  on  one  side  which 
is  pierced  up  and  opens  on  a  small  table  which  carries  the  fuse- 
composition  disc.  The  latter  is  circular  and  on  the  principle 
of  the  Bormann  fuse,  its  exterior  wall  being  marked  for  sec- 
onds and  fractions.  The  upper  chamber  of  the  fuse  is  open  at 
its  upper  extremity  and  closed  at  the  lower,  except  several 
side  channels  leading  to  the  composition-disc.  In  the  bottom 
of  this  chamber  is  a  pointed  anvil.  The  fuse-cap  is  ogival  and 
screws  over  the  upper  chamber,  fitting  tightly  down  on  the 
composition  disc.  In  this  cap  is  a  plunger  loaded  with  fulmi- 
nating composition  at  its  lower  end,  and  suspended  by  five 
small  tenons.  The  composition  is  ignited  by  the  percussion 
part  of  the  fuse  on  firing.  A  safety-pin  passes  through  the 
fuse-cap  and  plunger,  and  is  withdrawn  when  the  shell  is 
brought  to  the  gun. 

i 

PKIMERS. 

Friction  primers  are  used  altogether.  These  are  of  the 
same  type  as  those  used  with  English  guns.  (See  English 
Ordnance.) 

SIGHTS. 

The  sights  used  with  naval  guns  are  all  of  the  tangent 
pattern,  and  all  except  the  boat-guns  are  provided  with  sights 
on  both  sides.  The  socket  for  the  tangent-sight  is  bored 
through  the  breech-piece,  the  upper  part  having  steel  or  bronze 
bushing  and  a  clamp-screw  passing  through  at  right  angles. 
The  sight  is  cylindrical,  with  a  flat  rear  surface  on  which  is 
marked  elevations  to  sixteenths  of  degrees.  On  the  left  cylin- 
drical side,  elevations  for  every  100  metres  are  marked  for  com- 


GERMANY. 


mon  shell,  and  on  the  right  for  chilled  or  steel  shot.     The  head' 
of  the  sight  consists  of  a  rectangular  cross-head  fastened  to  the 


A 


Sight-Bush  and  Clamp 


Rear-Sight. 


Front-Sight. 


top  of  the  bar,  in  whose  upper  surface  a  swallow-tailed  groove^ 
is  cut  in  which  travels  the  sight-notch.  On  the  face  of  the 
cross-head,  gradations  of  sixteenths  of  a  degree  corresponding  to- 
elevations  are  marked,  and  the  sight-notch  carries  a  small 
pointer.  The  gradations  are  marked  each  way  so  as  to  account 


Rear-Sight  for  Light  Guns. 


for  drift  and  deviation  to  the  right  or  left.  The  forward  sight 
is  cylindrical,  with  a  conical  point,  and  screws  into  the  trunnion- 
hoop.  Sights  for  boat-guns  differ  in  having  gradations  only 
on  the  rear  face,  and  the  sliding  leaf  works  by  an  endless 
screw.  These  sights  are  all  vertical.  With  some  boat-guns, 
however,  the  tangent-sight  is  placed  at  a  permanent  angle  of 
deflection,  in  which  case  there  is  no  sliding  leaf. 


ITALY. 


269 


ITALIAN  ORDNANCE. 


| 

LENGTH. 

WEIGHT. 

NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

, 

Over  all. 

Rifled  Bore. 

Powder  Chamber. 

Number  of  Grooves 

Twist  of  Rifling. 

Gun  entire,  includ- 
ing Breech-block. 

1  Preponderance. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Calib. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

f43  cm  

17 

392 

311.3 

52 

27 

A 

222,300 

9,980 

|       28    "    New  Model.... 

11 

173 

120.5 

24.4 

9 

& 

55,800 



3 

a       28    "    Old         "    .... 

11 

173 

119 

26 

8 

Sff 

55,800 

.... 

||     25     "    No.  1  Long.... 

10.1 

173.2 

119.1 

26 

7 

A 

40,100 

.... 

~C3"3   J 

£|    25    "         "     Short  .  . 

10.1 

167.6 

113.9 

26 

7 

?5 

40,400 

.... 

2       25    "    No.  2  

10.1 

156.1 

111.1 

14 

8 

55 

27,000 

620 

I        22    " 

9 

156.1 

105.6 

19.7 

6 

A 

28,260 

20     "     

8 

130 

88.6 

15.8 

6 

45 

15,680 

805 

•s  ,  _.  f!6    "  Wrought-iron  | 

-is  ^                                        i 

6.5 

142.1 

104 

13.8 

6 

42.5 

11,440 

1,065 

JTube             ) 

11     16     «     

6.5 

126.7 

94.1 

13,9 

6 

42.5 

7,920 

924 

-7  ri  -{   12      "       

4.7 

70.4 

19.7 

27 

2,640 

59.4 

2.95 

70.1 

52.4 

10.2 

12 

48.6 

596 

79.2 

IHj 

r  s  "  . 

3.4 

45.3 

9.8 

6 

25 

726 

S*£ 

|1|J 

*-     j^      g         K 

3  4 

31.9 

3.5 

6 

25 

240 

fAJjf 

--S-=-jl2    "     

4  77 

73.3 

6.3 

6 

27 

2,948 

270 


ITALY. 


ITALIAN  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


,    . 

PROJECTILES.                 POWDER  CHARGE. 

NAME,  NATURE,  AND 

1 

'c  :-         Weight  Com- 
*£               plete. 

Bursting 
Charge. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

6 

<> 

Weight  of 

•sl 

II    - 

S3            02 

Chilled. 

j 

1 

2 

1  i 

-!     t 

Common. 

Ordinary. 

f 

I 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs.  Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

r  43  era  

2000 

37 

471 

1 

28    "    New  Model.  ...  17,820 

52 

528 

528    200 

„ 

* 

95 

95 

66 

m 

28    "    Old         "    .  .  .  .  17,820 

52 

528 

530   200 

5.726 

95 

95 

66 

It 

25    "    No.  1   Long...  15,750 

44 

294 

300    188 

5 

M 

77 

77 

53 

f- 

25    "          "    Short...  15,590 

46 

294 

300    188 

5 

24 

77 

77 

53 

25    "    No.  2...  12,620     42 

288 

284    135 

3.3 

18 

64 

64 

42 

22    "    12  620 

42 

248 

252 

99 

9  9 

19 

60 

60 

37 

* 

20    ".                           .    7.480 

34 

156 

150 

79 

1  3 

9  7 

44 

44 

24 

a     .  f!6    "  Wrought-iron  ) 
liE  \                                         I    4,540 

46 

65 

33 

2.3 

20 

20 

7 

8 

ih' 

Tube  ) 

^s.2 

16     "                                          1  287 

66 

„„ 

„    q 

7  7 

g 

§JS  ^ 

[ 

35 

a  6 

5  5 

0  <> 

iffl-2 
•< 

[ 

111 

u.- 

477  4 

g 

9 

5 

1  5 

1  4 

wa.2 

Hj 

587.4 

•• 

.... 

9 

9.25 

.7 

1.2 

1.2 

Hi 

176 

9 

4  \ 

7 

7 

1 

fir" 

f 

Pj 

12    " 

550 

*  * 

»  •  •  • 

26  22.6 

3.1 

.... 

3.3 

2.2 

ITALY. 


271 


ITALIAN  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED  ) 


INITIAL  VELOCITY. 

WORKING  EFFECT. 

d 

5 

REMARKS. 

NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

Chilled. 

Common. 

Chilled. 

j 

Cast-iron  Bronze  Bronze  Armstrong  Cast-iron 
Muzzle-  Muzzle-  Breech-  Breech-  Muzzle-  Armstrong  pattern  Muzzle- 
loader,  loaders.  loader.  loader.  loaders.  loaders. 

'43cm  

Ft. 
1,584 

1.312 
1,312 
1,410 
1,410 
1,410 
1,476 
1,476 

Ft. 

1,312 
1,312 
1,399 
1,399 
1,420. 
1,476 
1,509 

1,525 
1,026 

1,368 

1,312 
1,040 
764 
1,095 

Ft.  Tons. 
34,550 

6,300 
6,262 
5,369 
5,369 
3,952 
3,731 
2,345 

Ft.  Tons. 

6,300 
6,330 
5,390 
5,390 
3,970 
3,790 
2,345 

1,066 
483 

457 

97.5 
63.4 
33.8 
12 

In. 

22.8 

12.1 
12.1 
11.7 
11.7 
10 
10.3 
8.7 

28    "    New  Model... 
28    "    Old 
25    "    No.  1  Long  
25    "         "    Short.. 
25    "    No.  2  

22    "     

120     " 

16    "  Wrought-iron  ) 
Tube  f 
16    "     

' 
12    " 

I 

L  

i 

(8    " 

6- 

{    

272  ITALY — GREECE — HOLLAXD — JAPAN. 


ITALIAN  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 

The  standard  Italian  naval  ordnance  is  the  Armstrong 
muzzle-loader.  There  are  some  batteries  of  breech-loaders 
of  the  French  type,  and  now  that  the  Armstrong  100-ton 
gun  has  become  a  part  of  the  standard  ordnance,  the  govern- 
ment have  ordered  them  made  breech-loading  with  the  Arm- 
strong breech  mechanism.  The  guns  are  to  be  provided  with 
arrangements  for  both  breech  and  muzzle  loading.  With 
the  breech-loading,  as  the  block  is  turned  to  unlock  it,  a  grip 
on  the  end  of  a  hydraulic  piston  in  rear  takes  in  a  slot  in  the 
block,  and  when  the  latter  is  unlocked,  a  movement  of  the  pis- 
ton to  the  rear  withdraws  it  from  the  gun  to  a  small  car  having 
a  transverse  motion  by  which  the  block  is  carried  sideways  so 
as  to  unmask  the  bore.  An  iron  cylinder  is  then  inserted  and 
pushed  up  to  the  rear  of  the  powder-chamber  as  a  loading- 
plate,  guarding  the  screw-threads  from  injury.  The  charge, 
being  raised  by  a  hydraulic  press  in  the  usual  manner,  is  forced 
home  by  a  hydraulic  rammer,  and  the  breech-block  is  closed  by 
its  car  and  piston.  The  Gatling  gun  is  used,  and  there  has 
been  an  attempt  to  introduce  the  Albertini  machine-gun, 
which  is  used  in  the  army.  Although  of  native  manufacture, 
it  has  not  as  yet  been  received  with  much  favor,  being  still 
too  complicated  in  its  mechanism,  although  the  instrument  is 
not  as  yet  perfected. 

GREEK  ORDNANCE. 

The  armament  of  the  Greek  Navy  is  exclusively  of  Arm- 
strong muzzle-loaders. 

DUTCH  ORDNANCE. 

The  standard  naval  ordnance  of  Holland  is  at  present  the 
Krupp  type.  Many  of  their  vessels  have  batteries  of  Arm- 
strong muzzle-loaders,  and  there  are  a  few  Finspong  guns. 
The  Hotchkiss  machine-gun  has  been  adopted  for  torpedo 
defence.  (See  page  305.) 

JAPANESE  ORDNANCE. 

The  standard  Japanese  naval  ordnance  is  the  Krupp. 
There  are  a  few  batteries  of  Armstrong  muzzle-loaders,  but 
none  are  now  purchased. 


NORWAY   AND   SWEDEN. 


273 


SWEDISH  ORDNANCE. 


LENGTH. 

\ 

WEIGHT. 

j 

^ 

i£ 

S| 

NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

i 

2 

2 

u 

I 

1 

| 

\ 

J 

i 

! 

Kj 

III 

a 

3 

o 

R 

(2 

i 

H 

PQ 

In. 

In.            In. 

In. 

Cal. 

Lbs.- 

Lbs. 

.cj-i'aj     f27  cm 

10  8 

210         1R9 

30  3 

^ 

29  2 

52088 

770 

X  w-d 

i  -  •'• 

5  .5       24   " 

9  4 

179           133 

26  6 

g 

29  3 

31  800 

528 

6  6 

135 

89  5 

16.8 

29  8 

12,000 

170 

§i,-.r 

•T  •••=£.    12     « 

4.6 

102 

97 

13  6 

4 

40 

4,200 

III2    [ 

a  A      f!5  in 

15 

146 

.... 

•• 

43,000 

.... 

1||J 

ll-2  [  9  " 

9 

158 

38,000 

.... 

NORWEGIAN  ORDNANCE. 


i 

27  cm 

10  5 

162 

110.6 

20.5 

8 

55 

40,500 

1,- 

27  "       

10.5 

176 

120 

25 

8 

55 

43,400 

t»«  _ 

27  "    
20  "    

10.5 

8 

206 
130 

85.7 

18.8 

6 

50 

47,700 
16,700 

.... 

^ 

*-   •  aj 

fie  " 

6.6 

139 

85.7 

18.5 

3 

34.1 

11,000 

II  1 
111 

u»  

6.1 

123 

93.2 

10.8 

3 

34.1 

7,700 

!26  " 

10.2 

225 

160  5 

34 

60 

45 

48,400 

1,960 

Ml- 

fl|| 

15  " 

5-9 

152 

112 

22.6 

36 

45 

8,800 

304 

274 


NORWAY  AND   SWEDEN. 


SWEDISH  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

i 

CARRIAGE. 

PROJECTILES. 

j 

53 

|1 

*p 
P 

Complete  Weight.  Bursting  Chai-ge. 

Chilled. 

Common. 

1 

j 

xj-T      f27  cm 

Lbs. 
127 

220 
403 

85 

253 
53 

Lbs. 
23,076 

5,370 
2,105 

2,105 

Lbs. 
23,076 

2,200 
900 

In. 
49 

45 

40 

41 

31 
31 

Lbs. 
475 

317 
107 

430 
150 

Lbs. 
396 

220 
76.5 

34 

340 

112 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 
23.2 

9.3 
3.7 

2.2 

14 
5.8 

f|| 
*,J       24    ••    .. 

lit  1 

2|||  [16   "   

Ilfl.u  -  .. 
irf*  I 

SA  .  f!5  in... 

ill 
|P1§-    

NORWEGIAN  ORDNANCE— (CONTINUED.) 


one  Mu/zle- 
)aders. 

27  cm  
27    "    
27    "    

1,340 
440 
403 

6,720 
7,600 

8,000 

28 
38 

385 
385 

308 
308 

6 
6 

21 
21 

| 

20   " 

761 

7000 

7000 

39 

149 

149 

1  76 

10  1 

246 

1,880 

2,150 

43 

82.5 

3.3 

•hL 

111 

15    «    

246 

1  000 

2300" 

43 

58 

3 

756 

20,608 

20,608 

52 

462 

380 

59.4 

21 

Si! 

.15    "    

160 

5,600 

5,600 

41 

86 

70 

1.1 

5 

NORWAY   AND   SWEDEN. 


275 


SWEDISH  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

POWDEB 

CHARGE. 

INITIAL  VELOCITY. 

WORKING  EFFECT. 

a 
o 

REMARKS. 

a 

| 

I 

| 

i 

i 

0 

I 

O 

8 

"3 

0 

1 

'i 

I 

1 

ill 

r27cm  

Lbs. 
98 

Lbs. 
66 

Feet. 
1,364 

Feet. 

F't  Tons. 
6,153 

F't  Tons. 

In. 
12 

1 

Cast-iron  Rifled  Bl 
Cast-iron  Muzzle-  loaders, 
Smooth-  louder,  iron  with 
bores.  Riile.  hoops. 

24  "   
,16  "   

59.4 
23.3 

6.5 

50.1 

24.8 

37.4 
17.6 

4.4 

35 
17  6 

1,882 

1,377 

1,213 

1,476 
1,591 

1,456 

3,763 
1,414 

3,333 

1,347 

509 

10 
7.36 

,  Finspong 
'    Rifles. 

. 

[15  in  

NORWEGIAN  ORDNANCE— (CONTINUED.) 


1 

27  cm  

66 

38.5 

1,302 

1,148 

4,541 

3,156 

10.5 

Hg 

£§- 
PI 

27  "    

27  " 

71.5 

38.5 

1,371 

1,148 

5,032 

3,156 

11 

r 

20  "    

29.7 

19.8 

1,364 

1,148 

1,938 

1,360 

7.9 

1 

fa  •  j 

[16  "    .. 

22 

11 

1,138 

742 

7.1 

is  S 
sB-S- 

15" 

7  1 

1  115 

404 

"26  " 

99 

81.4 

1,584 

1,584 

7,933 

6,644 

14 

ti|< 

*£l 

18.7 

18.7 

1,590 

1,640 

1,528 

8 

276  NORWAY   AND    SWEDEN. 


NORWEGIAN  AND  SWEDISH  ORDNANCE, 

The  Norwegian  ordnance  is  both  smooth-bore  and  rifled, 
the  smooth-bore  guns  being  of  the  Rodman  (see  page  283)  and 
the  rifles  of  the  Krupp  style.  The  Swedes  manufacture  their 
own  breech-loaders,  having  chosen  for  their  standard  the 
French  type  of  cast-iron  body  reinforced  by  steel  hoops.  These 
guns,  known  as  the  Finspong  breech-loaders,  have  proved  very 
satisfactory,  the  Swedish  cast-iron  being  second  only  to  Amer- 
ican in  excellence.  The  breech-blocks  and  steel  hoops  for 
these  guns  are  all  made  in  France.  Two  types  of  machine- 
guns,  which  have  found  general  favor  in  Europe,  are  of 
Swedish  invention. 


The  Nordenfeldt  Machine- Gun. 

This  gun,  which  has  been  experimented  with  in  the  English 
Navy,  is  intended  as  a  defence  against  torpedo-boats.     It  has 

four  barrels  placed  in  line,  having  a 
calibre  of  one  inch,  to  fire  a  half- 
pound  steel  projectile.  The  projec- 
tiles are  placed  in  guides  behind  the 
rear  of  the  barrels,  and  by  the  move- 
ment of  a  lever  are  sent  into  the 
chamber,  fired,  and  the  empty  shell 
extracted.  Gearing  worked  by  hand- 
wheels  gives  elevation  and  direction.  The  fire  is  rapid  from 
this  gun,  and  the  results  have  been  excellent  for  penetration. 
Weight  of  the  gun  complete,  about  1000  pounds. 

The  P aimer antz  Machine- Gun. 

The  Palmcrantz  mitrailleuse  is  a  machine-gun  for  firing 
small-arm  ammunition.  It  has  ten  barrels  placed  side  by  side 
and  secured  in  a  frame,  the  rear  ends  of  the  barrels  being 
screwed  into  a  single  bar-transom,  behind  which  the  lock  me- 
chanism is  placed  in  a  flat  rectangular  box.  The  system  is 
mounted  on  a  swivel  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  it  free  motion 
for  elevating  and  depressing  or  sweeping.  An  eccentric  cam 
attached  to  the  crank-axle  can  be  thrown  into  gear,  by  means 
of  which  the  barrels  are  given  an  automatic  sweep  through  a 
small  arc.  The  whole  gun  is  compact  and  light.  Each  barrel 
has  a  separate  feeder,  so  that  the  velocity  of  discharge  is  very 
great,  the  barrels  being  fired  in  succession. 


EUSSIA. 


277 


EUSSIAN  ORDNANCE. 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

1 

Length  over  all. 

-5 

0 

•2 

30 
36 
32 
32 
30 
24 
30 
24 
10 
12 

"X 

° 

H 

70 

00 
00 
00 
45 
00 
45 

40 

Weight  of  Gun,  includ- 
ing Breech-block. 

i 

Weight  of  Upper  Car- 
riage. 

PROJECTILES. 

Complete  Weight. 

s 

Chilled. 

j 

1  Bronze  Rifled  Krupp  Russian  pattern  steel  Breech- 
American  pattern  cast-iron  Smooth-bore  Muzzle-loaders.  Muzzle-loaders  loaders. 

£ 

8 
4 

4 

f20 
15 
15 
10^ 
60 
60 
30 
3G 
36 
30 
30 
30 
30 
.30 

12  in..  

11  " 

In. 

12 

11 
9 
9 
8 
6 
8 
6 
4.2 
3.4 
4 
3  4 

In. 
240.8 

219 
180 
156 
175 
140 
175 
146 

70 

Lbs. 
89,173 

57:280 
33,150 
29,920 
19,820 
9,370 
17,570 
10,090 
1,738 
792 
1,650 
809 

865 

96,360 
72,160 
43,340 
26,180 
10,780 
7,040 
7,040 
5,610 
4,590 
4,240 
6,864 

Lbs. 
1,958 

0 
440 
748 
440 
352 
792 
1,078 

88 

0 
1,078 
1,333 

792 

Lbs. 
10,604 

4,686 
3,508 
4,868 
3,S22 
693 
739 
666 
603 

603 

6,270 

2,220 
1,518 
1,518 
1,210 
990 
790 
1,408 
1,188 
1,528 

Lbs. 
649 

495 
270 
270 
180 
96 
180 
96 

(     Cast- 
\  Round 

1,000 
440 
440 
160 
57.7 
57.7 
40 
40 
40 
40 
32 
32 
32 
32 

Lbs. 

462 
264 
264 
191 

85.4 
191 
85.4 

iron      ) 
Shot.    ) 

1,000 
440 
440 
160 
57.7 
57.7 
40 
40 
40 
40 
32 
32 
32 
32 

Lbs. 
644 

439 
267 
267 
172 
84 
182 
84 
24 
14 
26 
11.5 

13.5 

373 
373 

43 
43 
29 
29 
29 
29 
26 
26 
26 
26 

9  "  

9  "  

8  "  

6  "  

8  " 

6  " 

9  pdr  . 

4    "    

pdr  

3  4 

in    

20 
15 
15 
10.75 
7.6 
7.6 
6.8 
6  8 

180 
170 
168 
135 

"    new  
"    old  

pdr.     No.  1  
"         "2  
"         u    1  
"          "2  

"3.... 
"4  
"    1  

6.8 
6.8 
6.4 

"2  

6  4 

5,214 
4,330 
1,770 

"         "    3 

6  4 

"    4.   ... 

6.4 

.... 

278 


RUSSIA. 


KUSSIAN  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

PROJECTILKS. 

POWDER  CHARGE. 

INITIAL 
VELOC'Y. 

Working  Effect. 

1 

Bursting  Charge. 

1J 
Is 

Common  Shells. 

o 

Saluting. 

j 

! 

3 

! 

j 

I-  Bronze  Rifled  Krupp  Russian  pattern  steel  Breech- 
American  pattern  cast-iron  Smooth-bore  Muzzle-loaders.  Muzzle-loaders.  loaders. 

' 

i 
•- 

8 
4 

4 

•20 
15 
15 

109 

oo 

(SO 
36 
3fi 
30 
36 
30 
30 
30 
.30 

12  in  
11  "  
9"  

Lbs. 

12 
7 
7 
5 

Lbs. 

7 
4.5 
4.5 
2 
1.8 
2 
1.8 

Lbs. 
16 

13.5 
9.5 
9.5 
6.2 
3 
6 
3 
1 
5 

Lbs. 
121 

82.5 
47 
43 
28.5 
18 
22.5 
14.4 

Lbs. 

2.7 
1.5 
3.6 
1.5 

2 

45 
45 

Lbs. 
58.5 

41.2 
23.4 
23.4 
14.2 
10.8 
14.2 
10.8 
2.5 
1.5 
3.6 
1.5 

1.8 

27 
27 

Lbs. 

9 
7.2 
7.2 
7.2 
4.5 
7.2 
4.5 
2.7 
1.5 
3.6 
1.5 

1.8 

9 
9 
0 

Feet. 
1,446 

1,205 
1,341 
1,276 
1,404 
1,335 
1,246 

1,207 
Common 
1,049 
Common 
1,003 

Common 
1,000 

Ft.  Tons. 
9,408 

5,844 
3,365 
3,043 
2,463 
1,188 
1,938 
972 
181 
96 

77 

In. 
14.1 

11.6 
9.8 
9.3 
9.0 
7.1 
7.8 
6.4 

9  "  

8  "  

6  " 

8  "  .. 

5 

6  u  . 

9pdr. 

4    "  

pdr  

1  5 

8 

(t 

1 

(   Cast-   ) 
J    iron    f 
1  Round  f 

(   Shot.  ) 

117 
67.5 
67.5 
36 
14.5 
10.8 
8 
8 
6.2 
5.5 
9 

in  

1,118 
1,184 
971 

8,581 
4,263 

2,872 

.... 

"    new  
"    old  
4" 

10.75 
10.75 

pdr.     No.  1  

•• 

1.8 
1.8 
1 
1 
1 
1 
8 

•• 

10 
2.6 
2 
2 
1.6 
1.4 
2  3 

4.5 
4.5 
3.6 
3.6 
3.6 
3.6 
9  7 

.... 

"2  
"    1  
it         "    2      . 

"    3..  .. 
"         "4  

"         •«    i 

"2  
"    3  
"    4  

•• 

.8 
.8 
.8 

6.7 
5 
3.5 

•• 

1.7 
1  2 

2.7 

9  7 

.... 

.... 

•• 

.9 

2.7 

.... 

EUSSIA — PERU — PORTUGAL.  279 


RUSSIAN  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.)        • 

The  standard  type  of  Russian  ordnance  is  the  Krupp 
breech-loader,  manufactured  in  their  own  workshops,  and 
slightly  modified  in  some  few  details  of  guns  and  carriages. 
Some  of  their  monitors  are  armed  with  the  Rodman  type  of 
15-inch  smooth-bore.  During  the  first  period  of  the  develop- 
ment of  rifled  guns  the  Russians  adopted  the  Armstrong 
muzzle-loader,  and  shortly  afterward  they  passed  to  the  French 
breech-loader,  there  being  still  several  armaments  of  these  types 
in  the  wooden  fleet ;  but  all  types  have  been  superseded  by  the 
Krupp.  The  circular  iron-clads  having  their  guns  firing  en 
barbette,  are  worked  on  depressing  carriages  of  Russian  inven- 
tion. 

The  Razkazoff  Depression-Carnage. 

This  carriage  consists  of  a  heavy  bed-plate,  at  the  forward 
end  of  which  is  a  heavy  solid  axle  forming  a  turning-point  for 
two  solid  cast  arms,  the  upper  ends  of  which  form  seats  for  the 
trunnions.  Connected  to  these  arms 
are  the  piston-rods  of  hydraulic  recoil 
cylinders.  The  breech  of  the  gun  is 
supported  by  auxiliary  arms,  the  bot- 
tom rests  of  which  are  mounted  on 
screws  in  such  a  manner  that  they 
may  be  traversed  through  short  lengths, 
thus  elevating  or  depressing  the  gun.  When  the  gun  is  down 
in  its  loading  position  these  arms  may  be  freely  traversed,  and 
the  desired  elevation  be  thus  attained  before  raising  the  gun 
for  firing.  Both  the  Palmcrantz  and  the  Hotchkiss  machine- 
guns  are  used. 

PERUVIAN   ORDNANCE. 

The  naval  ordnance  of  Peru  consists  of  a  few  smooth-bores 
of  the  Rodman  type  and  some  Armstrong  muzzle-loaders  of 
the  original  type.  They  also  have  two  or  three  Whitworth 
muzzle-loaders.  The  machine-guns  are  Gatlings. 

PORTUGUESE  ORDNANCE. 

The  Portuguese  Navy  has  a  few  Krupp  breech-loaders,  but 
the  wooden  fleet  is  for  the  greater  part  armed  with  Armstrong 
muzzle-loaders. 


280  SPAIN — TURKEY. 


SPANISH  ORDNANCE. 

The  greater  part  of  the  Spanish  fleet  is  armed  with  Arm- 
strong muzzle-loaders,  but  medium-calibred  steel  guns  of  the 
French  type  are  now  manufactured  in  their  own  government 
workshops,  some  of  which  have  been  introduced  into  the  navy, 
and  it  is  supposed  that  at  least  for  medium  calibres  this  type 
will  be  the  standard.  There  are  some  Krupp  armaments,  but 
these  are  exceptional.  The  Gatling  machine-gun  is  used. 

TURKISH  ORDNANCE. 

The  greater  part  of  the  ordnance  of  the  Turkish  fleet  is  of 
the  Armstrong  muzzle-loading  pattern,  although  there  is  a 
preference  for  Krupp  armaments,  which  are  used  to  replace 
the  original  type  of  Armstrong  guns.  The  Gatling  machine- 
gun  is  used. 

EUROPEAN  SYSTEMS. 

Of  the  breech-loading  systems  of  Europe  there  are  at 
present  but  two  distinct  types  in  use — the  French  and  the 
Krupp — the  latter  being  the  one  at  present  most  fully  repre- 
sented, it  being  the  standard  ordnance  of  Germany,  Russia, 
Austria,  Denmark,  and  Holland. 

The  French  type  is  the  standard  of  France,  Spain,  Sweden, 
and,  as  may  now  be  claimed,  Italy.  Armstrong,  whose  artil- 
lery is  almost  as  fully  represented  as  Krupp's,  has  adopted  the 
French  type,  and  this  will  in  all  probability  make  this  type 
the  standard  in  those  countries  who  purchase  guns  instead  of 
manufacturing  them. 

The  muzzle-loading  types  were  abolished  by  all  the  manu- 
facturing nations  of  Europe  except  England  by  1864,  although 
the  prestige  of  Armstrong's  ordnance  has  kept  up  the  supply 
to  the  smaller  nations  to  the  present  time.  This  ordnance  has 
been  steadily  growing  in  disfavor,  and  the  latest  development 
in  rifled  ordnance  (enlarging  the  powder-chamber)  will  proba- 
bly lead  to  its  disuse. 


UNITED   STATES. 


281 


UNITED  STATES  ORDNANCE. 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND 
CLASSIFICATION. 

GUN. 

Weight  of  Carriage. 

Weight  of  SUde. 

1 

*o 

Calibre. 

CM 
0 
t.  u 

*g 
•°0 

£2 

PCS 

M 

Twist  of  Rifling. 

Weight. 

« 
• 

i2 
| 

| 

M 

l 

S. 
1 

X 

j 

a; 

8-inch  converted 

In. 
136 

130 
105 

65.6 
55 

In. 

8 

6.4 
5.3 
4.2 
3.7 
4 
3.4 
6.4 
5.3 
4.2 
4 
3.7 
3 
3 

15 
11 
9 

8 
6.4 

5.8 

4.6 
4.6 

15 
9 
7 
5 
5 
3 
3 
9 
7 
5 
6 
5 
16 
16 

Weig 
Sh 
Lt 

45( 

16( 
91 
6, 
3 

(Sh 
Gu 

1 

Feet. 

40 

& 

A 
A 

T°* 

12fc 

10 

A 

T°B 
T°* 

12fc 

A 
?H 

7^ 

htof 
ot. 

)S. 

) 
5 

) 
) 

2.5 

,,,( 

08.      \ 

Lbs. 
17350 

9,700 
5,400 
3,550 
1,750 
1,350 
880 
10,166 
5,270 
3,428 
1,340 
1,740 
500 
350 

43,000 
16,000 
9,000 
6,500 
4,500 
1,310 

760 
430 

Lbs. 
3,790 

1,300 
1,970 
1,970 
802 
802 
482 
1,300 
1,970 
1,970 
832 
826 
535 
450 

18,000 
3,790 
1,300 
860 
735 
730 

Boat 

482 

233 

Lbs. 
3,710 

j  Directing  J 
1       Bar       f 

it 

j      Boat     I 
(  Carriage  f 

j  Directing  |_ 
1       Bar      i 

j      Boat      J 
(  Carriage  f 

M 

j    Turret    j 
1  Carriage  f 

3,710 
Marsilly 

Field 

487 

331 

100-pdr    Parrott                .  .   . 

60-pdr           "          

30-pdr.          "          
20-pdr.          "          

20-pdr  Dahlgren 

12-pdr.  bronze  

80-pdr  converted 

60-pdr           " 

30-pdr           " 

20-pdr  bronze  converted 

20-pdr.  converted  
7-pdr.  bronze,  heavy  
7-pdr.        "       light  

'  15-inch  

146 
131 

107 
96 
92 

'  58 

55 

50 

11-inch  

9-inch 

8-inch 

32-pdr                      

24-pdr  bronze  

12-pdr.        "       heavy  
12-pdr.        "        light  

282 


UNITED   STATES. 


UNITED  STATES  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NAME,  NATURE,  AND  CLASSIFICATION. 

Weight  'of  Shell. 

Charge  of  Powder  in 
Shell. 

Powder  Charge. 

Initial  Velocity. 

Muzzle  Energy. 

f     8-inch  converted 

Lbs. 

180 

Lbs.   Ozs. 
10     0 

Lbs. 
35 

Feet. 
1  450 

Foot  Tons. 
2627 

8 

100-pdr  Parrott 

100 

3    11 

15 

1  080 

810 

= 
a 

60-pdr          " 

48 

2      2 

g 

1  320 

ii 

c 
—  - 

30-pdr          " 

29 

1      8 

314 

a 

*J 

20-pdr          "         ... 

18 

0    13 

2 

1 

a 

20-pdr    Dahlgren  

18 

1      0 

2 

* 

12-pdr  bronze  

12 

0      8 

1 

r  80-pdr  converted  

80 

3    11 

15 

1,250 

60-pdr.          "         
30-pdr           " 

50 
30 

6 
3V£ 

I 

18 

0      8 

2 

20 

2 

1  070 

K 

7-pdr.  bronze,  heavy  
7-pdr         "       light 

7 
7 

1 
5i 

1,087 
1,087 

63 
63 

'  15-inch  

352 

13      0 

100 

1,600 

7,997 

11-inch 

136 

6      0 

30 

1,062 

1.300 

9-inch 

74 

3      0 

13 

1,320 

847 

i 

8-inch               

53 

1     11 

7 

•zj 

32-pdr.  . 

27 

0    14 

6 

•7. 

24-pdr.  bronze  

23 

1      0 

2 

12-pdr         *'      heavy 

12 

1      0 

1 

12-pdr         "      light 

12 

1      0 

M 

UNITED   STATES. 


283 


UNITED  STATES  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


GUNS. 


In  the  United  States  Navy  both  smooth-bores  and  rifles 
are  used,  and  of  the  latter  both  muzzle  and  breech  loaders. 


Smooth-Sores. 

The  smooth-bore  guns  used  form  a  complete  range  of  cali- 
bres from  the  15-inch  to  the  6^-inch.  The  turret-guns,  which 
are  exclusively  of  the  15-inch  pattern,  are  of  the  Rodman 
type  of  construction,  of  cast-iron,  being  cast  on  a  core  and 


15-inch  Rodman  Gun  (Smooth -Bore). 


•cooled  from  the  interior.  The  exterior  surface  shows  no  sharp 
angles  and  no  muzzle-ring,  the  general  shape  being  that  of  a 
bottle  with  a  rounded  base.  The  chamber  of  the  gun  is  of 
two  types,  cylindrical  and  conical,  in  accordance  with  different 


9-inch  Dahlgren  (Smooth-Bore). 


dates  of  fabrication.  The  11-inch  guns  are  used  exclusively 
for  pivot-guns  of  first  and  second  class  corvettes,  and  it  is  this 
calibre  that  is  being  converted  into  8-inch  rifles,  the  intention 


284 


UNITED   STATES. 


being  to  so  transform  all  of  this  type.     These  guns  are  of  the 
Dahlgren  type  of  construction,  being  similar  in  shape  to  the 


12-pdr.  Bronze  (Smooth- Bore). 

15-inch  (with  the  exception  of  having  a  swell  at  the  muzzle), 
but  solid  cast.     These  guns  all  have  conical  chambers.     The 


100-pdr.  Parrott  M.  L.  R. 


9  and  8  inch  and  32-pdr.  are  broadside -guns,  and  are  similar  in 
construction  to  the  11-inch.     The  24-pdr.  and  two  classes  of 


20-pdr.  Bronze  M.  L.  R. 


12-pdr.  Bronze  M.  L.  R. 


12-pdrs.    are   of    bronze,   having   a   conical   exterior  surface. 
These  guns  are  used  as  light  upper-deck  guns  and  boat-guns. 


UNITED    STATES. 


285 


Rifled  Guns. 

The  muzzle-loading  rifled 
guns  are  of  three  patterns. 

1st.  The  8-inch  converted. 
These  guns  are  all  converted 
from  the  11-inch  smooth-bore 
on  the  Palliser  system  (see 
page  217),  the  length  of  bore 
being  slightly  increased  by 
cutting  back  at  the  breech. 

2d.  The  Parrott  type,  a 
compound  gun  consisting  of  a 
cast-iron  body  with  a  coiled 
wrought-iron  hoop  over  the 
powder-chamber.  These  guns 
were  introduced  into  the  ser- 
vice in  1860,  contemporaneous- 
ly with  the  first  development 
of  rifled  guns  in  Europe. 

As  early  as  1862,  guns  of 
this  type  with  a  calibre  of 
eight  inches  were  in  active 
service,  being  at  that  time  as 
powerful  as  any  guns  in  the 
world.  The  8-inch  calibre  has 
never  been  extensively  used  in 
the  service,  and  is  at  present 
obsolete. 

3d.  The  Dahlgren  type  of 
bronze  muzzle-loaders.  The 
20-pdr.  gun  of  this  type  is 
similar  in  shape  to  the  gen- 
eral smooth-bore  type,  slightly 
modified.  The  light  calibres 
are  similar  to  their  correspond- 
ing smooth-bores. 

Breech-Loaders. 

The  breech-loaders  with 
the  exception  of  the  bronze 
and  steel  boat-guns  are  as  yet 
entirely  converted  from  the 
muzzle-loaders  of  the  Parrott 
type.  In  this  conversion,  the 


286 


UNITED    STATES. 


coiled  hoop  is  removed,  the  cascabel  is  cut  off  to  the  powder- 
chamber,  and  the  rear  end  of  the  bore  as  far  forward  as  the 
trunnion  is  reamed  out  for  the  insertion  of  a  steel  tube,  having 


a  heavy  screw-thread  at  its  rear  end  by  which  it  is  secured  in 
the  casing.  The  old  rifling  is  then  carried  through  this  tube, 
leaving  the  calibre  unchanged.  The  coiled  hoop  is  replaced 
by  another  of  similar  type,  but  covering  a  longer  space.  The 


UNITED    STATES. 


287 


breech  mechanism  is  of  the  French  type,  with  Broadwell 
steel  gas-check  fixed  in  its  seat  in  the  gun.  The  breech-block 
is  provided  with  a  steel  nose-plate  of  the  diameter  of  the  face  of 
the  block,  and  having  a  copper  ring  countersunk  in  its  forward 
face  to  form  a  bearing  surface  against  the  rear  of  the  gas-check. 
The  nose-plate  is  secured  to  the  block  by  a  long  tenon  which 
passes  through  the  axis  of  the  block  and  is  secured  by  a  nut  at 
the  rear.  The  vent  is  bored  axially  through  this  tenon. 


and  is  of  two  types,  corresponding  to  date  of  fabrication,  for 
preventing  back-fire.  In  the  first,  a  small  steel  plate  covers 
the  forward  end  of  the  vent,  being  loosely  secured,  so 
that  on  firing  the  flame  escapes  past  the  edges  of  the  plate, 
but  the  back  pressure  holds  the  plate  close  over  the  vent ; 
the  action  being  precisely  similar  to  that  of  an  ordinary 
valve.  In  the  other  type,  the  forward  part  of  the  vent  is  re- 
duced in  size  until  just  large  enough  to  give  free  passage  to 


288  UNITED   STATES. 

the  flame,  giving  it  a  needle-point,  which  causes  the  flame  to 
pierce  well  into  the  cartridge.  The  back  pressure  is  neutral- 
ized in  this  manner,  as  it  reacts  before  the  forward  flame  pres- 
sure is  relieved.  It  is  intended  to  so  modify  the  firing  arrange- 
ment as  to  use  percussion  primers,  the  gun-lock  forming  the 
mask  to  the  vent.  The  crank  is  double,  there  being  a  verti- 
cal arm  having  at  its  upper  extremity  a  crank  and  a  pinion 
working  in  a  rack  on  the  face  of  the  breech.  The  swinging 
tray  for  the  breech-block  is  hinged  at  the  right  side  of  the 
breech,  while  at  the  left  side  is  hinged  a  loading-tray  having  a 
sliding  guard  on  it.  The  projectile  being  placed  on  this  guard 
and  the  tray  swung  around  to  face  the  bore,  on  pushing  for- 
ward the  projectile  the  guard  also  enters  the  breech-block  seat, 
bringing  up  against  the  gas-check,  and  thus  guarding  both  the 
check  and  the  screw-threads.  In  the  boat-guns  there  is  no 
loading-tray,  the  remainder  of  the  breech  mechanism  being  of 
the  same  type.  Boat-guns  are  both  of  steel  and  bronze,  being 
in  both  cases  made  of  a  single  block. 

Grooves. 

The  grooves  are  of  two  types.  Those  for  the  Parrott  and 
converted  guns  are  of  the  plain  rectangular  type,  the  rule 
for  their  number  and  size  being  that  they  shall  be  uneven  in 
number  to  bring  a  land  opposite  a  groove ;  lands  and  grooves 


Parrott  Groove.  Dahlgren  Groove. 

shall  be  equal  in  width,  and  grooves  for  all  calibres  shall  be  the 
same  depth — j-J-^-  of  an  inch.  Increasing  twist.  The  Dahlgren 
type  of  groove  is  similar  to  the  modified  French  groove  (see 
plate,  page  187),  there  being  three  only  of  a  regular  twist. 
These  grooves  are  found  only  in  the  Dahlgren  muzzle-loading 
bronze  boat-guns. 


UNITED   STATES.  289 


CARRIAGES. 

Naval  gun-carriages  are  built  of  plate-iron,  although  there 
are  still  a  few  wooden  carriages  and  slides  for  pivot-guns. 
Breechings  are  used  with  broadside-carriages,  except  in  the 
directing-bar  type. 

Boat-  Carriages. 

As  yet  the  designs  for  an  iron  boat-carriage  for  the  breech- 
loading  gun  are  not  finished.  The  wooden  carriage  in  use 
consists  of  a  double  wooden  slide,  the  bed,  or  lower  slide,  having 
pivot-centres  in  front  and  rear  and  being  slotted  through  the 


Wooden  Boat-Carriage. 

centre  for  the  compressor.  The  upper  slide  traverses  freely 
on  the  lower  one,  having  a  piece  projecting  from  its  lower 
face  into  the  slot  in  the  lower  slide  to  act  as  a  guide.  A  sec- 
ond heavy  piece,  used  as  a  compressor,  travels  along  the  lower 
face  of  the  slot,  and  is  held  in  position  by  screw-handles  work- 
ing on  threaded  shafts  which  are  tightened  or  loosened  readily 
by  hand.  The  upper  slide  holds  the  trunnion-rests,  which  are 
made  in  a  single  casting  with  a  bottom  plate  to  bolt  on  the 
slide. 

Field-  Carriages. 

The  field-carriages  are  of  two  types,  both  of  iron.  That  for 
the  muzzle-loader  consists  of  a  single  bar  to  which  the  axle  is 
bolted  and  stayed.  To  its  lower  end  is  bolted  an  iron  box  for 
a  trail-wheel  and  a  socket  for  a  directing  handspike.  A  small 
seat  for  the  elevating-screw  is  bolted  at  its  middle  on  top,  and 
at  the  forward  end  is  a  light  iron  frame  for  holding  two  am- 


292 


UNITED   STATES. 


munition-boxes.  The  field-carnage  for  the  breech-loader  con- 
sists of  two  plate-iron  brackets  connected  by  the  axle  and  three 
transoms.  The  lower  part  expands  into  a  box  for  the  trail- 
wheel,  and  the  end  is  finished  in  a  loop  for  a  drag-rope.  At 
the  forward  end  is  a  lug  for  attaching  a  caisson,  and  a  frame 


Iron  Field-Carriage  for  Muzzle-Loaders. 

on  the  axle  outside  of  the  brackets  on  each  side  for  ammunition- 
boxes.  The  elevating-screw  works  in  a  pivoting  screw-box. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  the  breech-loader  has  trunnions,  while 
the  muzzle-loader  has  only  a  lug,  making  the  forward  ends  of 
the  two  carriages  different  in  construction. 


Broadside  Marsilly  Carriage. 

The  Marsilly  or  rear- chock  carriage  is  the  type  used  with 
the  broadside  smooth-bore  guns.  It  consists  of  two  plate-iron 
brackets  with  a  transom  across  the  front  ends  and  a  bed-plate 
in  the  rear,  giving  a  support  for  the  elevating-screw,  and  being 
provided  with  two  brass  friction-shoes  resting  directly  on  deck. 
Holes  are  cut  in  the  brackets  to  lighten  them.  A  wooden 
breast-sweep  is  bolted  to  the  transom,  and  there  are  four  bolts 
for  hooking  tackles,  one  at  each  end  and  one  at  the  rear  of  each 
bracket.  This  carriage  differs  from  European  ones  in  the 
point  of  not  having  the  breeching  attached  to  it ;  the  latter  is 
secured  to  the  gun. 


UNITED   STATES. 

Broadside  Directing-Bar  Carriage. 


293 


The  directing-bar  carriage  is  a  broadside-carriage  which 
combines  the  compactness  of  broadside  types  with  the  advan- 
tages of  pivoting  and  checking  recoil  by  friction  instead  of 
breechings.  The  top  carriage  is  similar  in  type  to  the  Marsilly, 


Broadside  Marsilly  Carriage.    (Elevation.) 


differing  only  in  its  attachments.  Instead  of  using  an  ele- 
vating-screw (which  with  breech-loaders  of  medium  calibre  is 
unsafe),  elevation  is  secured  by  geared  racks.  A  rack  is  se- 
cured to  each  side  of  the  gun  and  travels  in  guides  in  a  similar 


Broadside  Marsilly  Carriage.    (Plan.) 


manner  on  both  sides ;  whilst,  however,  there  is  a  clamp  to  each 
rack,  there  is  but  one  hand-wheel  for  elevating,  on  tne  right 
side  of  the  carriage.  Just  in  rear  of  the  truck-axle,  a  heavy 
axle  is  secured  in  the  brackets,  carrying  on  its  centre  a  large 


294 


UNITED   STATES. 


UNITED    STATES.  295 

cogged  wheel,  and  just  inside  the  left  bracket  a  friction-drum 
with  a  gun-metal  friction-band  worked  by  a  lever  outside  the 
bracket.  The  lever  is  held  in  any  desired  position  by  a  rack, 
thus  regulating  compression.  A  stationary  double  block  is  se- 
cured to  the  transom,  and  a  single  bolt  to  "the  rear  of  the  bed- 
plate, for  convenience  in  hooking  a  tackle.  The  directing-bar 
consists  of  a  long  I  iron  having  a  pivot-centre  near  each  ex- 
tremity and  eye-bolts  at  each  end  for  hooking  training-tackles. 
A  treble  block  fixed  at  its  forward  end  serves  with  the  double 
block  on  the  carriage  for  reeving  an  out-tackle.  Along  the 
centre  of  the  bar  a  metal  rack  is  bolted,  in  which  the  cogged 
wheel  of  the  carriage  travels.  About  three  quarters  of  the 
distance  to  the  rear  are  secured  two  railroad  buffers,  which 
may  be  shifted  or  removed  at  will.  The  carriage  rests  with 
its  trucks  and  chocks  on  deck  ;  when  running  in  and  out  the 
chocks  may  be  lifted  from  the  deck  on  a  roller  handspike,  and 
in  shifting  from  one  port  or  pivot  to  another  the  carriage  may 
be  run  over  one  of  the  pivot-centres  and  then  lifted  with  the 
bar  entirely  clear  of  the  deck. 

Iron  Pivot-Carriage  and  Slide  for  \\-inch  Smooth-Bore. 

The  carriage  consists  of  two  plate-iron  brackets  with  one 
transom  and  two  bottom  plates  connected  by  angle-irons  to  the 
brackets.  The  forward  trucks  are  permanently  in  action,  the 
rear  ones  being  mounted  on  eccentric  axles.  At  the  rear  of 
the  brackets  are  loops  for  the  in  and  out  tackles,  and  secured  to 
the  rear  bed-plate  are  loops  for  a  preventer-breeching.  Two 
projecting  lips  protude  from  the  forward  bed-plate  beyond  the 
brackets,  forming  seats  for  a  screw-compressor.  The  slide  is 
made  up  of  two  heavy  double  T  bars  connected  by  bottom 
plates  and  rods.  It  is  mounted  on  eccentric  rollers,  and  both 
the  forward  and  rear  pivot-centres  are  in  the  bed-plates.  The 
compressors  (one  on  each  side)  are  of  the  ordinary  screw-press 
form,  composed  of  a  wrought-iron  frame  having  a  lip  on  its 
inner  lower  side  which  takes  under  the  slide-bars,  whilst  a  screw 
in  the  top  of  the  frame  seats  on  the  projections  of  the  carriage. 
This  type  of  slide  and  carriage  is  going  out  of  use. 

Iron  Pivot-Carriage  with  Central  Recoil  Check. 

This  carriage  is  the  same  in  general  principle  as  the  ordi- 
nary pivot-carriage,  the  main  modification  being  in  the  arrange- 
ment for  checking  recoil.  A  worm-shaft,  attached  to  the  tran- 
som of  the  carriage  and  worked  by  a  hand-wheel  outside  the  left 


UNITED    STATES. 


cogged  wheel  just  outside  the  transom. 
lower  end  of   its  axle   a   screw-sleeve 


<5fop/r  x;  vJ  IK 
-93  si  :•!•- 
-bod 


Central  Recoil-Check  Carriage 


seats 


flre  slide. 
6tytne°slide. 

JlJO     ;>i'Ifi   fl; 


against 


Railroad  buffers  are 


two  heavy  bars 
also  fixed  at  each 


'$*wW  SBfibtodsid-e-  Carriage  and  Slide  with  Hydraulic 

Check. 
om  il-iiv/  bsJiJ 

The  carriage  is  very  low,  its  bottom  plates  coming  down 
inside  the  slide-rails,  which  are  given  a  slope  to  the  front. 
The^sMpJs,  centre-port  pivoting.  The  carriage  is  run  out  and 
in'  either  oy  tackles  or  gearing.  For  the  latter,  long  screw- 
/fi^ftj^are.  fixed  outside  of  the  slide-rails  on  each  side,  geared 
matre-gearing  to  large  cogged  drivirtg-  wheels  on  the  rear  of 
.  A  long  lever  is  pivoted  in  wake  of  the  trunnion- 
carrying  at  its  lower  end  a  half  screw-sleeve.  P>v 
out  on  the  lever,  the  sleeve  engages  in  the  seiv\v- 
and  the  gun  is  drawn  in  or  out.  The  recoil  cylinder 
the  ordinary  type,  but  provided  with  a  circulating  pipe 
balanced  valve  by  which  the  oil  passes  from  one  end  to 
the  other.  The  valve  may  be  regulated  for  any  desired  amount 
of  recoil.  The  training-gear  is  of  the  ordinary  type,  working 
a  longitudinal  shaft  having  on  its  outer  end  a  cogged  wheel  to 
gear  in  a  metal  rack  just  inside  of  the  rear  slide-rollers. 

Ericsson?  s  Broadside-Carriage  and  Slide  with  Friction  Re- 

coil.* 

The  recoil  arrangement  of  this  carriage  is  made  up  of  two 
plates  operated  by  a  lever,  and  jamming  between  them  a  fiat 
plate  attached  to  the  carriage.  The  carriage  is  run  in  and  out 
by  gearing,  the  driving-wheel  engaging  in  racks  inside  the 
slide-rails.  The  training-gear  is  of  the  ordinary  type,  but 
gears  directly  into  the  slide-rollers,  whose  middle  sections  are 
cogged,  the  middle  section  of  the  circle  or  races  being  cut  in  a 
rack. 


*  See  page  299. 


ITNITED    STATES. 


297 


298 


UNITED   STATES. 


Ericsson '$  Turret-Carriage. 

The  slide  of  the  turret-carriage  consists  of  two  bars  built 
into  the  turret.     The  carriage  is  made  of  double  plate-iron 


Ericsson's  Turret-Carriage.    (Top.) 


worked  on  a  frame.     The  compressor  is  the  original  of  the 
Elswick  compressor  (see  page  201),  working  on  the  same  prin- 


Ericsson's  Turret-Carriage.    (Bottom.) 


ciple.     The  gun  is  run  in  and  out  by  means  of  a  large  cogged 
driving-wheel  gearing  in  a  rack  underneath  the  slide. 


UNITED    STATES. 


299 


Friction-Drum  Recoil-Check  Carriag 

The  carriage  and  slide  are  similar  to  those  of  the  11-inch 
iron  pivot-carriage,  except  with   regard  to   the    recoil  check, 


Ericsson's  Friction  Recoil  Carriage. 

which  is  exactly  the  same  in  principle  as  that  of  the  directing- 
bar  carriage. 


GUNPOWDER. 


Cubical  Powder. 


Hexagonal  Powder. 


Gunpowder  is  classed  in  accordance  with  its  size  of  grain 
as  follows : 


not  less  than  70  nor  more  than  75  £rains  to  tlie  pound. 


Mammoth 

0.5 

Rifle 

03 

Cannon 

0.1 

Torpedo 
Small-arm 

0.1 
0.05 

Shell 

.02 

1     inch  measurement. 
0.5     " 
0.3     " 

.15    " 

.06    " 

.06    " 


PROJECTILES. 


The  projectiles  used  with  both  smooth-bores  and  rifles  are 
shot,  shell,  shrapnel,  and  case-shot. 

All  smooth-bore  projectiles  are  of  cast-iron. 


300 


UNITED   STATES. 


All  rifle  projectiles  except  the  8-inch  shot  are  common 
cast-iron  ;  the  shot  are  chilled-headed. 

Rifled  projectiles  for  the  boat-guns  (B.  L.)  are  provided 


100-pdr.  Parrot-Shell. 


8  inch  Shell. 


8-inch  Shot. 


with  rotating  grooved  belts  cast  on  them.  They  also  have  a 
rear  centring  ring.  The  rotating-rings  for  the  larger  calibres 
are  brass  rings  screwing  on  the  base  of  the  projectile,  and  hav- 
ing an  expansion  groove  or  cup  on  the  rear  end.  In  the 


3-inch  B.  L.  Shell. 


Parrott  projectiles  the  ring  is  cast  on  the  base  around  a  heavy 
dovetailed  score,  having  jogs  to  prevent  the  ring  turning  on 
the  base  of  the  shell. 


UNITED   STATES. 


301 


The  shrapnel  for  the  boat-guns  is  of  the  simplest  descrip- 
tion,   having   a    thin    shell    and    a   central   powder-chamber 


12-pdr.  Smooth-Bore  Shrapnel. 


3-inch  B.  L.  Shrapnel. 


Fixed  Charge  for  Boat-Gun. 
(Shell  and  Cartridge.) 


throughout  its  length.  Shrapnel  for  the  heavy  calibres  is 
similar  to  the  English  type.  Case-shot  is  of  the  ordinary 
construction. 


302 


UNITED   STATES. 


FUSES. 


The  fuses  used  in  the  navy  are  both  time  and  percussion. 
There  are  three  types  of  time  fuses.  The  navy  time-fuse,  used 
in  rifled  and  smooth-bore  projectiles,  consists  of  a  brass  fuse- 
case  pierced  by  a  centre  hole,  the  bottom  of  which  is  closed  by 
a  small  leaden  plug  simply  jammed  into  place,  called  a  safety- 
plug.  On  the  top  of  this  is  the  column  of  fuse  composition 


Navy  Time-Fuse. 

driven  in  a  paper  case.  Over  this  screws  a  small  metal  plugr 
called  a  water-cap,  having  angular  passages  cut  through  it  to  pre- 
vent the  passage  of  water  to  the  name.  These  holes  are  filled 
with  igniting  composition.  Over  the  water-cap  is  secured  a 
leaden  patch,  sealing  the  fuse.  This  patch  is  torn  off  when  the 
projectile  is  put  in  the  gun  ;  the  flame  of  discharge  ignites  the 
composition,  and  the  projectile  starting  from  its  seat  drives  the 


UNITED   STATES. 


303 


safety-plug  out  of  its  place  into  the  shell,  leaving  the  passage 
clear  for  the  name. 

The  Bormann  fuse  is  used  with  the  smooth-bore  shrapnel. 
In  this,  the  composition  is  driven  in  a  horizontal  cavity  open- 


Bonnann  Fuse. 


ing  into  a  centre  magazine. 


The  top  of  the  fuse  is  s,ealed,  and 

its  periphery  markecT  to  fractions  of  seconds.  When  inserting 
the  projectile  this  fuse  is  cut,  laying  the  composition  bare  at 
the  desired  time. 


Boxer  Time-Fuse. 


Schenkl  Percussion-Fuse. 


The  Boxer  fuse  is  a  wooden-cased  fuse  similar  to  its  English 
original. 

There  is  but  one  type  of  percussion-fuse  used  in  the  service. 


304 


UNITED   STATES. 


It  consists  of  a  brass  case  containing  a  small  iron  hollow  cylin- 
der filled  with  composition,  and  having  at  its  head  a  small 
anvil  on  which  an  ordinary  percussion-cap  is  fitted.  This 
cylinder  is  suspended  midway  of  the  case  by  a  small  brass 
screw  through  the  wall  of  the  case.  The  top  of  the  fuse  is 
closed  by  a  small  screw-cap,  one  side  of  which  is  hollowed  in  a 
small  cavity.  Ordinarily  this  cap  is  screwed  in  place  with  the 
cavity  turned  downward,  so  that  in  case  the  cylinder  breaks 
from  its  fastening  the  cap  cannot  be  struck  as  it  enters  the 
cavity,  while  the  shoulders  bring  it  up  before  striking.  To 
prepare  it  for  firing,  the  cap  is  unscrewed  and  reversed,  put- 
ting its  flat  side  down.  When  the  time-fuse  is  used  in  rifled 
shells,  the  safety-plug  is  removed  before  inserting  the  fuse. 


PRIMERS. 

Both  percussion  and  friction  primers  are  used.  The  per- 
cussion primer  consists  of  a  quill  tube,  the  upper  end  of  which 
is  split  and  spread  out  to  form  a  wafer.  The  body  is  filled 
with  fine  powder,  the  lower  end  being  sealed  with  shellac,  and 
the  wafer  is  filled  with  detonating  composition,  covered  and 
sealed  with  shellac. 


Percussion  Primer. 


Friction  Primer. 


The  friction  primer  is  a  quill  tube  filled  with  fine  powder, 
and  having  in  its  head  a  wire  igniter  in  contact  with  detonat- 
ing composition.  The  end  of  the  wire  is  twisted  into  a  loop 
for  the  purpose  of  hooking  a  firing  laniard.  A  small  pre- 
venter-loop is  attached  to  the  primer,  hooking  over  a  small  pin 
just  forward  of  the  vent. 


UNITED   STATKS. 


LOCKS. 


Percnssion-locks  are  used  with  all  smooth-bores.  They  are 
of  the  ordinary  type  of  heavy  brass  gun-locks,  the  pivot-hole 
being  slotted  so  that  in  firing,  after  the  lock  strikes  the  primer 
it  is  drawn  clear  of  the  vent. 


SIGHTS. 


The  smooth-bore  broadside-guns  are  provided  with  centre- 
breech  and  reinforce  sights,  pivot-guns  with  centre  and  tan- 
gent sights,  and  the  rifled  guns  with  tangent  -  sights.  The 
smooth-bore  breech-sights  are  rectangular  bars  shipped  with 
an  angle  to  the  rear  so  that  two  sides  may  be  seen.  These 
sights  are  marked  on  one  side  for  ordinary  and  on  the  other 
for  heavy  charges,  corresponding  to  shot  and  shell.  The  rein- 
force sights  are  of  the  ordinary  pattern.  The  Parrott  tangent- 
sight  does  not  slide  in  a  sight-box,  but  has  a  stem  which  seats 
in  a  casing.  It  is  cylindrical,  and  the  sight-notch,  fixed  to  a 
ring,  slides  up  and  down  the  sight-bar,  the  sight-notch  itself 
is  a  small  capstan-head  having  four  radial  notches,  and  working 
on  a  screw  perpendicularly  to  the  sight-bar  to  allow  for  drift. 
The  tangent-sight  for  the  8-inch  M.  L.  R.  is  set  at  a  permanent 
angle  of  deflection  of  1°  5(X,  and  is  provided  with  a  sliding 
leaf.  The  graduation  on  all  sights  except  the  Parrott  rifles 
and  the  boat-guns  is  in  hundreds  of  yards.  In  the  remainder 
it  is  in  fractions  of  degrees. 


MACHINE-GUNS. 


The  Hotclikiss  Revolving  Cannon. 

This  guji  is  introduced  into  naval  services  with  the  especial 
objects  of,  first,  repelling  torpedo  and  boarding  attacks ;  second, 
for  use  against  light  merchant  vessels  where  a  light,  long-range 
artillery  fire  is  most  effective.  The  gun  has  five  barrels,  and 
can  be  fired  at  a  rate  of  from  60  to  80  shots  per  minute  without 
forcing.  Its  ammunition  is  shell  arid  case-shot,  the  weight  of 
projectile  ranging  from  one  and  a  half  pounds  in  the  light  cal- 
ibre to  four  pounds  in  the  heavy  one.  The  extreme  range  is 
about  4500  yards.  The  barrels  are  assembled  about  and  re- 
volve around  a  central  axis,  the  cartridges  being  fed  through  a 
chamber  in  the  left  upper  side  of  the  breech-casing.  There  is 
but  one  lock,  and  each  barrel  fires  once  during  a  revolution. 


306 


UNITED   STATES. 


The  cartridge  on  falling  into  the  chamber  is  carried  forward 
by  a  cam  into  its  barrel,  being  pushed  close  home  and  receiving 


good  support  when  passing  in  front  of  the  firing-pin.     The 
latter  is  retracted  by  a  cam,  plunging  forward  as  the  centre  of 


UNITED   STATES. 


307 


each  cartridge  comes  in  front  of  it.  The  rim  of  the  cartridge- 
case  is  then  seized  by  an  independent  extractor,  withdrawn, 
and  dropped  to  +he  ground.  Although  the  crank  is  turned 
steadily,  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  lost  motion  in  the  revolu- 
tion of  the  barrels.  This  takes  place  as  the  cartridge  reaches 


Chamber.    (Longitudinal  Section.) 


the  firing-point,  and  during  this  short  time  of  rest  one  car- 
tridge is  fired  and  another  empty  case  is  ejected.  ISTo  ele- 
vating-screw is  used  with  this  gun.  It  is  mounted  on  trun- 
nions in  a  saddle,  and  projecting  from  the  rear  of  the  breech- 
case  is  a  wooden  shoulder-piece,  while  underneath  is  a  handle 


Chamber.    (Vertical  Section.) 

to  allow  a  support  with  the  left  hand.  The  cartridges  are  per- 
manently attached  to  the  rear  of  the  projectiles.  The  shells 
are  of  steel  with  a  percussion-fuse.  The  barrels  of  the  gun 
are  made  of  Whitworth  compressed  steel  of  the  finest  quality. 
This  gun  has  up  to  the  present  time  proved  the  most  effective 
torpedo-gun  in  existence.  Its  only  rival  at  present  is  the 
Nordenfeldt  gun,  which  is  not  yet  thoroughly  developed. 


308 


UNITED   STATES. 


The    Gail 


ing 


G  u  n. 


This  gun,  which  lias  as  yet  been  unequalled  as  a  mitrailleuse, 
finds  a  place  in  the  armament  of  nearly  all  the  navies  of  the 


Long  Pattern. 


world.     Hitherto  the  object  of  the  gun  in  naval  use  has  been 
simply  to  aid  the  small-arm  fire  whenever  the  latter  was  made 


Short  Pattern. 


necessary,  but  at  present  it  is  the  design  to  increase  the  calibre 
of  the  gun  so  as  to  enable  it  to  fire  projectiles  of  two  or  more 


UNITED    STATES. 


309 


pounds.  What  modifications  will  be  required  in  the  present 
type  of  gun  are  not  as  jet  known ;  but  although  the  Gatling  and 
Hotchkiss  guns  are  both  American  inventions,  they  must  not 
in  their  present  stages  of  development  be  considered  as  rivals. 
The  Gatling  is  as  a  rule  confined  to  the  use  of  small-arm  am- 


Lock,  Extractor,  and  Breech-Cover. 

munition  ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  Hotchkiss  is  to  be  in  reality 
classed  with  boat-guns. 

The  Gatling  has  ten  barrels  grouped  about  a  central  axis. 
Each  barrel  is  provided  with  its  own  separate  lock  and  ex- 
tractor, retracted  by  a  cam,  the  barrels  being  each  tired  as  it 
comes  to  a  certain  point.  The  speed  of  firing  can  be  carried 


Breech  Mechanism. 


Chamber. 


as  high  as  between  400  and  500  cartridges  a  minute  without 
much  forcing.  There  are  two  patterns  of  this  gun,  known  re- 
spectively as  the  long  and  the  short  gun,  the  latter  being  de- 
signed especially  for  use  in  ships'  tops,  while  the  former  is  used 
in  landing  and  long-range  firing.  The  cartridges  are  fed  to 
the  gun  in  tin  cases  holding  40  each,  and  win  el  i  are  rapidly 


310 


UNITED   STATES. 


Eut  in  position  and  changed  so  that  there  is  no  especial  time 
>st  in  removing  one  case  and  shipping  another.     In  case  that 
one  barrel  should  become  fouled  or  a  lock  be  broken,  the  lock 
can  be  extracted  very  quickly  and  so  no  hindrance  is  offered  to 
the  working  of  the  mechanism,  as  cartridges  dropping  into  the 


Barrels,  Chamber,  and  Revolving-Gear. 


faulty  chamber  are  carried  around  and  dropped  out  without 
being  fired.  Notwithstanding  the  great  rapidity  of  the  fire 
there  is  no  danger  of  the  barrels  becoming  too  much  over- 
heated, and  the  great  difficulty  experienced  in  most  guns  of 


JL 


"IT" 

Frame  and  Covered  Breech. 

the  mitrailleuse  pattern  of  sticking  and  refusing  to  work, 
through  the  expansion  of  the  barrels  and  mechanism  due  to 
the  heat  of  rapid  firing,  is  either  fully  avoided  or  compensated 
in  the  Gatling. 


SMALL- ARMS. 

Breech-loading  small-arms  are  used  in  all  the  navies  of  the 
world,  and,  as  with  great-guns  and  machine-guns,  although  the 
greater  nations  strive  to  develop  patterns  of  their  own,  many 
use  the  same  pattern ;  small-arms  of  American  manufacture 
being  used  by  the  majority.  In  many  navies  these  arms  are 
of  two  patterns,  generally  one  of  them  being  some  system  of 
conversion  from  old  smooth-bores,  whilst  the  other  is  a  gun  of 
a  new  pattern. 


SMALL-AKMS.  311 

Types  of  Small-Arms  in  Use  in  the  Different  Navies. 

COUNTRY.  TYPE. 

ARGENTINE Remington. 

AUSTRIA Werndl. 

BRAZIL Remington. 

CHILI Remington. 

CHINA Peabody-Martmi. 

DENMARK Remington. 

Fvrr  A™  \  Snider  (converted), 

ENGLAND -j  Peabody.MartinL 

F  j  Tabatiere  (converted) 

RANCE \  Chassepot 

GERMANY Mauser. 

HOLLAND Beaumont. 

GREECE Chassepot. 

ITALY Vetterlin. 

JAPAN Remington. 

NORWAY  AND  SWEDEN Remington. 

PERU Remington. 

PORTUGAL Peabody-Martini. 


RUSSIA 

SPAIN Remington. 

T  j  Snider  (converted), 

UBKEY 1  Peabody-Martini. 

i  Remington, 
UNITED  STATES -j  Hotchkiss  (Magazine), 

(  Springfield  (Marine  Co 


rps). 


The  United  States  Navy  is  the  only  one  in  which  the 
magazine  rifle  has  been  introduced.  The  Springfield,  used  in 
this  country  by  its  Marine  Corps,  is  a  converted  rifle.  The 
Beaumont  rifle,  used  in  Holland,  the  Peabody-Martini  and 
Snider,  used  in  England,  and  the  Berdan,  used  in  Russia,  are 
all  modifications  of  original  American  types. 

CONVERTED    BREECH-LOADERS. 

Snider.  Tabatiere. 

These  two  systems  of  conversion  are  almost  identical,  drffer- 


Snider.  Tabattere. 

ing  only  in  one  or  two  of  the  minor  points.     The  breech-block 
is  hinged  to  open  transversely,  the  lug  of  the  hinge  being  some- 


312  SMALL-ARMS. 

what  shorter  than  the  axle,  the  intermediate  space  being  filled 
by  a  spiral  spring  which  holds  the  block  forward.  By  drawing 
back  the  block  against  the  spring  after  opening,  the  extractor 
which  is  attached  to  the  forward  part  withdraws  the  empty 
cartridge-case.  There  is  no  lock  on  the  block,  the  pressure  of 
the  hammer  on  the  firing-pin  holding  it  down. 


Krnka. 

This  system  is  a  Russian  invention,  and  is  exceedingly 
simple  and  compact.  The  breech-block  revolves  transversely,, 
and  the  movement  of  opening  causes  the  extractor,  which  is  a 


Krnka.  Breech-Block. 

simple  lever,  to  throw  the  cartridge-case  out  of  the  chamber. 
Two  lugs  rise  in  rear  of  the  breech-block,  leaving  a  cavity 
between  them  for  the  insertion  and  ejection  of  cartridges. 
The  breech-block  when  closed  is  held  down  by  the  hammer 
on  the  firing-pin. 

Springfield. 

In  the  Springfield  system  the  breech-block  hinges  at  the 
upper  forward  end  and  is  turned  up.  The  extractor  is  operated 
by  a  small  spring  which  ejects  the  cartridge-case  forcibly  on 
throwing  open  the  breech-block.  The  firing-pin  passes 


Springfield. 

diagonally  through  the  breech-block  to  the  axis  of  the  bore. 
A  catch  holds  the  rear  of  the  block  down  when  closed,  ami 
the  bottom  of  the  block  is  hollowed  out  to  lighten  it. 


SMALL-ARMS. 


313 


NEW    SYSTEMS. 

Peabody-Martini. 

In  this  system  the  breech-block  is  hinged  at  its  upper  rear 
end  and  drops  down  in  opening.  It  is  opened  and  closed  by  a 
bent  lever  in  rear  of  the  trigger-guard.  The  extractor  is"  a 
bent  lever,  the  lower  front  of  the  breech-block  striking  it  in 
opening  and  causing  it  to  violently  eject  the  cartridge-case. 


Martini-Henry. 

The  tiring-pin  is  in  the  axis  of  the  breech-block,  and  is  retracted 
and  cocked  by  the  motion  of  opening  the  breech.  By  means 
of  a  small  slide  just  in  front  of  the  trigger  the  firing-pin  can 
be  secured  at  full  cock.  A  small  pointer  on  the  left  outer 
face  of  the  receiver  serves  as  a  tell-tale  to  show  when  the  piece 
is  at  full  cock. 

Werndl. 

The  breech-block  of  this  piece  revolves  about  an  axis  just 
below' the  barrel,  and  by  its  revolution  works  the  extractor  and 


Werndl. 


throws  the  empty  cartridge-case  out.  The  firing-pin  is  of  the 
ordinary  type,  held  back  by  a  spring  and  operated  by  the  blow 
of  a  hammer.  The  head  of  the  bolt  in  which  the  breech-block 
revolves  has  for  its  section  a  segmental  shape,  and  a  flat  spring 


314 


SMALL-ARMS. 


presses  upwards  against  it.  One  of  its  flat  sides  presses  on  the 
spring  at  each  extreme  position  of  the  breech-block,  and  by 
this  means  the  block  is  held  secure  when  open  or  shut,  whilst 
the  movement  of  opening  is  made  with  a  snap,  assisting  in 
the  ejection  of  the  empty  case. 

Mauser. 

The  breech-block  of  this  piece  is  a  cylindrical  block  trav- 
elling lengthwise,  and  turned  and  moved  by  a  projecting  thumb- 
piece.  A  part  of  the  right  side  of  the  slot-way  in  which  it 
travels  is  cut  away,  so  that  in  pushing  forward  the  block  to 
close  the  breech  it  may  be  turned  also ;  projections  on  the 
thumb-piece  cut  with  a  slant,  taking  against  the  sides  of  the 


Mauser. 

cut  so  as  to  force  the  block,  close  up  wedge-fashion  and  hold  it 
secure.  The  extractor  is  secured  to  the  nose-piece  of  the 
block.  The  firing-pin  travels  in  the  axis  of  the  block  and  is 
retracted,  or  rather  the  spring  is  pressed  forward,  as  the  block 
is  drawn  back,  being  held  cocked  by  the  sear  when  the  block 
is  pushed  forward  again.  This  gun  is  a  modification  of  the 
old  Chassepot. 


Chassepot. 

Le  Gras  (modified  Chasscpot). 

This  gun  is  the  same  in  principle  as  the  one  just  described, 
it  being  in  reality  a  system  of  conversion  from  the  old  needle- 
gun  used  in  connection  with  a  paper  cartridge,  to  the  new  one 


SMALL- ARMS.  315 

using  brass  cartridge-cases.  The  principal  differences  between 
the  Mauser  and  the  Le  Gras  are  in  the  details  of  the  trigger 
and  in  the  use  of  a  rubber  gas-check. 


Berdan. 

The  breech-block  of  this  system  is  pivoted  at  the  upper 
forward  end,  and  is  opened  by  drawing  back  the  locking-bolt  to 
its  full  extent  and  then  throwing  the  breech-block  up.  In 


Berdan. 

drawing  the  bolt  back  the  firing-pin  is  cocked,  as  in  the  Mauser 
pattern,  and  throwing  the  breech-block  up  operates  the  ex- 
tractor. 

Remington. 

The  breech-block  of  this  system  is  pivoted  at  its  lower  ex- 
tremity, and  is  held  fast  by  a  hammer-block.     Cocking  the 


Remington. 


latter,  the  breech-block  may  be  thrown  back,  working  the  ex- 
tractor. 

Hotclikiss  Magazine. 

The  breech-block  of  this  system  is  on  the  principle  of  the 
dhassepot,  being  turned  by  a  thumb-piece  to  unlock  it  and 
then  retracted,  the  operation  of  retracting,  cocking  the  firing- 


316 


SMALL-ARMS. 


pin,  withdrawing  and  ejecting  the  old  cartridge-case,  and  open- 
ing the  magazine,  from  whence  a  fresh  cartridge  is  pushed  in 


Hotchkiss  Magazine. 


front  of  the  block  by  a  spiral  spring.  The  magazine  runs- 
along  the  axis  of  the  butt-stock,  and  is  provided  with  a  feed- 
stop  by  which  the  supply  may  at  any  time  be  shut  off. 


RECAPITULATION. 


317 


RECAPITULATION  OF  NAVAL  ORDNANCE. 


NATION. 

TYPE  OF  ORDNANCE. 

CALIBRES. 

f 

Krupp  steel  breech-loaders  11,  10*4, 
Armstrong  muzzle-loaders  9  7 

Inches. 
9&,  8J4,  5% 

AUSTRIA  \ 

Austrian  bronze  breech-loaders  .  .  .  3J^,  2}^ 
Werndl  (small-arms).  .  .  .  .  0.42 

Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon 
Gatling  machine-guns 


BRAZIL.  , 


CHILI 


CHINA. 


Whitworth  muzzle-loaders 10J4,  9^3,  7,  6,  4^ 

Brazilian  cast-iron  smooth-bores 8,  6 

Gatling  machine-guns [^ 

I  Remington  (small-arms) 0.45 

f  Krupp  breech-loaders 9J4,  8J4 

I  Armstrong  muzzle-loaders 9,  4^ 

]  IGatling machine-guns % 

>...,  ..0.50 


10,  7 


DENMARK 


ENGLAND 


ITALY. 


j  Gatling  machine-gi 
[  i  Remington  (small-arms). 

!  Armstrong  muzzle-loaders 

jVavasseur  muzzle-loaders 12 

,  Gatling  machine-guns J4 

[  Peabody -Martini  (small-arms) 45 

f  j  Krupp  breech-loaders 12,  10J4,  6^ 

i  Armstrong  muzzle-loaders j  10J4,  9,  7% 

iNordenfeldt  machine-guns '1% 

Palmcrantz  machine-guns % 

;  Beaumont-Remington  (small-arms).  0.45 

f  Woolwich  muzzle-loaders 16, 12J4  12, 10,  9,  8,  7, 

I  i  Armstrong  muzzle-loaders 17,  7 

I  Palisser  converted  muzzle-loaders. .  !6}4 

-I   Armstrong  breech-loaders j7,  4%,  3%,  3,  2^ 

Gatling  machine-guns i  l^o 

) ,0.57 


Snider  converted  (small-arms) 
Peabody-Martini   (small-arms)  ......  JO.  45 

French  breech-loaders  ..............  J 


FRANCE.  

6^,  £ 
French  bronze  muzzle-loaders  4M,  3^ 

H 

10%,  i 

%,  4% 

7,4% 

1 

1 
GERMANY  -1 

GREECE  •< 

Chassepot  (small-arms)  0.42 

Tabatiere  (converted  small-arms).  .  .  0.50 
Krupp  breech-loaders  12,  11, 
Palmcrantz  machine-guns  0.50 

Mauser  (small  -arms)            0.42 

Armstrong  muzzle-loaders  9,  7 

Chassepot  (small  -anns)  0.42 

HOLLAND                       -I 

Krupp  breech-loaders                           11,  6^, 

Armstrong  muzzle-loaders  11,  9 

|  Hotchkiss  machine-guns      1% 

Gatline'  macbine-Eruns.  .  .                     ..0.50 

10%,  9^, 


Remington -Beaumont  (small-arms).  0.45 

(Armstrong  muzzle-loaders 17, 11.  10,  9,  8 

Italian  breech-loaders 4%,  3^,  3 

j  Hotchkiss  machine-guns 1% 

iAlbertini  machine-guns 0.50 

Vetterlin  (small-arms) 0.42 


318 


EECAPITULATION. 


EECAPITULATION  OF  NAVAL  ORDNANCE — (CONTINUED.) 


NATION. 


JAPAN 


PERU 


PORTUGAL . 


RUSSIA.  . . 


SPAIN. 


TURKEY. 


UNITED  STATES. 


NORWAY  AND  SWEDEN.  . 


TYPE  OF  ORDNANCE. 


CALIBRES. 


Inches. 


Krupp  breech-loaders 

Armstrong  muzzle-loaders. . . 

Gatling  machine-guns 

Remington  (small-arms) 


0.50 
0.50 


1( 


Krupp  breech-loaders 

Finspong  breech-loaders J10%;  9^,  (% 

Cast-iron  muzzle-loaders 6^,  4J4 

Nordenfeldt  machine-guns 1% 

Palmcrantz  machine-guns 0.50 

Remington  (small-arms) 0.45 


Whitworth  muzzle-loaders 8£,  7, 

Armstrong  muzzle-loaders 9,  7 

Gatling  machine-guns 0.50 

Remington  (small-arms) 0.50 

Krupp  breech-loaders 1 

Armstrong  muzzle-loaders 6, 

Gatling  machine-guns 0.; 

Peabody-Martini  (small-arms) 0.45 

Krupp  breech-loaders j  12,  11,  9,  8,  6,  4,  34 

Russian  bronze  muzzle-loaders 4,  34 

Rodman  cast-iron  smooth-bores ;20,  15,  10%,  74,  7,  64 

Gatling  machine-guns 0.50 

Hotchkiss  machine-guns 1% 

Krnka  (converted  small-arms) 0.50 

Russian  Berdan  (small-arms) 0.40 

Armstrong  muzzle-loaders 9%.  9,  7% 

French  breech-loaders 9,  7,  6^,  4% 

Gatling  machine-guns 0.50 

Remington  (small-arms) 0.45 

Armstrong  muzzle-loaders 10,  9,  8,  7,  4% 

Krupp  breech-loaders 10%,  9J4  6%,  5%,  314 

Gatling  machine-guns 0.50 

Peabody-Martini  (small-arms) 0.45 

French  breech-loaders 

Dahlgren  smooth-bores 

Parrott  muzzle-loaders 

Hotchkiss  machine-guns 1% " 

Gatling  machine-guns 0.50 

Hotchkiss  magazine  (small-arms). . .  0.45 

Remington  (small-arms) 0.45 

Springfield  (converted  small-arms) .  0.45 


74,  5J4.  4M,  4,  34,  3 
15,  11,97$    ' 


1,  64,  3 
4,  3 


PEXETKATINCr   POWER   OF   ENGLISH    PROJECTILES.       319 


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322      PENETRATING  ENERGY    OF   FOREIGN   ORDNANCE. 


THE  •PCNCTRATHQ    CNEPGY,   «   TOOT^TONS    PER  WCH   OT  SHOTS;£IRCUMF.ERi:NCE,.Or   rORCISN  X1RDNANCC, 
.AT"  RANGES    FROM    70   YARDS    FROM    THC    MUZZLE    OF    THC    GUN    TQ    1000    YARDS.. 


III. 


TORPEDOES 


TORPEDOES. 


THE  torpedoes  used  by  and  against  the  different  navies  of 
the  world  may  be  classed  under  two  general  heads,  viz.,  offen- 
sive and  defensive. 

Offensive  torpedoes  may  be  classified  in  accordance  with 
the  manner  in  which  they  are  used,  as  Locomotive,  Towing, 
Spar,  and  Drifting. 


LOCOMOTIVE    TORPEDOES. 

The  Whitehead  Torpedo. 

The  Whitehead  torpedo  consists  of  a  projectile,  or  more 
properly  speaking  a  boat,  containing  a  heavy  explosive  charge, 
an  engine  driven  by  compressed  air,  screw  propellers,  and 
mechanism  for  regulating  the  speed,  depth  of  notation,  dis- 
tance of  run,  and  security  of  firing  arrangements.  The  general 
exterior  appearance  of  the  torpedo  is  that  of  a  spindle  of  revolu- 
tion, its  greatest  diameter  being  in  the  middle  and  the  lines  being 


Whitehead  Torpedo  and  Firing-Tube. 

so  curved  as  to  present  a  surface  of  minimum  resistance  to  the 
water.  The  dimensions  of  the  torpedo  range  from  fourteen 
feet  in  length  by  sixteen  inches  in  diameter  to  nineteen  feet 
by  seventeen  inches.  The  speed  ranges  from  seven  knots  for 
a  distance  of  eight  hundred  yards  up  to  twenty-five  and  a 
quarter  knots  for  two  hundred  yards,  the  most  powerful  com- 
bination being  fifteen  and  a  half  knots  for  one  thousand  yards. 


326  TORPEDOES. 

This  torpedo,  if  adjusted  to  run  at  any  desired  depth  of 
water  of  from  five  to  fifteen  feet,  and  if  it  be  projected  from 
either  above  water,  at  the  water-line,  or  below  the  surface,  will 
rapidly  attain  the  desired  depth  and  maintain  it  throughout 
the  run.  If  fired  in  still  water,  it  will  make  a  straight  run  in 
the  line  of  projection,  allowance  being  made  for  the  sweep 
of  currents.  It  can  be  adjusted  to  stop  after  having  run  any 
distance  up  to  its  extreme  range,  and  after  stopping,  it  will 
sink,  float,  or  explode  as  desired. 

The  gun-cotton  charge  is  placed  in  what  is  termed  a  car- 
tridge-case, which  is  a  wooden  case  similar  in  shape  to  the  for- 
ward section  of  the  torpedo,  somewhat  smaller,  and  held  in 
place  in  its  compartment  by  wooden  wedges.  This  charge  is 
ignited  mechanically,  the  arrangement  being  as  follows.:  Ex- 
tending from  the  nose  of  the  torpedo  to  the  cartridge-case  is  a 
tube  terminating  in  a  copper  case,  in  which  is  placed  the  prim- 
ing charge  and  the  detonating  composition ;  within  the  tube  is 
a  steel  rod,  two  feet  long,  fitted  with  a  needle-point  at  its  inner 
end  and  having  its  outer  end  screwed  into  a  frame ;  this  frame 
is  capable  of  moving  in  and  out,  and  is  connected  with  a  spiral 
spring  which  tends  to  force  it,  and  consequently  the  steel  rod, 
inwards,  the  action  being  similar  to  that  of  the  firing-pin  of 
breech-loading  small-arms.  By  compressing  this  spiral  spring, 
the  inner  end  of  the  frame  is  brought  forward  to  a  catch  and 
held  retracted.  If  now  this  catch  is  disengaged  in  any  manner, 
the  rod  flies  back,  acting  like  an  ordinary  firing-pin  on  the  de- 
tonating composition.  The  extreme  forward  point  of  the  tor- 
pedo, called  the  nose-piece,  is  so  fitted  that  it  is  capable  of 
being  forced  inwards,  but  in  a  position  of  rest  its  inner  edge 
is  just  clear  of  the  catch.  This  nose-piece  is  provided  with 
short  horizontal  and  vertical  arms,  so  as  to  insure  good  con- 
tact with  the  body  struck.  The  collision  of  the  nose-piece 
against  any  resisting  body  forces  it  back  and  releases  the  firing- 
pin.  In  order  to  secure  against  accident,  the  nose-piece  is 
.provided  with  a  safety-wedge  and  key.  Before  discharging 
the  torpedo  the  key  is  removed,  and  after  the  discharge  the 
wedge  is  withdrawn  by  the  action  of  mechanism,  and  is  so 
arranged  that  it  may  be  replaced  automatically  and  thus  disarm 
the  torpedo  after  its  run,  in  case  it  is  desired  to  recover  it. 

The  arrangement  for  adjusting  the  length  of  range  and  for 
drawing  and  replacing  the  wedge  is  as  follows:  Two  cog- 
wheels, a  large  one  and  a  small  one,  are  fixed  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  after-end  of  the  torpedo,  just  in  front  of  the  pro- 
pellers. The  small  wheel  has  thirty  teeth,  gearing  in  an  end- 
less screw  attached  to  the  propeller-shaft,  and  of  such  a  pitch 
that  one  revolution  of  the  propeller  moves  the  wheel  one 


TORPEDOES.  327 

tooth.  The  big  cog-wheel  is  so  arranged  as  to  move  one  tooth 
for  each  revolution  of  the  small  wheel.  In  front  of  this  gear- 
ing is  a  small  stud  that  works  fore  and  aft  in  a  slot,  being  pro- 
vided with  a  spring  which  tends  to  force  it  towards  the  after- 
end  of  the  slot.  This  stud  is  connected  by  a  rod  to  the  valve 
which  admits  the  compressed  air  to  the  cylinders  of  the  engine. 
When  the  stud  is  in  the  forward  part  of  the  slot  the  valve  is 
open,  in  the  after  part  it  is  closed.  By  means  of  a  lever  the 
spring  of  the  stud  is  compressed,  and  the  stud  is  moved  to  the 
fore  part  of  its  slot ;  the  big  wheel  is  then  moved  around  until 
a  stud  on  its  face  is  the  desired  number  of  teeth  above  the 
lever.  Xow  for  every  thirty  revolutions  of  the  propeller,  or 
one  tooth  of  the  big  wTheel,  a  certain  known  distance  is  travelled, 
varying  according  to  the  pattern  of  the  torpedo,  slip,  etc. 
When  the  propeller  has  made  the  number  of  revolutions  cor- 
responding to  the  desired  length  of  range,  the  stud  on  the  big 
wheel  presses  against  the  lever  of  the  spring  and  releases  the 
latter,  forcing  the  valve-rod  back  and  closing  the  valve.  At- 
tached to  the  axle  of  the  big  wheel  is  a  small  brass  arm  which 
is  connected  by  means  of  a  brass  rod  to  the  safety-wedge,  and 
is  so  arranged  that  after  any  required  number  of  revolutions 
of  the  propeller  the  safety- wedge  will  be  drawn  out ;  or  it 
may  be  drawn  out  at  the  instant  of  discharge.  By  means  of 
an  additional  lever  at  the  fore  port  of  the  torpedo,  which  is 
connected  by  means  of  a  rod  to  the  valve  of  the  engine,  and 
by  arranging  the  attachment  of  the  safety-wedge  to  the  brass 
rod  from  the  big  wheel  so  that  on  the  wedge  being  withdrawn 
it  is  released  from  the  brass  rod,  the  action  of  the  closing  of 
the  valve  after  the  run  of  the  torpedo  is  completed,  forces  the 
wedge  into  its  securing  position  again. 

Naturally  the  torpedo  would  float  at  the  end  of  its  run 
from  its  difference  of  buoyancy,  owing  to  the  compressed  air 
used  in  working  the  engines. 

To  sink  the  torpedo  at  the  end  of  its  run,  a  spiral-spring 
valve  is  placed  in  the  after  wall  of  the  adjustment  chamber, 
which  can  be  attached  to  the  brass  rod  working  the  engine- 
valve  in  such  a  way  that  when  the  latter  valve  is  closed  the 
spring-valve  is  opened,  admitting  water  to  the  chamber  and 
thus  sinking  the  torpedo.  If  it  is  desired  to  explode  the  tor- 
pedo at  the  end  of  the  rim,  the  nose-piece  is  connected  to  the 
engine-valve,  which,  on  closing,  draws  it  violently  back  and 
releases  the  firing-pin.  To  adjust  the  depth  of  flotation,  a 
small  wheel,  the  face  of  which  is  marked  in  feet,  is  placed  in 
the  adjustment  chamber,  and  is  turned  by  means  of  a  key  until 
the  number  of  feet  desired  comes  under  a  pointer. 

The  secret  of  the  Whitehead  is  in  the  mechanism  by  which 


328  TOEPEDOES. 

the  torpedo  maintains  a  desired  depth.  The  adjustment  cham- 
ber, which  is  next  abaft  the  explosion  chamber,  is  connected 
by  screw  to  the  forward  and  after  chambers  in  such  a  manner 
that  by  means  of  a  number  of  small  holes  bored  around  the  cir- 
cumference the  faces  of  the  chamber  are  exposed  to  the  pres- 
sure of  the  outside  water,  which  varies  with  the  depth  to  which 
the  torpedo  descends/  Within  the  adjustment  chamber  is  an 
endless  strong  spiral  spring,  attached  to  the  after  face  of  the 
chamber,  and  so  arranged  that  after  being  set  to  a  certain  ten- 
sion, capable  of  resisting  an  equivalent  pressure  on  the  outside 
of  the  face,  any  increase  or  decrease  in  this  pressure  will  cause 
this  spring  to  work  a  rod  by  which  the  horizontal  rudders  of 
the  torpedo  are  regulated.  Within  this  adjustment  chamber  is- 
also  placed  an  automatic  balance,  which  assists  in  maintaining 
the  torpedo  at  the  desired  depth  by  swinging  forward  on  the 
torpedo's  descending  or  aft  on  ascending,  and  thus  assisting 
the  rudders. 

The  Whitehead  may  be  discharged  through  a  submerged 
tube  in  the  stern  or  in  broadside,  from  a  carriage  above  the 
water-line,  or  from  the  surface. 

For  discharging  under  water  a  tube  is  fitted  to  an  orifice  in 
the  stern  or  broadside,  closed  by  a  water-tight  valve  ;  the  inner 
end  is  closed  by  a  water-tight  door.  The  torpedo,  being  pre- 
pared, is  placed  in  the  tube,  the  door  is  shut,  water  is  admitted 
to  the  interior,  and  the  valve  is  opened.  The  torpedo  is  then 
shot  out  and  started  by  means  of  a  piston  bearing  against  its 
rear  end  and  worked  by  compressed  air.  To  prevent  it  from 
slipping  out  before  the  time,  a  stop  is  provided  at  the  forward 
end  of  the  tube,  which  is  removed  automatically  at  the  same 
time  that  the  compressed  air  is  admitted  to  the  piston.  In  the 
case  of  broadside  discharge,  the  tube  works  inside  an  iron  cas- 
ing, through  a  stuffing-box  at  the  inner  end  and  in  a  shield  at 
the  outer  end.  The  shield,  placed  on  the  forward  side  of  the 
orifice,  is  of  such  a  length  as  to  protect  the  torpedo  from  the 
pressure  of  the  water  passing  the  vessel. 

In  projecting  from  above  water,  an  iron  carriage  is  used, 
which  is  fitted  with  a  frame  in  which  the  torpedo  rests.  The 
outer  end  of  this  frame  is  provided  with  a  lip  a  few  feet  long, 
by  means  of  which  the  rear  end  of  the  torpedo  is  slightly  canted 
up  on  leaving  the  frame,  preventing  undue  strain  on  the  ex- 
treme end.  The  frame  is  mounted  in  the  carriage  in  such  a 
way  that  it  can  be  elevated  or  depressed  by  means  of  a  screw, 
like  a  gun.  The  torpedo  is  ejected  by  means  of  a  piston  as  be- 
fore, the  carriage  being  provided  with  a  small  reservoir  of  com- 
pressed air  so  that  it  may  be  moved  to  any  point  aboard  ship. 

To  project  from  the  surface,  no  tube  is  necessary  ;  all  that  is 


-  TOKPEDOES.  329 

required  is  to  set  it  for  the  depth,  point  it,  and  turn  back  the 
lever  by  hand,  when  it  starts  oft  of  its  own  accord. 

For  discharging  from  boats,  the  torpedo  is  either  mounted 
on  its  carriage  forward  or  carried  in  iron  slings  suspended  from 
davits.  In  the  latter  case  the  davits  are  pivoted,  so  that  nor- 
mally the  torpedo  rests  in  a  cradle  on  deck ;  but  the  cradle  be- 
ing removed,  the  davits  are  swung  over,  lowering  it  to  about 
two  feet  below  water,  where  it  is  held  securely  until  discharged. 

The  propeller  is  worked  by  means  of  a  pair  of  Brotherhood 
engines,  working  to  60  indicated  horse-power  and  giving  1000 
revolutions  a  minute.  Weight  of  charge,  33  Ibs.  gun-cotton  ; 
weight  of  torpedo,  500  Ibs. 


THE    LAY    TORPEDO. 


The  shape  of  4he  Lay  torpedo  is  quite  similar  to  that  of  the 
Whitehead,  although  it  is  considerably  larger.  As  in  the 
Whitehead,  the  forward  section  forms  the  explosion  chamber. 
Next  abaft  this  is  a  chamber  for  holding  the  gas  reservoirs,  car- 
bonic-acid gas  being  the  motive  power.  Next  aft  is  the  com- 
partment for  holding  an  electrical  cable,  which  forms  a 
constant  connection  between  the  torpedo  and  the  operator. 
In  rear  of  this  is  the  compartment  for  the  engines  and  steering 


Lay  Torpedo. 

apparatus.  These  sections  are  separated  from  each  other  by 
water-tight  bulkheads.  The  torpedo  is  propelled  by  double 
screws,  the  propellers  working  in  opposite  directions  and  being 
placed  one  abaft  the  other,  the  shaft  of  the  forward  one  being 
hollow  and  that  of  the  after  one  passing  through  it.  The 
torpedo  has  four  .horizontal  fins  or  wings,  two  forward  and  two 
aft ;  these  wings  are  mounted  on  shafts  or  spindles  passing 
transversely  through  the  boat.  A  guide-rod  or  short  staff  is 
provided  at  each  end  of  the  torpedo  to  enable  the  operator  to 
regulate  the  course.  At  night  lanterns  are  hung  on  these  rods. 
The  electrical  cable,  made  up  of  two  insulated  wires,  is  wound 
on  a  reel,  and  pays  out  through  a  hole  in  the  bottom  of  the 
compartment  as  the  boat  advances.  By  means  of  one  of  these 
wires  the  boat  is  started,  stopped,  and  steered,  and  by  the  other 
it  is  fired. 

A  double  steering-rudder  is  used,  one  half  being  above  and 


330  TORPEDOES.  * 

the  other  below  the  line  of  the  propellers ;  these  rudders  are 
worked  by  means  of  a  small  auxiliary  >  engine,  which  is  started, 
stopped,  and  reversed  by  means  of  the  electrical  current.  The 
current  passing  in  one  direction  starts  the  engine  ahead,  putting 
the  helm  to  starboard.  If  the  current  is  broken,  the  engine 
stops  and  the  rudder  swings  amidships.  The  current  passing  in 
the  opposite  direction  reverses  the  engine  and  puts  the  helm  to 
port. 

In  the  firing  circuit  there  are  two  resistance-coils,  one  in 
the  boat  and  one  by  the  operator ;  the  charge  may  be  fired 
through  either  one  of  the  coils,  but  not  through  both.  When 
the^  nose  of  the  torpedo  strikes  a  resisting  object  the  coil  in 
the  boat  is  cut  out  of  circuit  and  the  charge  is  exploded.  If 
the  operator  desires  to  fire  before  striking,  he  can  at  any 
moment  cut  the  coil  near  him  out  of  the  circuit  and  thus 
fire. 

The  propelling  engines  have  a  throttle^valve  which  con- 
trols the  admission  of  gas  from  the  reservoirs  to  the  cylinders, 
the  valve  being  in  connection  with  a  balanced  lever.  The 
current  passing  one  way  draws  down  one  end  of  the  lever, 
opening  the  valve,  and  passing  the  other  draws  the  other  end 
down,  closing  it. 

In  one  modification  of  this  torpedo  the  forward  compart- 
ment or  magazine  is  made  detachable,  so  that  on  striking  an 
object  it  breaks  adrift  and  sinks  a  short  distance  before-ex- 
ploding,  thus  gaining  the  best  depth  of  water.  In  launching 
these  torpedoes  from  a  vessel,  a  tube  is  provided  opening  be- 
low the  water-line  and  being  provided  with  a  forward  water- 
gate  and  a  rear  loading-door.  The  torpedo  being  put  in  place, 
the  rear  door  is  closed,  the  gate  raised,  admitting  the  water,  and 
the  torpedo  launches  itseli  after  the  engine  is  started.  In  or- 
der to  sink  or  raise  the  boat,  a  water-chamber  is  supplied  hav- 
ing a  valve  for  admitting  outside  water  and  another  for  the 
admission  of  gas.  By  sending  a  current  one  way,  the  water- 
valve  is  opened  and  water  is  admitted  until  the  torpedo  is  sunk 
to  the  required  depth.  By  sending  the  current  the  other  way, 
the  gas- valve  is  opened  and  the  pressure  of  the  gas  forces  the 
water  out  and  the  torpedo  rises. 

The  Lay  torpedo  may  be  used  for  clearing  river  obstruc- 
tions, by  laying  out  small  charges  in  any  position  or  by  drag- 
ging a  grapnel.  In  the  latter  case,  an  exploding  charge  is 
attached  to  the  upper  end  of  the  grapnel-chain.  When  the 
grapnel  holds  fast  to  any  obstruction  the  operator  is  notified, 
and  by  means  of  an  electrical  current  he  detaches  the  charge, 
which  slides  down  the  grapnel-chain  and  explodes  at  the  ob- 
struction, blowing  it  away. 


TORPEDOES.  331 


TOWING     TORPEDOES. 

The  Harvey  Torpedo. 

The  general  form  of  the  Harvey  torpedo  is  that  of  a  box 
of  a  rectangular  vertical  and  trapezoidal  horizontal  section,  in- 
tended to  float  on  end  and  tow  at  an  angle  from  the  ship's 
keel.  The  case  is  generally  made  of  copper  or  Muntz's  metal 
sheathed  with  wood;  the  upper  inner  edges  being  provided 
with  shackles  for  attaching  a  towing-s.pan.  The  body  of  the 
torpedo  is  also  the  magazine,  large  enough  to  hold  from  33  to 
58  Ibs.  of  gun-cotton.  The  tiring-bolt  with  its  fuse  attach- 


Harvey  Torpedo. 

ment  enters  the  magazine  from  the  middle  of  the  top  or  deck 
of  the  torpedo.  This  bolt  is  acted  upon  by  a  series  of  levers  so 
arranged  that  if  the  torpedo  strikes  in  any  position,  one  of  the 
levers  will  drive  the  bolt  down  and  explode  the  fuse.  In  the 
later  patterns  of  Harvey  torpedoes  there  is  also  a  small  rudder 
attached,  by  which  the  course  of  the  torpedo  is  regulated  when 
the  tow-rope  is  suddenly  slacked.  The  sling  is  made  with 
four  legs  going  to  the  corners  of  the  torpedo  and  of  a  length 


Towing-Reei.  Levers.  Firing-Bolt. 

to  bring  the  centre  of  effort  in  the  right  position  for  towing  the 
torpedo  at  a  good  angle  of  divergence.  The  firing-bolt  is  so 
arranged  that  the  torpedo  may  be  fired  in  three  different  ways : 
electrically  on  contact,  mechanically  on  contact,  or  electrically 
at  will.  The  mechanical  arrangement  is  an  ordinary  chemical 
fuse  placed  in  the  firing-bolt  in  connection  with  a  small  vial  of 


332  TORPEDOES. 

sulphuric  acid.  When  the  firing-bolt  is  forced  down  by  the 
contact  of  the  levers  with  any  resisting  substance,  the  vial  is 
broken  by  coming  in  contact  with  a  stout  needle  and  the  acid 
ignites  the  fuse.  For  firing  electrically  at  will,  a  platinum- wire 
fuse  is  used ;  one  terminal  going  to  earth  at  the  torpedo,  and  the 
other  passing  through  the  firing-bolt  and  attaching  to  the  in- 
sulated wire  core  of  the  tow-rope  leading  aboard  ship.  To  fire  on 
contact  electrically,  a  resistance-coil  is  introduced  in  the  circuit 
at  the  fuse  in  such  a  manner  that  by  forcing  the  firing-bolt 
down  the  resistance-coil  is  cut  out  of  the  circuit  and  the  fuse 
is  fired  by  the  short  circuit. 

The  firing-bolt  is  fitted  to  act  with  a  pressure  of  from  30 
to  40  Ibs.  on  its  head,  and  under  ordinary  circumstances  i& 
secured  by  a  key  in  the  ordinary  manner  of  keying  bolts.  If 
these  torpedoes  are  left  to  sink  of  themselves,  they  will  ex- 
plode at  a  depth  of  about  60  fathoms  from  the  pressure  of  the 
water  on  the  head  of  the  bolt. 

In  order  to  hold  the  torpedo  steady  when  towing,  it  is 
provided  with  cork  buoys  which  tow  astern  of  it.  The  buoy- 
rope  is  rove  through  a  ring  at  the  after-end  of  the  torpedo,  and 
has  an  eye  spliced  in  its  end  to  which  the  tow-rope  knots 
after  reeving  through  the  eye  of  the  sling. 

The  firing-bolt  key  has  a  small  line  attached  to  it  by  wThich 
it  is  withdrawn  whenever  desired  after  the  torpedo  has  been 
launched.  The  tow-rope  coming  from  the  torpedo  reeves 
through  a  leading-block  on  a  spar  lashed  about  25  feet  above 
the  deck,  and,  coming  inboard  through  another  leader,  passes 
to  a  reel  secured  on  deck  and  controlled  by  friction-brakes. 

To  launch  this  torpedo,  it  is  hoisted  by  its  tow-rope  clear 
of  the  side,  and  the  rope  then  being  rapidly  veered  until  the 
torpedo  strikes  the  water  and  then  gradually  checked,  it 
diverges  at  once.  Veering  then  slowly,  the  torpedo  takes  its 
position  at  an  angle  of  about  45°  from  the  ship's  side.  In  at- 
tacking a  vessel,  when  the  torpedo  has  been  towed  to  within  a 
short  distance  of  the  desired  point,  the  tow-rope  is  rapidly 
veered  and  the  torpedo  dives ;  checking  the  rope,  it  rises  almost 
immediately,  and  at  a  very  sharp  angle  bringing  up  against  the 
vessel's  bilge.  In  case  it  becomes  necessary  to  get  rid  of  the 
torpedo,  the  tow-rope  is  cut  at  the  reel  and  unreeves  and  the 
torpedo  sinks.  There  are  two  rings  for  reeving  the  buoy-rope 
through,  a  large  one  and  a  small  one.  If  the  rope  is  rove 
through  the  large  ring,  the  torpedo  is  lost  when  the  tow-rope 
is  cut ;  if  rove  through  the  small  ring,  the  knot  connecting 
the  buoy-rope  and  the  tow-rope  brings  up  against  it,  and  the 
torpedo  is  held  up  and  buoyed  the  length  of  the  buoy-rope 
below  water.  In  securing  the  torpedo  after  the  key  has  been 


TORPEDOES.  333 

withdrawn  from  the  firing-bolt,  a  pair  of  tongs  is  used  to  grasp 
the  bolt  and  keep  it  from  being  forced  down. 


The  Menzing  Towing  Torpedo, 

This  is  a  modification  of  the  Harvey,  used  in  the  German 
service,  intended  to  overcome  objections  to  the  original  in  re- 
gard to  facility  of  use.  The  general  shape  is  slightly  different, 
the  forward  end  being  wedge-shaped  so  that  the  torpedo  may 
be  towed  on  either  side.  This  torpedo  has  two  tow-ropes,  each 
rove  in  a  similar  manner.  The  ends  of  the  ropes  are  provided 
with  two  legs  which  are  made  fast  to  the  after-end  of  the  tor- 
pedo, wrhere  is  a  small  rudder,  the  ropes  coming  to  it  and  acting 
on  it  in  such  a  manner  that  when  a  strain  is  brought  on  one  it 
turns  the  rudder  in  the  opposite  direction.  Secured  to  the 
bow  of  the  torpedo  is  a  crane,  having  at  its  end  an  eye  through 


Menzing  Torpedo. 

which  the  main  part  of  both  tow-ropes  reeves.  If  it  is  de- 
sired to  tow  on  the  starboard  side,  the  starboard  tow-rope  is 
slackened,  bringing  the  entire  strain  on  the  port  one ;  the  crane 
at  the  bow  of  the  torpedo  swings  around  by  the  strain  until  it 
brings  up  against  a  knot  at  the  splice  of  the  legs,  thus  forming 
with  the  legs  a  complete  bridle  ;  the  divergence  of  the  torpedo 
is  at  the  same  time  assisted  by  the  action  of  the  rudder. 
Levers  for  firing  mechanically  are  applied  in  much  the  same 
manner  as  in  the  Harvey.  A  circuit-wire  for  electrical  firing 
and  buoys  for  steadying  the  torpedo  are  also  used.  By  these 
arrangements  the  torpedo  may  be  towed  astern  until  required 
for  use,  and  then  by  slacking  the  necessary  tow-rope  it  may 
be  swung  out  on  either  quarter  desired. 

The  French  Towing  Tvrpedo. 

This  torpedo  is  in  the  shape  of  a  long  box  tapered  at  the 
forward  end.  It  is  made  of  wood,  with  a  cork  bow,  the  powder- 
chamber  being  hung  between  the  cork  and  the  main  body  in 
such  a  manner  that  it  may  be  detached  automatically.  This  is 
secured  by  a  bolt  projecting  from  the  top  of  the  powder-case, 
whose  head  is  held  by  a  movable  plate.  The  slot  in  the  plate 


334 


TORPEDOES. 


through  which  the  bolt-head  passes  is  larger  than  the  bolt-head, 
so  that  when  the  plate  is  knocked  back  the  bolt  slips  through 
and  the  magazine  is  detached.  Two  curved  whiskers  project 
forward  from  the  plate  as  contact-points.  In  order  that  the 
torpedo  may  be  exploded  at  the  proper  depth,  two  shafts  are 
pivoted  to  the  bottom  of  the  float  and  attached  to  the  maga- 
zine. When  the  latter  is  detached  it  drops  down  the  full 


French  Torpedo. 

length  of  the  shafts  (9  feet  below  the  surface),  and  on  reach- 
ing that  position  the  electrical  circuit  is  closed  and  the  charge 
is  fired  automatically.  To  fire  the  torpedo  at  will,  a  miniature 
gun  is  mounted  on  the  after-part  of  the  plate,  which  is  fired 
by  electricity ;  the  recoil  draws  the  plate  back  and  thus  releases 
the  chamber.  The  magazine  of  this  torpedo  holds  33  Ibs.  of 
dynamite. 

SPAR-TORPEDOES. 

The  American  Torpedo. 

American  spar-torpedoes  are  of  two  general  forms.  The 
first,  for  gunpowder  charges,  is  in  the  shape  of  a  long  cylinder 
with  hemispherical  ends.  The  second,  for  dynamite  charges, 
is  in  the  shape  of  a  large  double  convex  lens.  The  powder 


American  Spar  Torpedo. 


torpedoes  have  a  capacity  for  a  charge  of  from  75  to  100  Ibs. 
of  small-grain  powder ;  the  dynamite  ones  have  a  capacity  of 
from  15  to  30  Ibs.  In  the  gunpowder  torpedo  a  large  hollow 
spindle  passes  through  the  axis,  closed  and  secured  at  one  end 
by  a  large  nut.  This  spindle  is  pierced  with  flame-holes  at 


TORPEDOES. 


335 


short  distances,  so  as  to  permit  the  flame  from  the  fuse  to 
penetrate  and  ignite  all  parts  of  the  powder-charge  at  once. 
Around  this  spindle  is  a  guard  of  wire  gauze  to  prevent  the 
powder  from  the  charge  sifting  into  and  choking  the  flame- 
passages.  This  spindle  projects  some  little  distance  beyond 


Socket  for  American  Spar-Torpedo. 

the  inner  end  of  the  torpedo-case,  forming  a  handle  or  support 
by  which  the  case  is  attached  to  a  spar.  At  the  inner  end  on 
each  side  of  the  spindle  is  a  loading-hole  secured  by  nuts  and 
washers.  There  are  also  four  handles,  two  on  each  side  of  the 
case,  for  convenience  in  transporting.  The  100-pdr.  torpedo 
loaded  and  fused  weighs  about  360  Ibs.  The  torpedo-fuse, 


Wood  and  Lay's  Spar-Torpedo. 


which  is  an  electric  one,  finds  a  place  by  itself  inside  the  spin- 
dle, the  terminal  wires  passing  through  a  simple  water-tight 
gland. 

On  the  end  of  the  torpedo-spar  is  lashed  a  cast-iron  sleeve 
into  which  the  end  of  the  spindle  is  keyed.     The  torpedo- 


Boat-Fittings  for  American  Spar-Torpedo. 


spar  for  use  on  the  bows  or  broadsides  of  vessels  varies  in 
length  from  20  to  50  feet,  and  is  supported  and  pointedly 
guys  and  lifts  in  the  same  manner  as  is  common  with  swinging 
spars  generally.  The  wires  from  the  fuse  are  brought  in 


336 


TOEPEDOES. 


along  the  spar  to  the  electrical  machine  and  firing-keys  ar- 
ranged in  suitable  positions. 

The  spars  used  in  boats  are  generally  arranged  on  a  differ- 
ent principle  from  those  attached  to  the  bows  or  beams  of 
high-sided  vessels.  Arranged  to  work  in  a  swivelled  sleeve  with 
a  martingale  at  the  rear  end  to  regulate  the  depth  to  which 
they  shall  sink,  the  spar  is  either  launched  or  dropped  over  and 


Fitting  for  Heel  of  Spar  Ship-Torpedo.        Chafing-Plate  for  Heel  of  Spar-Torpedo. 

is  permitted  to  swing  without  guys,  the  operator  watching  and 
exploding  it-  as  it  is  brought  abeam  and  into  the  desired  posi- 
tion by  the  driving  ahead  of  the  boat. 

The  spar  used  with  the  dynamite  torpedo  is  an  iron  or 
steel  bar  of  diminished  cross-section  in  order  to  offer  a  mini- 
mum resistance  to  the  water,  with  a  hinged  piece  at  its  rear 
end  bolting  to  the  keelson  of  the  boat  and  acting  as  a  martin- 
gale. 

TORPEDO    VESSELS. 

In  several  of  the  navies  of  the  world  gun-boats  have  been 
designed  for  the  purpose  of  using  torpedoes,  either  locomotive 
or  spar,  to  the  total  exclusion  of  battery — or,  in  some  cases,  with 
a  limited  artillery — fire. 


Pietro  Micca  (Italian). 

This  vessel,  having  a  displacement  of  about  530  tons,  is 
built  very  low  in  the  water,  with  a  curved  deck  or  cover,  and 
is  not  armored  except  as  regards  a  deck  under  the  curved  cover 
and  over  the  engines,  intended  to  resist  the  penetration  of 
plunging  projectiles,  and  which  is  of  laminated  steel  2J  inches 
thick.  Her  estimated  speed  is  18  knots,  and  she  is  provided 
with  tubes  for  dischaging  Whitehead  torpedoes  ahead,  abeam, 
and  astern. 


TOBPEDOES.  337 


Itau  (Swedish).  Ziethen  (German). 

Vesuvius  (English).  Uzreef  (Russian). 

Whitehead  torpedo  gun-boats  of  from  400  to  TOO  tons  dis- 
placement and  an  estimated  speed  of  from  13  to  16  knots. 
The  peculiarity  of  the  Vesuvius  is  in  having  an  elbowed 
smoke-stack  carried  along  the  deck.  The  Rau  carries  a  light 
rifled  gun.  All  carry  machine-guns. 


The  Alarm  (American). 

The  Alarm  is  an  iron  ram  gun-boat,  built  on  the  transverse 
bracket  system,  with  a  double  bottom  and  water-tight  bulk- 
heads every  25  feet.  Her  dimensions  are  :  length,  173  feet ; 
beam,  28  feet ;  draft,  11  feet — which  may  be  increased  by  sink- 
ing the  vessel  to  the  level  of  the  upper-deck  beams,  arrange- 
ments having  been  made  for  the  admission  and  ejection  of 
water  in  the  compartments  formed  by  the  double  hull.  The 
torpedo  system  of  this  vessel  consists  of  three  hollow  steel 
tubes,  one  projected  from  the  end  of  the  ram  a  distance  of  30 
feet,  and  one  from  each  broadside,  17  feet.  These  tubes  slide 
in  and  out  on  frames,  and  are  worked  by  small  auxiliary  engines 
and  winches  ;  the  torpedo  is  fitted  to  the  end  of  the  spar  and  is 
fired  by  electricity.  The  port  from  wrhich  the  spar  is  pro- 
jected, being  below  the  water-line,  is  provided  with  a  water- 
box  and  double  doors  aud  heavy  rubber  washers,  which  grip 
the  spar  water-tight  as  it  is  run  out. 

In  addition  to  the  torpedo  system,  this  vessel  is  arranged  to 
carry  a  10-inch  rifle  forward.  Her  ram  is  strengthened,  and 
her  bow  is  protected  for  some  distance  by  a  plating  of  4r| 
inches.  On  her  rail  she  carries  machine-guns  to  resist  the  at- 
tack of  torpedo-boats.  Her  propeller  is  of  a  novel  pattern, 
serving  as  steering-gear  and  propelling  power.  This  vessel 
was  originally  fitted  with  a  propelling  apparatus  known  as  the 
Fowler  steering-wheel,  a  novel  propeller  which  both  gave  the 
vessel  headway  and  steered  her.  The  blades  of  the  propeller 
were  worked  by  means  of  a  simple  steam-valve  arrangement 
manipulated  by  the  helmsman.  The  steering  qualities  with 
this  apparatus  were  little  short  of  marvellous,  as  she  could  be 
driven  and  steered  with  as  great  facility  astern  as  ahead,  and 
could  even  be  worked  sideways.  Her  speed,  however,  was  de- 
ficient, never  reaching  ten  knots.  At  present  the  vessel  has 
been  fitted  with  the  Mallory  steering  propeller,  a  form  of 
screw  with  a  jointed  shaft  so  that  it  may  be  revolved  about  a 


338  TORPEDOES. 

vertical  axis.     This  screw  promises  to  give  a  speed  more  nearly 
warranted  by  the  fine  lines  of  the  vessel. 

The  Intrepid  (American). 

This  vessel  is  a  gun-boat  of  about  the  dimensions  of  the 
Alarm,  having  a  short,  heavy  ram  bow  and  an  armored  belt  at 
the  water-line  of  five  inches  thickness  all  around.  Her  load 
draft  brings  her  upper  deck  to  within  three  feet  of  the  water- 
line.  This  vessel  carries  no  armament  except  a  few  Gatling 
guns  on  the  rail,  and  her  torpedo  system  consists  of  four  ordi- 
nary swinging-spar  torpedoes,  two  on  each  beam.  Ordinarily 
these  spars  lie  in  crutches  alongside,  and  they  are  manipulated 
by  topping-lifts  and  guys  in  the  ordinary  way.  The  torpedoes 
are  exploded  by  electricity. 

The  Destroyer  (American). 

This  vessel  is  130  feet  long  by  12  feet  beam  and  10  feet 
draft,  built  with  a  straight  bow,  bow  and  stern  lines  being  the 
same  and  very  sharp.  She  has  no  upper-deck  rail,  this  deck 
being  very  low,  with  a  long  superstructure  rising  amidships. 
There  are  no  openings  in  the  sides  of  this  superstructure,  so 


Ericsson V  Torpedo  Vessel  (Destroyer). 

that  if  desirable  the  vessel  may  be  run  with  her  upper  deck 
completely  under  water.  Thirty-two  feet  from  the  bow  a  heavy 
armored  bulkhead  crosses  the  vessel,  inclined  at  a  vertical  angle 
of  45°,  and  intended  as  a  thorough  protection  to  the  engines 
and  boilers,  enabling  the  vessel  to  approach  bows  on  with  iniim- 


TOKPEDOES.  339 

nity.  Her  armament  consists  of  a  bow-torpedo,  which  is  pro- 
jected from  a  tube  in  a  manner  not  unlike  the  firing  of  a 
projectile  from  a  gun.  This  torpedo  consists  of  a  solid  block 
of  light  wood  having  inserted  in  its  forward  end  a  heavy 
bursting-charge  in  a  steel  case.  The  transverse  section  of  this 
torpedo  is  square ;  longitudinally  it  is  a  rectangle  with  sharp- 
ened ends.  Ignition  of  the  charge  is  obtained  by  means  of  a 
percussion-fuse.  To  project  this  torpedo,  it  is  inserted  in  a 
tube  provided  with  water-gates,  fixed  in  the  bow  of  the  boat 
just  above  the  keel.  A  steam  piston-rod  fits  against  the  after- 
end  and  pushes  the  torpedo  out  with  a  velocity  sufficient  to 
send  it  at  least  100  feet.  The  weight  of  the  torpedo  is  about 
1-100  Ibs.  This  vessel  has  been  tried,  but  the  system  is  not 
yet  perfected. 

The    Uhlan  (German). 

This  vessel  is  of  a  novel  type,  consisting  of  two  separate 
hulls,  one  within  and  abaft  the  other,  the  intervening  space 
being  filled  with  cork.  She  carries  affixed  to  a  ram  which  pro- 
jects ten  feet  forward  from  the  stem  a  dynamite  contact  torpedo. 
Arranged  to  travel  at  a  high  speed,  the  idea  is  to  carry  her  at 
full  speed  against  the  enemy,  the  crew  finding  refuge  on  a 
small  raft  which  she  carries  and  which  is  detached  just  before 
her  striking.  It  is  not  expected  that  the  main  hull,  in  which 
are  the  engines  and  steering-gear,  will  be  injured  by  the  ex- 
plosion. The  raft,  it  is  understood,  is  not  completely  detached 
from  the  vessel,  but  a  long  tow-line  is  paid  out  rapidly,  and 
after  the  explosion  of  the  torpedo  the  crew  haul  alongside  and 
take  the  boat  clear  ready  for  another  attack. 

TOKPEDO-BOATS. 

The  Thornycroft  Torpedo-launch. 

This  boat  is  built  to  combine  great  speed  with  a  moderate 
seaworthiness  and  resisting  power.  The  dimensions  range 
as  follows :  length,  57  to  85  feet ;  beam,  7-J-  to  10  feet ; 
draft,  3  to  4  feet.  They  are  built  of  steel  of  an  average 
thickness  of  ^  of  an  inch,  being  completely  decked  over. 
Generally  they  are  divided  into  six  separate  water-tight  com- 
partments. The  forward  and  after  ones  are  store-rooms  ;  the 
second  one  is  arranged  for  the  accommodation  of  the  crew ; 
the  third  is  the  pilot-house  ;  fourth,  engine  and  fire  room  ;  and 
fifth,  for  the  accommodation  of  officers.  The  single-screw 
shaft  projects  some  distance  beyond  the  stern-post  to  allow  the 


340 


TORPEDOES. 


double  rudder  to  work  forward  of  it.  The  screw  itself  is  of  a 
peculiar  construction,  so  built  as  to  project  the  water  straight 
aft  instead  of  radially.  These  launches  are  fitted  for  either  spar 
or  Whitehead  torpedoes.  In  the  former  case  the  swivelled 
sleeve  in  which  the  spar  works  pivots  abreast  the  pilot-house. 
In  the  latter  case  two  methods  are  in  use.  By  one,  a  White- 
head  is  carried  on  deck  on  each  side  mounted  on  a  carriage 
running  on  rails,  by  which  they  may  be  run  up  to  a  firing-case 


M.M     STE»M    TQRPECO   LAUNCH  'uCi:TNiN<; 


_0 0_ 

Thornycrof t  Torpedo-Launch. 

on  the  forward  part  of  the  deck.  This  firing-case  is  mounted 
on  a  pivot-carriage  and  has  depressing-gear,  so  that  the  torpedo 
may  be  pointed  in  any  desired  direction.  A  pointing  apparatus 
is  provided  in  the  pilot-house  by  means  of  which  allowance  of 
angle  may  be  made  for  the  movements  of  the  boat  or  of  the 
attacked  vessel.  The  pivot-circle  is  graduated  so  that  the 
torpedo  may  be  correctly  aimed  with  but  little  difficulty.  By 
the  other  arrangement,  a  Whitehead  is  carried  on  each  side  on 
pivoted  davits  in  a  sling,  so  that  it  may  be  lowered  into  the 
water  ;  the  machinery  is  then  started  by  hand,  and  the  torpedo 
moves  off  without  being  projected.  In  this  case  the  torpedo 
can  only  be  fired  right  ahead. 

The  Yarrow  Torpedo-Boat. 

This  is  a  launch  of  the  same  general  construction  as  the 
Thornycroft,  although  a  higher  rate  of  speed  is  attained  by 


Yarrow  Torpedo-Launch. 


this  type,  and  there  are  several  important  modifications.  The 
fire-room,  or  stoke-hole,  is  completely  separated  or  bulkheaded 
off  from  the  boiler,  except  the  front  part,  so  that  in  case  the 
boiler  collapses  or  is  pierced  by  a  shot  there  is  no  danger  of 


TORPEDOES.  341 

scalding  the  crew.  The  pilot-house  is  placed  aft  in  the  com- 
partment occupied  by  the  officers.  There  is  no  visible  smoke- 
stack. Two  ports  are  cut  in  the  sides  of  the  launch,  one  on 
each  side,  and  the  products  of  combustion  may  be  carried 
through  either  or  both.  The  ports  are  provided  with  valves, 
which  are  held  open  by  the  force  of  the  blast,  but  which  close 
immediately  if  struck  by  a  wave.  The  helmsman  can  direct  the 
smoke  through  either  port,  so  that  in  approaching  a  vessel  the 
one  on  the  side  next  to  her  is  closed  and  the  smoke  through 
the  other  port  is  partially  masked  by  the  side  of  the  boat. 
When  running  in  a  seaway  both  these  ports  may  be  closed,  and 
a  temporary  smoke-pipe  is  shipped  in  the  usual  place. 

These  boats  are  provided  with  a  rudder  at  each  end,  both 
rudders  being  operated  by  the  wheel  at  the  same  time.  The 
forward  rudder  may  be  drawn  up  into  a  well,  if  desired,  or  in 
case  that  it  gets  fouled  it  can  easily  be  dropped  overboard.  These 
boats  have"  attained  in  smooth  water  a  speed  of  22  knots  an 
hour.  The  torpedo  arrangements  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
Thorny  croft.  Above  18  knots  there  is  no  noticeable  vibra- 
tion of  the  frame. 


The  Herreshoff  Torpedo-Boat. 

The  general  type  of  hull  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  Yarrow 
and  Thornycroft,  except  that  it  is  of  composite  construction, 


Herreshoff  Torpedo-Launch. 

having  a  steel  frame  with  wood  planking  below  water  and  steel 
above.  The  propeller  is  a  single  two-bladed  screw,  placed 
under  the  keel  just  abaft  the  middle  of  the  boat,  the  hollow 
steel  screw-shaft  being  put  in  on  a  curve.  The  rudder  is  of 
the  balanced  type,  and  is  suspended  underneath  the  after-part 
of  the  keel.  The  pilot-house  is  abaft  the  smoke-pipe.  The 
boiler  of  this  boat  is  of  a  novel  character.  It  consists  of  a  cy- 
lindrical combustion  chamber  about  4  feet  in  diameter,  within 
which  is  a  spiral  coil  of  about  300  feet  of  two-inch  pipe.  This 


342 


TOKPEDOES. 


coil  is  continued  at  the  top  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  dome  under 
the  cover  of  the  combustion  chamber.  By  the  side  of  the 
boiler  is  a  separator  into  which  the  steam  passes  before  it  goes 
to  the  engine.  The  water  from  the  feed-pump  is  admitted  at 
the  top  of  the  coil,  and  during  its  course  to  the  bottom  the 
greater  part  of  it  becomes  converted  into  steam.  Having 
passed  through  the  entire  length  of  the  coil,  the  steam  and 
water  are  discharged  together  into  the  separator,  in  such  a  mau- 


Herreshoff  Boiler. 


ner  that  the  water  is  entirely  separated  from  the  steam  and 
can  be  blown  off  as  required.  The  steam  is  taken  from  the 
top  of  the  separator  and  returns  through  a  short  coil  placed  in- 
side the  combustion  chamber,  where  it  becomes  superheated 
and  is  led  thence  to  the  engines.  By  means  of  this  boiler  a 
good  working  pressure  can  be  obtained  in  about  five  minutes 
from  the  time  of  lighting  the  fires.  This  boat  may  be  rigged 
to  carry  either  the  Whitehead  or  the  spar  torpedoes.  Its  speed 
is  about  18  knots,  equal  to  that  of  the  Thornycroft. 


SHIPS'  BOATS. 

Steam-launches  are  at  present,  as  a  rule,  fitted  with  spar  or 
Whitehead  torpedo-gear  of  a  general  and  simple  type.  It  is 
not  intended  that  these  boats  should  be  classed  as  fighting 
torpedo-boats,  as  they  lack  the  requisite  speed  and  protection, 
and,  as  a  rule,  are  too  noisy  to  be  of  use  except  in  a  general  or 
concentrated  attack.  Such  boats  find  their  greatest  sphere  of 
usefulness  in  clearing  channels  of  obstructions  and  countermin- 
ing. For  the  former  work  many  are  now  provided  with  elec- 
trical valve-gear  and  steering  apparatus,  by  which  they  may  be 
controlled  from  a  boat  towed  some  distance  astern,  as  in  the 
manipulation  of  the  Lay  torpedo. 


TORPEDOES.  343 


SUBMARINE    BOATS. 

At  different  times  during  the  development  of  torpedo 
warfare  there  have  been  many  attempts  to  construct  and  per- 
fect submarine  boats  of  different  types,  but  in  no  case  has  an 
attempt  to  use  one  been  successful.  The  United  States  cor- 
vette Housatonic  was  sunk  off  Charleston  Harbor  in  1864  by  a 
submarine  torpedo-boat,  but  there  are  excellent  reasons  for  be- 
lieving that  she  was  at  the  time  of  the  attack  used  as  an  ordi- 
nary surface-boat  with  a  bow-torpedo  on  a  spar.  In  most  cases 
the  boats  used,  or  rather  designed,  have  been  propelled  by 
hand-power,  their  rate  of  speed  being  very  low.  Attempts  are 
being  made  in  all  countries  to  perfect  some  form  of  submarine 
boat,  and,  judging  from  the  experimental  success  attained 
heretofore,  it  is  fair  to  suppose  that  some  type  will  finally  prove 
successful,  although  in  any  case  its  use  would  be  extremely 
limited. 

DRIFTING    TORPEDOES. 

Torpedoes  of  this  description  have  been  used  in  great  num- 
bers in  time  of  war,  but  only  with  indifferent  success.  The 
especial  function  of  the  drifting  torpedo  is  the  destruction  of 
vessels  lying  at  anchor,  the  torpedo  being  sent  adrift  at  a  con- 
venient point  and  allowed  to  float  either  at  the  surface  or  by 
means  of  a  buoy  at  some  distance  below,  and  by  the  action  of 
the  current  to  be  carried  into  contact  with  the  vessel,  being 
exploded  by  a  contact-fuse.  There  is  no  especial  shape  con- 
sidered superior  for  this  type,  and  generally  the  torpedoes  are 
extemporized  from  the  most  convenient  materials  at  hand. 
Of  the  many  types  that  have  been  tried  there  are  two  which 
may  be  considered  especially  dangerous. 

The  first  of  these  is  a  torpedo  intended  to  be  dropped  by  a 
vessel  being  chased,  to  be  caught  by  the  one  in  her  wake. 
This  type  may  be  described  in  general  as  two  torpedoes  of  a 
size  sufficient  to  contain  20  or  30  Ibs.  of  dynamite,  connected 
by  a  rope  or  light  chain  bridle,  and  floated  by  flat  water-colored 
buoys.  Dropped  from  the  stern  of  a  vessel,  the  bridle  is 
caught  by  the  bow  of  the  chaser,  and  the  torpedoes  being 
swept  alongside  explode  against  the  bilges. 

Lewies  Drifting  Torpedo. 

This  torpedo,  intended  to  reach  a  vessel  at  anchor  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  boom  of  logs,  consists  of  a  case  of  powder  or 


344 


TORPEDOES. 


dynamite  resting  loosely  on  a  small  shelf  attached  to  one  ex- 
tremity of  a  heavy  pine  beam,  ballasting  it  in  such  a  manner 
mat  it  will  float  on  end  with  the  top  just 
above  water.  The  torpedo  is  attached  to 
me  Deam  DJ  a  lo°se  chain  bridle,  the  ends  of 
which  are  stapled  respectively  to  the  lower  end 
and  just  above  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the 
beam.  The  shelf  itself  is  hinged,  and  is  held 
in  position  by  a  catch  operated  by  a  small 
bell-crank  lever  on  top  of  the  beam.  This 
beam  on  coming  in  contact  with  a  boom  is 
canted  slightly,  and  the  lever  being  tripped 
the  shelf  drops  from  under  the  torpedo,  which, 
hanging  by  its  bridle,  cants  the  beam  almost 
horizontally,  thus  allowing  it  to  slip  under  the 
boom  and  noat  on  against  the  ship's  side,  where 
the  torpedo  explodes  on  coming  in  contact. 


DEFENCES    AGAINST    OFFENSIVE    TORPEDOES. 

Vessels  at  anchor  in  protecting  themselves 
against  torpedoes  establish  three  separate  lines 
of  defence.  The  outer  line  consists  of  guard- 
boats  ;  the  boats  of  the  ship,  either  carrying 
machine  and  boat  guns  or  having  their  crews 
armed  with  rifles,  patrolling  the  approaches 
to  the  ship  at  such  a  radius  as  may  be  well 
guarded  by  the  number  of  boats  employed. 
The  second  line  consists  of  a  boom  of  logs  or  spars  arranged 
around  the  ship  at  a  distance  of  from  twenty  to  fifty  feet, 
having  in  addition,  wherever  practicable,  heavy  nets  which 
hang  down  below  the  level  of  the  keel.  The  third  and  inner 
line  consists  of  -the  machine-guns  and  small-arms  of  the  crew, 
the  double  hull  and  compartment  construction  of  the  vessel 
itself,  and  powerful  electric  lights  which  at  intervals  sweep  the 
water  in  the  vicinity  of  the  vessel,  lighting  up  every  approach- 
ing object. 

DEFENSIVE    TORPEDOES. 

Torpedoes  of  this  class  may  be  described  generally  as  being 
either  heavy  cases  of  explosive  material  resting  on  the  bottom  of 
shallow  channels  and  fairways,  and  usually  exploded  at  will  by 
electrical  fuses,  or  smaller  torpedoes  anchored  and  either  buoyed 
or  supported  at  from  three  to  twelve  feet  below  the  surface. 
The  first  class  of  torpedoes  is  of  crude  and  varied  construction, 


Lewis's  Beam  Tor- 
pedo. 


TOKPEDOES.  345 

being  simply  heavy  cases  of  boiler-iron  of  a  capacity  for  from 
100  to  200  Ibs.  of  dynamite  or  1000  to  2000  Ibs.  of  powder, 
caulked  water-tight  and  sunk  generally  within  easy  range  of 
a  heavy  battery,  in  a  position  where  a  vessel  would  proba- 
bly stop  or  anchor  to  open  fire,  or  else  in  a  shallow  channel 
where  a  ship  must  pass  directly  over  it. 

The  buoyant  torpedoes  are  of  different  form ;  the  most  suc- 
cessful types  being 

The  Frame- Torpedo. 

This  consists  of  a  row  of  heavy  beams  planted  across  a 
channel  similar  to  a  "  chevaux  de  frise.'5  The  inner  ends  of 
the  beams  are  securely  anchored  to  the  bottom,  the  latter 
giving  them  a  support  when  they  are  run  into.  The  outer 
ends  carry  each  a  single  torpedo  shaped  like  a  large  rifled  shell 
and  holding  from  60  to  100  Ibs.  of  powder ;  bolted  to  it  so  that 
the  tops  of  the  torpedoes  are  about  eight  or  ten  feet  below 


Frame-Torpedoes. 

water.  These  ends  are  moored  so  as  not  to  swing  about  too 
much  in  the  current.  Just  under  the  outer  ends  a  frame  is 
constructed  to  support  the  beams  in  case  they  get  waterlogged. 
Contact-fuses  are  used  with  these  torpedoes,  and  the  whole 
arrangement  serves  the  double  purpose  of  acting  as  a  torpedo 
and  as  a  construction  defence.  These  beams  are  also  used 
singly  in  many  cases. 

Brookes  Torpedo. 

This  form  of  torpedo  is  intended  to  baffle  attempts  at  re- 
moval by  sweeping  with  drags  and  grapnels.  The  beam  used 
in  this  case  is  of  a  length  sufficient  to  allow  the  top  of  the  tor- 
pedo to  be  at  the  proper  distance  below  water  when  it  is  verti- 
cal. -The  heel  of  the  spar  is  shod  with  a  pointed  iron  casing 
having  a  ring  in  the  end  connected  to  an  anchor-shackle,  the 
anchor  being  completely  buried.  In  this  manner  the  beam  is 
free  to  oscillate.  The  torpedo,  which  is.  conical  with  a  dome 


346 


TORPEDOES. 


cover,  ships  on  the  upper  end  of  the  beam,  all  sharp  corners 
and  edges  where  a  rope  or  grapnel  might  catch  being  avoided. 
In  the  top  of  the  torpedo  are  placed  five  contact-fuses.  In  or- 
der to  make  this  torpedo  still  more  difficult  of  removal,  it  is 
placed  in  connection  with  a  heavy  ground-torpedo  called  a 
turtle-back  in  such  a  manner  that  any  attempt  to  remove  it 
from  its  berth  causes  the  explosion  of  the  turtle-back. 


Singer's  Torpedo. 

This  torpedo  contains  an  air-chamber  in  the  upper  part, 
whilst  all  the  lower  portion  is  devoted  to  the  charge,  varying 
in  weight  from  50  to  100  Ibs.  of  powder.  On  top  of  the  case 
is  a  heavy  conical  iron  cover  loosely  secured,  so  that  if  the  tor- 


Brooks's  Torpedo.      Singer's  Torpedo. 


Barrel  Torpedo. 


pedo  is  struck  a  violent  blow  or  is  canted  well  over  it  will  fall 
ofl.  This  cover  is  secured  by  a  wire  to  a  mechanical  fuse 
(there  are  several  different  types)  in  such  a  way  that  the  jerk 
given  to  the  wire  when  the  cover  falls  off  will  explode  it. 


Barrel  Torpedoes. 

Barrels  are  frequently  used  as  torpedoes,  being  thoroughly 
caulked  and  pitched  and  strengthened  as  much  as  possible, 
They  are  slun^  with  rope  or  chain  slings,  moored  in  position, 
and  exploded  either  by  contact  or  electrical  fuses.  In  the  ma- 
jority of  cases  with  defensive  torpedoes  at  present,  they  are  so 
arranged  as  to  be  fired  either  by  contact  or  at  will. 


TOEPEDOES.  347 


TORPEDO-FUSES. 

Torpedo-fuses  may  be  classified  under  four  different  heads ; 
viz.,  Percussion,  Friction,  Chemical,  and  Electric. 

A  percussion-fuse  is  one  in  which  the  flame  is  produced 
by  a  blow  on  some  fulminating  compound.  Of  such  a  type  is 
the  fuse  of  the  Whitehead  torpedo,  which  in  principle  is  pre- 
cisely that  of  the  firing  arrangement  of  breech-loading  small- 
arms.  The  shock  on  the  nose  of  the  torpedo  starts  it  back,  re- 
leasing the  firing-pin  spring,  which  driving  against  a  cap  or 
fuse  of  fulminate,  explodes  it.  The  fuse  of  Singer's  torpedo 
cannot  depend  directly  on  the  shock  of  collision  to  explode  it, 
as  the  shock  might  be  very  light.  As  an  intermediary,  there- 
fore, the  heavy  cover  of  the  torpedo  is  used,  which  falls  off 
when  the  torpedo  is  tilted,  and  by  its  descending  weight  re- 
leases the  lock  mechanism.  This  consists  of  a  firing-pin  and 
spring  secured  vertically  underneath  the  torpedo  and  held  re- 
tracted by  a  small  pin.  This  pin  is  withdrawn  by  the  falling 
cover,  permitting  the  firing-pin  to  drive  forward  against  the 
bottom  of  the  torpedo.  Just  over  the  spot  where  it  strikes  is 
a  short  rod  travelling  in  guides,  the  upper  end  being  in  contact 
with  a  small  capsule  of  fulminate,  which  is  exploded  by  the 
shock  of  the  outside  pin. 

The  Torpedo  Time-Fuse 

is  in  principle  a  lock  mechanism  in  which  the  firing-pin  catch 

is  in  connection  with  a  train  of  clockwork.     This  clockwork 

being  set  to  run  for  a  certain  length  of  time, 

the  torpedo  is  set  adrift  to  float  against  the 

vessel  or  obstruction,  and  the  torpedo  explodes 

at  the  end  of  the  time  for  which  it  is  set. 

The  original  and  most  crude  form  of  this  type 

of  fuse  is  a  candle  cut  to  a  certain  length, 

the  bottom  being  connected  to  a  quick-match. 

It   is  not   in  this  case  a  percussion-fuse,  as 

the  quick-match  communicates  directly  with 

the  charge.  Clockwork  Fuse. 

McEvotfs  Fuse 

consists  of  a  percussion  system  in  connection  with  a  small  pro- 
peller. As  long  as  the  torpedo  drifts  with  the  current  the 
propeller  does  not  revolve,  but  if  it  is  brought  up  in  any  way 
the  force  of  the  current  starts  the  propellers,  which  after  a 
few  turns  release  the  firing-pin  spring. 

The  torpedo  by  means  of  which  the  Albemarle  was  sunk 


348  TOKPEDOES. 

(see  cut,  page  335)  was  exploded  by  a  percussion-fuse  of  still  a 
different  nature.  The  torpedo  itself  was  attached  to  the  end 
of  a  spar,  but  just  before  explosion  it  was  intended  to  detach 
and  capsize.  A  hollow  tube  passed  through  the  axis  of  the 
torpedo,  having  at  the  nose-end  an  ordinary  percussion-cap 
arrangement.  The  rear  half  of  the  torpedo  formed  an  air- 
chamber,  and  at  the  rear  end  of  the  tube  an  iron  ball,  free  to 
move  along  the  tube,  was  held  in  place  by  a  small  pin  to  which 


English  Dynaino- 
McEvoy's  Propeller-Fuse.  Electric  Fuse. 

a  laniard  was  attached  to  be  pulled  by  hand.  The  torpedo 
being  thrust  by  the  spar  under  a  vessel  was  detached,  and  the 
air-chamber  caused  it  to  tumble  bottom  up  immediately.  The 
pin  then  being  withdrawn  by  the  laniard,  the  ball  dropped  on 
the  percussion-cap  and  fired  it. 

HilTs  Fuse 

consists  of  a  brass  body  having  a  percussion  anvil  screwed 
into  its  lower  end.  A  spiral  spring  surrounds  this  anvil,  pro- 
jecting slightly  above  it  and  forming  a  seat  for  a  light  case 
holding  the  fulminate,  which  is  of  a  very  sensitive  composition. 
Covering  the  top  of  the  fuse-case,  and  just  clear  of  the  fulmi- 
nate-case, is  a  light  copper  dome.  A  slight  blow  on  this  dome 
presses  it  in  and  drives  the  fulminate  down  on  the  anvil. 

McEvoy's  Improved  Percussion-Fuse 

consists  of  a  fuse-case  containing  an  ordinary  spring  gun- 
lock,  nipple,  and  percussion-cap.  The  hammer  of  the  lock  is 
held  back  by  a  vertical  rod  free  to  travel  in  a  guide.  On  top 
of  the  rod  is  a  ball  held  in  place  lightly  by  the  upward  pressure 
of  a  spring.  In  case  that  the  torpedo  is  struck  and  tilted  over 
the  ball  falls  from  its  seat  on  the  rod,  the  latter  is  forced  up 
by  the  spring,  releasing  the  hammer  and  exploding  the  percus- 
sion-cap. 

Friction-Fuses. 

Friction-fuses  as  a  rule  consist  of  some  arrangement  by  which 
an  ordinary  friction  cannon-primer  is  exploded.     This  is  done 


TORPEDOES.  349 

by  attaching  a  firing  laniard  to  the  friction-bar  of  the  primer 
and  either  leaving  it  free,  so  as  to  h' re  at  the  will  of  the  operator, 
or  attaching  it  in  such  a  way  that  the  momentum  of  a  vessel 


sEE^ng;, 


Barrel  Torpedoes  with  Friction-Fuses. 

catching  it  will  pull  it.  McEvoy's  improvement  on  Singer's 
percussion-fuse  consists  in  attaching  the  laniard  of  a  friction 
primer  to  the  heavy  cover. 

Chemical  Fuses 

are   those   in  which  substances   separated  until  required  for 
action  are  then  brought  into  contact  and  unite 
chemically  with  an  explosive  effect. 

Sulphuric- Acid  Fuse. 

This  fuse  consists  of  a  brass  fuse-case  con- 
taining the  magazine  and  crowned  by  a  thin  lead 
cylinder  containing  the  chemicals,  which-  con- 
sist of  a  small  closely  sealed  glass  phial  of  sul- 
phuric acid  placed  in  the  tube  and  packed  with 
a  mixture  of  potassium  chlorate  and  loaf-sugar. 
A  slight  blow  on  the  lead  cylinder  breaks  the 
bottle,  thus  permitting  a  contact  between  the  explosive  mix- 
tures. 

Harvey's  Torpedo-Fuse. 

The  principle  of  this  fuse  is  precisely  similar.  The  bottom 
of  the  firing-rod  is  in  this  case  hollowed  and  partially  packed  with 
the  potassic  chlorate  and  loaf-sugar  mixture.  Over  it  a  small 
bulb  containing  a  few  drops  of  sulphuric  acid  is  placed  and 
packed  carefully  with  raw  cotton.  The  mouth  of  the  hole  is 
then  sealed  with  a  lead  capsule.  The  firing-rod  is  itself  sus- 
pended over  a  firing-pin  against  which  it  is  driven  by  the 
levers  on  the  top  of  the  torpedo. 

Electrical  Fuses 

depend  upon  the  heating  powers  of  an  electrical  current  to 
ignite  certain  explosive  substances,  preferably  gun-cotton. 
Although  there  are  many  modifications  of  the  electrical  fuse, 
they  almost  without  exception  agree  entirely  in  general  make. 


350  TORPEDOES. 

Two  current  wires  are  necessary,  called  terminals,  and  having 
their  inner  ends  separated,  in  order  that  some  substance  offer- 
ing a  high  resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  current  may  be  in- 
serted between  them.  The  terminals  are  of  copper  wire ;  the 
resistance  material  or  bridge  is  generally  of  line  platinum 
wire,  although  other  substances  are  used  in  different  types. 
The  terminals  are  as  a  rule  separated  by  a  small  block 
of  hard  wood  which  forms  an  insulator 
and  a  support.  Around  the  bridge  a 
wisp  of  gun-cotton  is  generally  wrapped, 
although  here  again  other  explosives  are 
used  in  modified  forms.  This  combina- 
tion is  called  an  exploder,  and  it  is  insert 
ed  in  a  fuse-case  or  magazine  containing 
powder  or  gun-cotton.  The  exploder  and 
magazine  together  form  the  fuse.  One 
of  the  terminals  is  generally  attached  to 
the  exterior  of  the  torpedo,  which  forms 
i  e  c-  an  earth  ;  the  other  one  is  connected  with 
trie  Fuse.  an  insulated  wire  or  cable  leading  to  the 
electrical  battery.  These  fuses  are  made  to  explode  either  at 
will  or  on  contact.  If  they  are  to  explode  at  will,  the  firing 
circuit  as  a  rule  is  not  completed  until  the  moment  desired 
for  explosion.  If  they  are  to  explode  by  contact,  the  general 
manner  of  use  is  to  insert  in  the  circuit  at  some  part  a  re- 
sistance-coil of  sufficient  force  to  weaken  the  current  below 
the  firing  point.  At  the  moment  of  contact,  the  resistance 
coil  is  automatically  cut  out  and  the  torpedo  is  fired.  Another 
way  is  to  use  what  is  called  a  circuit-closer,  which  normally 
leaves  the  circuit  broken,  but  on  being  touched  the  circuit  is 
closed  and  the  torpedo  is  fired. 

One  advantage  of  the  electrical  fuse  is  the  facility  with 
which  the  whole  circuit  may  be  examined  at  any  time  to  test 
its  condition.  It  is  simply  necessary  to  send  a  very  weak  cur- 
rent through  the  circuit,  and,  the  resistance  being  known,  the 
length  of  the  circuit  can  be  measured  electrically  and  the  posi- 
tion .  of  flaws  may  at  any  time  be  located.  The  modifications 
of  the  different  fuses  depend  in  a  great  manner  upon  the  type 
of  generator  of  the  current,  as  voltaic  batteries,  dynamo-aiid 
magneto-electric  machines  are  used  according  to  the  position 
of  the  torpedo. 

CLEARING    CHANNELS    OF    TORPEDOES. 

The  greatest  skill  and  care  is  necessary  in  attempting  to 
clear  a  channel  of  mines  and  torpedoes.  Light-draught  boats,. 


TORPEDOES.  351 

launches,  gun-boats,  drag-nets,  grapnels,  and  materials  for 
handling  torpedoes  at  a  distance  of  thirty  or  forty  feet  are  in- 
dispensable. Torpedoes  of  the  Brooks  class  may  be  dragged 
over  many  times  and  escape  notice.  .  The  frame-torpedo  re- 
quires the  aid  of  counter-mines  or  large  torpedoes  extemporized 
and  sunk  on  them  to  blow  them  to  pieces.  The  shallow  water 
both  sides  of  the  channel  must  be  carefully  and  thoroughly 
dragged  for  leading  wires.  Boats  on  search  must  proceed  with 
frames  rigged  from  their  bows  to  catch  and  explode  torpedoes 
in  advance.  Deep-draught  frames  of  timber  must  be  dragged  up 
or  floated  down  a  channel.  Muddy  bottoms  must  be  thoroughly 
sounded,  and  after  the  search  is  complete  deep-draught  vessels 
cannot  pass  through  suspected  channels  without  torpedo-catch- 
ers rigged  from  their  bows.  Too  close  an  examination  of  a 
torpedo  after  it  is  picked  up  must  be  avoided.  It  may  almost 
invariably  be  easily  and  safely  exploded,  and  no  better  disposi- 
tion can  be  made  of  it. 


EXAMPLES    OF   THE    USE    OF    TORPEDOES    DURING-    THE   PAST 
TWENTY    YEARS. 

Whitehead. 

Sent  from  the  British  frigate  Shah  against  the  Peruvian 
iron-clad  Huascar,  May  29th,  1877.  During  the  running  fight 
between  these  vessels,  the  Shah  discharged  a  Whitehead  from 
a  bow  tube  under  water,  which  failed  to  reach  the  Huascar, 
the  reason  given  being  that  at  the  moment  of  firing  the  latter 
changed  her  course.  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  the  torpedo  in 
this  case  was  carefully  aimed,  as  there  was  no  cause  for  great 
hurry.  The  Huascar  could  not  be  aware  of  the  moment  of  firing, 
and  the  failure  appears  to  demonstrate  the  great  difficulty  of 
using  this  type  of  torpedo  between  rapidly  moving  vessels  at 
distances  of  eight  hundred  yards  or  over. 

Sent  from  Russian  steam-launches  against  Turkish  iron-clads 
off  Batoum,  December  28th,  1877.  The  Turkish  vessels  in  this 
instance  were  lying  at  anchor,  surrounded  by  booms  of  logs  and 
vertical  timbers,  and  having  guard-boats  out.  The  Russian 
launches  succeeded  in  passing  the  guard-boats  and  approaching 
to  within  less  than  a  hundred  yards  of  the  Turks  before  they 
were  discovered.  Two  Whiteheads  were  then  launched  at  one 
iron-clad,  missing  their  mark  completely,  both  being  found  on 
the  beach,  unexploded,  next  morning.  The  attributed  causes 
of  the  failure  were  non-familiarity  with  the  complications  of 
the  torpedo  itself,  darkness,  and  a  slight  swell. 


352  TORPEDOES. 

Sent  from  Russian  torpedo-launches  against  a  Turkish  reve- 
nue vessel,  January  26th,  1878.  In  this  instance  the  torpedo- 
launches  were  entering  Batouni  harbor  with  the  intention  of 
attacking  the  iron-clad  fleet,  when  they  were  met  by  a  revenue 
steamer  coming  out.  Whiteheads  were  discharged  at  a  dis- 
tance of  less  than  one  hundred  yards,  and  the  steamer  was 
struck  and  sunk. 

The  Lay  torpedo  has  never  been  used  in  war. 

To  wing-torpedoes  were  used  on  several  occasions  by  the 
Russians  against  the  Turks,  but  never  successfully. 

Spar-  Torpedoes. 

Attack  by  a  steam-launch  armed  with  a  spar-torpedo  on 
the  Confederate  iron-clad  Albemarle,  October  27th,  1864.  The 
Albemarle  in  this  instance  was  secured  to  a  wharf  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  boom  of  logs  at  a  distance  of  about  thirty  feet. 
The  Federal  steam-launch  approached  within  one  hundred 
yards  of  the  boom  without  being  discovered.  Fire  then  being 
opened  on  her,  she  started  ahead  full  speed,  parsed  the  ram, 
and  made  a  complete  turn  in  order  to  get  speed  and  direction 
for  striking  the  boom  a  fair  blow.  Hitting  the  boom,  the 
launch  breasted  it  in  several  feet  and  mounted  it,  evidently 
coming  to  a  stand-still.  At  this  moment,  and  whilst  under  a 
close  fire,  the  torpedo-spar  was  pushed  under  the  ram  and  the 
torpedo  was  exploded  fairly,  thus  sinking  her.  In  this  case 
success  was  due  entirely  to  a  cool  and  deliberate  execution  of  a 
thoroughly  developed  plan. 

Attack  by  Russian  launches  armed  with  spar-torpedoes  on 
the  Turkish  monitor  Duba  Saife,  on  the  Danube,  May  26th, 
1877.  In  this  attack  the  launches  passed  the  guard-boats 
without  being  seen.  The  monitor  was  not  protected  by  booms, 
and  two  launches,  making  a  dash  at  her  from  opposite  sides, 
planted  their  torpedoes  fairly,  exploded  them,  sank  the  monitor 
and  escaped. 

Attack  by  Russian  spar-torpedo  boats  on  the  Turkish  fleet  at 
Sulina,  June  10th,  1877.  There  were  six  torpedo-boats  ar- 
ranged in  two  divisions  in  this  attack,  the  two  fastest  boats 
leading.  These  leaders  reached  to  within  thirty  yards  of  the 
Turks  before  being  discovered. 

Fire  was  then  opened  on  them.  The  first  boat,  coming 
down  on  the  bow  of  one  of  the  monitors,  fouled  her  cable  and 
swung  alongside ;  her  torpedo  was  exploded,  but  not  being  put 
in  proper  position  no  damage  was  done.  The  boat  succeeded 
in  getting  clear,  but  was  sunk  by  the  Turks  and  the  crew  cap- 
tured. The  other  boat  succeeded  in  exploding  her  torpedo, 


TORPEDOES.  353 

but  also  failed  to  get  it  in  position.  The  other  division  of 
boats  did  not  follow  up  the  attack. 

Attack  on  a  Turkish  monitor  off  Rustchuk  by  a  Russian 
Thornycroft  boat.  In  this  attack  the  Russians  approached 
very  closely  before  being  discovered.  Fire  was  opened  on  the 
boat  and  the  circuit-wires  of  the  torpedo  were  cut,  rendering 
it  harmless ;  the  boat  escaped. 

Attack  on  Turkish  monitors  at  Soukum  Kaleh,  August 
24th,  1877.  Four  torpedo-boats,  taking  advantage  of  an  eclipse 
of  the  moon,  dashed  into  the  Turkish  fleet.  They  were  dis- 
covered at  a  distance  and  a  heavy  fire  was  opened  on  them, 
driving  them  off.  One  boat  exploded  her  torpedo,  but  it  was 
not  properly  placed  and  did  no  harm. 

Attack  by  a  spar-torpedo  boat  on  the  United  States  frigate 
Minnesota,  April  9th,  1864.  In  this  attack  the  Minnesota  was 
unprotected ;  the  torpedo-boat  was  discovered  about  fifty  yards 
away  and  fire  was  opened  on  her.  Her  torpedo  was  properly 
planted  and  exploded,  damaging  the  frigate  considerably,  but 
the  charge  was  not  heavy  enough  to  sink  her. 

Attack  by  a  spar-torpedo  boat  on  the  United  States  corvette 
Housatonic,  February  17th,  1864.  The  boat  used  in  this  at- 
tack was  in  reality  a  submarine  boat,  but  there  are  good 
reasons  for  believing  that  on  this  occasion  she  was  used  as  a 
spar-torpedo  boat.  She  was  discovered  about  fifty  yards  away, 
but  there  was  no  time  to  open  fire  on  her.  She  planted  her 
torpedo  fairly  and  exploded  it,  sinking  the  vessel  and  herself 
at  the  same  time. 

Besides  these  attacks  there  were  several  during  the  Ameri- 
can civil  war,  in  which  the  boats  were  discovered  at  a  distance 
and  driven  off. 


AKCH1TECTURE  AND  CONSTRUCTION. 


ARCHITECTURE  AND  CONSTRUCTION. 


UNARMORED  FLEETS. 


ARCHITECTURAL    DEVELOPMENTS. 

EVER  since  the  introduction  of  steam  propulsion  in  ships  of 
war,  England,  France,  and  the  United  States  have  taken  the 
lead  in  the  development  of  types  of  naval  vessels,  and  in  ex- 
amining the  various  methods  followed  it  is  necessary  to  at 
first  fully  understand  the  conditions  under  which  each  nation 
acted  and  the  obstacles  against  which  each  had  to  contend. 

In  Great  Britain  the  navy  has  always  been  considered  the 
main  defence.  Its  support  and  development  have  for  over  two- 
hundred  years  been  considered  of  the  first  importance,  and,  in 
legislating  for  its  maintenance,  expense  has  seldom  been 
spared.  Since  the  Crimean  war,  no  sudden  strain  has  been 
imposed  upon  its  administration  tending  to  limit  development 
to  certain  especial  types.  Experiments  have  been  carried  on 
with  equal  profusion  in  all  types,  from  the  line-of -battle  ship  to 
the  gun-boat,  and  as  each  experiment  resulted  in  the  addition 
of  a  vessel  to  the  fleet  whose  lifetime  could  be  estimated 
safely  at  fifteen  years,  we  find  in  this  immense  navy  a  most  het- 
erogeneous collection  of  ships,  which  it  would  be  impossible  to 
classify  distinctly.  Although  this  heterogeneousness  is  a  cer- 
tain sign  of  extravagance,  it  by  no  means  follows  that  it  is  a 
sign  of  weakness  in  the  fleet  itself..  In  all  this  range  of  liberal 
experiment  there  has  been  but  one  point  where  Great  Britain 
has  been  really  hampered,  and  the  true  advantage  of  a  certain 
amount  of  restraint  is  well  exemplified  in  the  superiority  of 
development  brought  about  by  it  in  this  instance.  In  order  to 
keep  the  fleet  constantly  up  to  the  standard  in  number  of  ves- 
sels, a  greater  expenditure  of  timber  was  required  than  could 
be  supplied  by  home  production.  It  was  easily  foreseen  that 
in  case  of  a  foreign  war  no  dependence  could  be  placed  upon  a 
constant  supply  from  abroad,  and  to  remedy  this  evil  we  find 
Great  Britain  'the  first  to  utilize  iron  in  ship-construction,  and 


362  AECHITECTUEE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 

battling  against  the  first  and  apparently  insurmountable  obsta- 
cles to  carry  iron  ship-building  to  perfection,  making  it  im- 
measurably superior  to  wood,  and  through  its  use  extending 
the  range  of  architectural  development  far  beyond  the  old 
limits. 

In  France  there  has  always  been  a  generous  system  of  legis- 
lation for  the  support  of  the  marine,  but  in  this  country  the 
navy  has  never  been  considered  of  the  vital  importance  to  the 
safety  of  the  nation  that  it  has  in  England ;  consequently 
naval  controllers  have  always  been  obliged  to  exercise  a  much 
greater  economy  in  development,  and  the  rigidly  mathematical 
system  of  the  French  in  the  exercise  of  all  "control  is  nowhere 
better  exemplified  than  in  the  development  of  their  fleet.  The 
ships  of  the  fleet  will  be  found  most  rigidly  classified,  each 
type  being  clearly  distinct.  Reconstruction  and  development 
is  carried  on  as  it  were  en  masse  in  accordance  with  the  pre- 
scriptions of  fleet  programmes  carefully  studied  out  to  meet 
the  exigencies  of  the  time,  and  once  settled  upon  being  rigidly 
followed  to  the  end.  It  is  on  this  account  that  the  French 
are  found  as  a  rule  backward  in  introducing  radical  changes  of 
detail.  Whilst  keeping  to  their  systems  of  classification,  the 
French  have  kept  close  to  the  English  in  the  matter  of  fleet 
strength.  There  has  been  one  period  in  which  France  fell  so 
far  to  the  rear  as  almost  to  take  third  place  in  strength  of  fleet, 
whilst  development  ceased  entirely.  This  was  caused  by  the 
disastrous  Franco-Prussian  war,  from  whose  effects  the  navy 
still  suffers,  although  it  has  fully  regained  its  former  position 
close  to  that  of  Great  Britain. 

In  the  United  States,  naval  development  has  been  constantly 
hampered  not  only  by  parsimonious  legislation  but  by  a  con- 
stant legislative  meddling,  imposing  a  restraint  far  more  in- 
jurious than  lack  of  funds  or  the  distractions  of  war  itself.  At 
no  time  has  the  strength  of  the  fleet  been  sufficient  to  bear  a 
comparison  with  that  of  either  England  or  France,  but  in  the 
matter  of  architectural  development  the  United  States  has  re- 
peatedly passed  to  the  front  at  a  single  stride.  In  spite,  how- 
ever, 01  the  advantages  gained,  parsimoniousness  and  political 
meddling  have  invariably  interfered  to  hold  the  navy  fast  at 
its  single  stage  of  advance  until  its  first  developments  sank 
into  insignificance  beside  the  modifications  and  perfections  ap- 
plied in  Europe.  During  the  Crimean  war  American  archi- 
tects laid  down  a  programme  for  an  efficient  steam  fleet  and 
led  the  world  in  the  development  of  the  steam  frigate  and 
corvette.  Notwithstanding  this  start,  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  in  1861  found  the  navy  with  but  the  nucleus  of  a  steam 
fleet.  Whilst  sailing  war-vessels  had  almost  disappeared  from 


ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION.  303 

European  navies,  giving  place  to  steam  types  founded  mainly 
upon  the  principles  which  had  given  American  architects  the 
lead,  the  bulk  of  the  United  States  Navy  was  still  composed  of 
the  old  sailing  frigates  and  sloops.  The  turreted  iron-clad,  the 
river  gun-boat,  and  the  rapid  cruiser  again  showed  the  way  to 
the  world ;  but  the  close  of  the  war  brought  demoralization  to 
all  systems  of  development. 

In  1865  the  United  States  possessed  a  fleet  fully  able  to 
protect  the  whole  line  of  its  immense  sea-coast  against  foreign 
aggression ;  in  1870  the  fleet  was  reduced  to  a  handful  of  vessels 
that,  whilst  showing  heterogeneousness  equal  to  the  English 
fleet,  did  not  possess  a  single  element  of  strength. 

At  the  date  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  war,  the  build- 
ing of  sailing  war-vessels  may  be  said  to  have  ceased  throughout 
the  world.  Steam  corvettes  and  frigates  formed  the  bulk  of 
the  effective  fighting  fleets,  whilst  steam  line-of-battle  ships 
were  being  slowly  introduced,  as  yet  scarcely  beyond  the  ex- 
perimental stage.  The  introduction  of  steam  propulsion  and 
the  advancement  in  the  science  of  naval  architecture  had  given 
rise  not  only  to  improvements  in  design,  strength,  and  seaworthi- 
ness of  men-of-war,  but  also  to  a  gradual  increase  in  dimensions 
of  the  different  classes.  The  extent  of  this  advancement  is 
well  shown  in  comparing  the  English  line-of-battle  ship  Victory, 
Nelson's  flag-ship  at  Trafalgar,  having  a  displacement  of  less 
than  2900  tons,  with  the  average  displacement  of  English  first- 
class  frigates  in  1854,  wThich  was  not  less  than  2800  tons ;  the 
battery  power  of  the  frigates  being  more  than  twice  as  effec- 
tive, steam-power  being  added,  and  nandiness  and  speed  under 
sail  alone  being  much  superior.  Progress  in  this  direction  had 
been  made  to  the  extent  that  in  1854  the  French  had  laid  the 
keel  of  the  Imperatrice  Eugenie,  a  frigate  of  3600  tons  dis- 
placement, designed  for  a  speed  of  12  knots  and  a  battery 
of  56  guns  (five  and  six  inch  smooth-bores).  At  the  dec- 
laration of  war  with  Russia  neither  the  English  nor  the  French 
navy  was  in  a  condition  to  meet  the  suddenly  created  exigen- 
cies ;  both  fleets  wrere  in  a  transition  state  from  sail  to  steam. 
The  necessity  for  steam-power  on  all  ships  was  suddenly  made 
forcibly  apparent,  and  architectural  development  ceased  almost 
entirely  in  the  work  of  converting  all  the  available  line-ships 
and  frigates  of  the  old  sailing  fleet  into  steamers. 

This  total  extinction  of  sailing  vessels  as  fighting  war-ships 
made  its  effects  felt  across  the  ocean,  and  an  attempt  was  made 
in  the  United  States  to  create  an  efficient  steam  navy.  With 
but  a  limited  supply  of  funds  for  its  creation,  American  archi- 
tects were  forced  to  study  fully  the  necessities  of  the  fleet  be- 
fore embarking  on  the  new  work.  Since  the  foundation  of  the 


364  ARCHITECTUEE   AND   CONSTRUCTION. 

navy  it  had  been  always  one  of  the  principles  of  American 
construction  to  build  ships  whose  measurement  exceeded  those 
of  similar  types  in  Europe.  Carrying  out  this  principle  in  the 
development  .of  the  new  fleet,  there  appeared  in  1855  four 
steam  frigates  superior  in  every  way  to  any  European  vessels- 
of  their  class  that  had  yet  appeared.  The  importance  of  these 
vessels  did  not  lie  simply  in  their  excess  of  measurements  over 
European  frigates,  but  in  the  combination  of  all  those  parts 
which  go  to  make  up  the  efficient  lighting  vessel.  The  Im- 
peratrice  Eugenie  with  her  3600  tons  displacement  had  sur- 
passed previous  frigate  developments,  but  had  made  no- 
impression  on  other  types  of  vessels.  On  the  contrary,  the 
appearance  of  the  Minnesota,  Wabash,  Colorado,  and  Mer- 
rimac  was  the  signal  for  the  disappearance  of  the  line-of- 
battle  ship.  The  displacement  of  these  ships  was  about  4700 
tons,  or  1100  tons  in  excess  of  the  Eugenie.  The  battery  was 
of  the  same  number  of  guns  as  in, the  French  ship,  but  ex- 
ceeded by  an  inch  in  calibre  that  of  any  broadside  afloat,  the 
combination  of  numbers  and  weight  giving  these  ships  supe- 
riority even  over  three-deckers.  Whilst  the  design  of  the 
Eugenie  called  for  a  speed  of  12  knots,  her  coal  siipply  was 
sufhcient  for  but  1500  miles.  The  Americans,  with  a  speed  of 
9-J  knots,  carried  coal  for  2500  miles.  The  sail-surface  of  these 
ships  was  enormous,  ranging  as  high  as  thirty  times  the  area  of 
the  immersed  midship  section.  In  1858  a  fifth  vessel  was 
added  to  this  type  (Niagara),  the  displacement  in  this  instance 
being  carried  to  5500  tons,  speed  12  knots,  with  a  coal  capacity 
for  steaming  2500  miles,  full  sail-power,  and  a  battery  in  which 
calibre  had  been  carried  to  the  extreme  limit  of  broadside  fire 
(11  inches). 

Whilst  the  French  were  engaged  on  their  Eugenie  type 
the  English  had  laid  down  a  type  of  3000-ton  frigates  (Emerald 
class)  which  reached  a  speed  of  13  knots.  On  the  appear- 
ance of  the  Wabash  in  European  waters,  the  English  at  once 
designed  a  type  to  surpass  her,  and  completely  overshot  the 
mark  in  the  Mersey  and  Orlando,  in  which  displacement  was 
carried  to  5600  tons ;  but  in  the  attempt  to  realize  a  speed  of 
13  knots,  they  gave  the  vessels  proportions  that  were  unfit 
for  wooden  construction.  With  their  profusion  of  experiments, 
however,  we  find  between  185T  and  1860  a  succession  of  types 
ranging  from  2500  to  4600  tons,  the  majority  averaging  about 
3800  tons.  In  these  ships  may  be  seen  the  constant  search  to- 
find  the  one  combination  that  shall  possess  all  the  excellences. 
All  of  these  vessels  were  thorough  cruisers,  and  in  no  case  ex- 
cept in  the  Mersey  type  do  we  find  the  experiment  result- 
ing in  worthlessness ;  still,  an  examination  of  the  frigates  will 


ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION.  36T) 

show  the  impossibility  of  giving  a  distinct  classification  to  them. 
Beyond  the  Crimean  war  it  has  been  already  stated  that  the 
development  of  the  line-of-battle  ship  had  scarcely  passed  the 
experimental  stage,  and  after  1857  the  sudden  increase  in 
power  of  the  frigate,  combined  with  the  introduction  of  the 
sea-going  iron-clad,  stopped  almost  entirely  the  development 
of  this  type,  although  their  construction  was  carried  on  until 
1860. 

In  France  a  new  fleet  programme  was  laid  down  in  1857, 
•in  which  the  heavy  American  and  English  frigates  were  en- 
tirely ignored,  and  whilst  new  frigates  of  the  Eugenie  type 
were  built  almost  without  change,  the  increase  in  vessels  of 
this  class  was  confined  almost  exclusively  to  lengthening  and 
converting  the  old  frigates  of  2500  tons  into  steamers  of  3000. 
Development  of  wooden  ships  was  found  only  in  the  corvette 
class.  The  reason  for ,  this  independent  departure  was,  in  all 
probability,  due  to  the  original  start  made  by  France  in  the 
development  of  the  iron-clad  frigate  in  this  same  year,  com- 
bined with  a  dissatisfaction  on  the  part  of  the  French  with  the 
speed  realized  in  the  W  abash  and  Orlando. 

In  1858  the  United  States  Xavy  put  forth  a  type  of  vessel 
new  in  every  particular,  and  one  whose  value,  although  not  im- 
mediately recognized,  has  by  its  development  become  the  true 
standard  for  effective  medium  unarmored  cruisers.  The  Hart- 
ford, Brooklyn,  Richmond,  and  Pensacola  combined  all  the 
advantages  of  both  the  second-class  frigate  and  the  sloop-of- 
war.  With  a  displacement  of  3000  tons,  which  placed  them  in 
a  line  with  light  frigates,  their  steam-power  was  fully  devel- 
oped, whilst  steaming  capacity  and  sail-power  were  kept  at  a 
maximum,  and  strength  of  battery  combined,  in  the  best  man- 
ner, calibre  and  number  of  guns.  In  the  civil  war,  which  soon 
followed,  no  class  of  vessels  proved  itself  of  so  much  fighting 
value  as  this.  These  vessels  formed  a  distinct  class  in  the 
navy,  and  contemporaneously  with  them  appeared  a  third  and 
lighter  class  (Iroquois,  Wyoming,  Mohican,  and  Narragan- 
sett),  with  a  displacement  ranging  from  1600  to  1900  tons. 

In  France  this  latter  type  had  appeared  in  the  navy  at  the 
same  time,  the  Cosmao  and  Dupleix,  with  a  displacement 
of  1800  tons,  realizing  a  speedjof  nearly  two  knots  greater 
(12  knots),  whilst  steaming  capacity  and  sail-power  were  the 
same,  and  the  battery  was  inferior  in  about  the  same  propor- 
tion as  the  speed  was  superior. 

In  England  the  development  of  this  class  was  an  extension 
of  the  old  steam-sloop,  realizing  in  the  Challenger  and  Ba- 
rossa  type  a  displacement  of  2350  tons,  with  the  disadvantages 
of  excessive  draught  of  water,  lack  of  development  of  speed 


366 


ARCHITECTUEE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 


and  steaming  capacity.  No  better  evidence  of  the  complete 
demoralization  of  architectural  development  in  the  United 
States  can  be  found  than  in  the  movement  made  in  1872,  in 
which  the  Hartford  class,  after  having  established  thoroughly 
its  great  utility,  was  by  the  addition  of  a  spar-deck  reduced  to 
the  plane  of  the  Challenger,  with  increased  draught,  reduced 
speed  and  steaming  capacity,  and  in  fact  a  reduction  of  all 
the  qualities  which  had  rendered  it  superior,  notwithstanding 
the  total  disappearance  of  the  type  not  only  in  the  English  but 
in  all  foreign  navies. 

During  the  Crimean  war  a  great  number  of  gun-boats,  rang- 
ing between  500  and  800  tons  displacement,  had  been  hastily 
but  well  constructed,  and  the  type  was  continued  after  the  war 
until  1860  almost  without  change.  The  same  types  with  but 
slight  modifications  were  contemporaneously  introduced  in 
France,  those  of  the  French  Navy,  as  a  rule,  possessing  a  supe- 
riority in  speed  of  about  one  knot. 

W  ith  the  Immortalite  frigate,  the  Challenger  sloop,  and 
the  Britomart  gun-boat,  the  development  of  wooden  war- vessels 
ceased  in  England  in  1859,  giving  place  to  composite  and  iron 
construction. 

In  1860  a  new  range  of  types  appeared  in  the  French  Navy, 
the  prominent  feature  throughout  being  the  extreme  develop- 
ment of  speed  and  steaming  capacity,  combined  with  medium 
sail-power  and  a  minimum  battery-power,  although  here  the 
French  introduced  the  rifled  gun  as  an  offset  to  the  heavier 
calibres  of  American  smooth-bores,  the  primitive  type  of  the 
rifle  leaving  it  inferior  to  the  latter  in  power.  In  the  first  rate 
appears  a  development  of  the  English  Challenger  class. 


RATE. 

Name. 

Displacement. 

Speed. 

BATTERY. 

First  ^ 

Venus  
Decr6s  

Tons. 
2,700 

1,770 

Knots. 
12.7 

j  XTV   6U-inch   rifles,   VIII    6-inch 
|     smooth. 

II  6J^-inch  rifles,  IV  5%-inch  rifles. 

Second  

Third  

Talisman  .  .  . 

1,300 

12.4 

II  6^-inch  rifles,  IV  4%-inch  rifles. 

Gun-boat  

Adonis  

730 

9.3 

IV  4%-inch  rifles. 

The  corresponding  new  types  of  the  United  States  Navy 
as  they  appeared  in  1862,  excluding  the  frigates,  although  the 
Franklin  appeared  after  this  date  as  the  last  of  this  type, 
were: 


ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 


367 


RATE. 

Name. 

Displacement. 

Speed. 

BATTERY. 

Second  « 

Hartford.  .  .  . 
Shenandoah. 

Tons. 
2,900 

2,100 

Knots. 
10.5 

12 

JH   11-inch,    XVIII  9-inch  smooth, 

{     I  5J4-inch  rifle. 

(II   11-inch,    Vni    9-inch   smooth, 
1     I  5J4-inch  rifle. 

Third  

Iroquois  

1,575 

10 

JII    11-inch,    IV    9-inch    smooth, 

Gun-boat  

Saco  

900 

9.5 

(     I  4J^-inch  rifle. 
IV  G^j-inch  smooth. 

From  these  lists  the  aims  of  the  constructors  in  France  and 
the  United  States  may  be  seen.  In  the  former,  displacement 
was  kept  at  a  medium  whilst  speed  was  developed  to  the  extreme, 
the  balance  in  battery-power  being  sought  in  the  introduction 
of  rifles.  With  the  latter,  displacement  and  battery-power 
were  carried  to  the  extreme,  speed  being  sacrificed,  although  in 
this  respect  great  attention  was  paid  to  retaining  fine  under- 
water lines  and  a  maximum  of  sail-power. 

From  1860  to  1873  an  interregnum  in  the  development 
of  French  wooden  types  occurs  corresponding  to  the  length  of 
time  intervening  between  the  fleet  programmes. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  the  Hartford,  Shenandoah, 
and  Iroquois  types  were  being  built  upon  slowly,  with  every 
prospect  of  completing  a  small  but  compact  and  efficient  cruis- 
ing fleet.  Whilst,  however,  this  fleet  had  been  designed  es- 
pecially for  ocean  cruising,  the  unforeseen  exigencies  of  this 
war  demanded  the  immediate  introduction  of  a  type  of  light- 
draught  gun-boats  for  river  service,  as  well  as  an  immediate  in- 
crease in  the  numbers  of  vessels  for  blockade  duty.  During 
the  first  two  years  blockading  and  river  vessels  were  extem- 
porized from  whatever  material  could  be  found  in  the  merchant 
service.  It  was  this  war,  however,  which  gave  birth  to  the 
Saco  type  of  gun-boats,  these  vessels  being  of  a  greater 
tonnage  and  better  fitted  for  blockade  duty  on  the  open  coast 
than  the  gun-boats  of  foreign  types.  Although  the  vessels  of 
this  type,  hastily  constructed  and  of  poor  material,  were  com- 
pletely worn  out  in  five  or  six  years'  service,  the  type  was 
renewed  and  has  remained  in  the  service.  Two  types  of  river 
gun-boats,  both  of  which  passed  out  of  existence  with  the  war, 
demand  attention  from  their  great  usefulness.  The  first  of 
these  was  the  ordinary  river  ferry-boat.  These  vessels,  having 
a  displacement  of  less  than  300  tons  and  a  draught  of  water  of 
seven  feet,  possessed  two  valuable  qualifications  for  river  fighting. 
They  were  built  to  run  either  end  foremost  with  equal  facility, 


368  ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 

their  speed  being  moderate  and  manoeuvring  qualities  excellent. 
Their  decks,  intended  to  carry  heavy  moving  weights,  needed 
no  especial  bracing  to  prepare  them  for  heavy  batteries.  These 
ferry-boats,  without  undergoing  any  transformations  except 
those  made  necessary  for  the  proper  accommodation  of  the  crew 
and  the  manoeuvring  of  the  guns,  carried  successfully  through- 
out the  war  heavier  proportional  batteries  than  any  vessels 
afloat  before  or  since.  The  type  itself,  enlarged  and  modified 
so  as  to  permit  the  vessel  to  do  cruising  duty  as  well  as 
river  service,  appeared  in  1863  in  what  was  known  as  the  double- 
ender,  a  vessel  standing  between  the  gun-boat  and  the  second 
rate,  but  not  to  be  classed  with  the  regular  third-rate  cruiser. 

The  total  ruin  of  American  commerce,  brought  about  by 
the  depredations  of  half  a  dozen  Confederate  cruisers,  led  to 
the  introduction  of  four  new  types  of  ships,  and  in  these  types 
American  constructors  sought  in  general  to  realize  the  maxi- 
mum of  speed  without  reducing  any  of  the  other  qualities. 

The  first  of  these  (in  point  of  rate)  was  designed  entirely 
with  a  view  to  securing  the  highest  possible  speed  and  steaming 
capacity,  all  other  qualities  being  made  subordinate.  The  dis- 
placement of  this  type  was  between  4800  and  5000  tons,  rang- 
ing about  300  tons  higher  than  the  frigates  of  1855,  and  they 
were  designed  for  a  speed  of  17  knots,  with  a  steaming 
capacity  of  5600  miles  at  10  knots.  The  speed  alone  was 
realized.  The  ships  themselves  being  built  of  white  oak  rotted 
almost  before  they  could  be  launched ;  the  frame  was  not  of  suf- 
ficient strength  to  resist  the  powerful  working  of  the  engines 
or  the  wrear  and  tear  of  cruising,  failing  in  this  particular  as  the 
English  frigates  Mersey  and  Orlando  had  in  1858.  The  con- 
sumption of  fuel  was  beyond  the  calculations,  reducing  the 
steaming  power  to  less  than  3500  miles. 

The  second  type  was  that  of  a  fast  frigate,  or  more  properly 
first-rate  (Piscataqua),  in  which  strength  of  battery  and  sail- 
power  were  raised  to  their  old  proportions  with  regard  to  the 
displacement.  The  displacement  of  this  type  was  4000  tons, 
battery  25  nine-inch  smooth-bores,  and  speed  12  knots,  with  a 
steaming  capacity  of  3000  miles  at  10  knots.  These  ships 
were  also  built  of  white  oak  and  soon  rotted,  and  their  general 
unhandiness  combined,  with  the  great  expense  of  keeping  them 
in  commission,  caused  the  type  to  da-op  out  of  existence. 

The  third  type  (Congress),  having  a  displacement  of  3000 
tons,  came  nearer  to  the  requirements  of  a  large  fast  ocean 
cruiser  than  either  of  the  others,  proving  fast  under  steam  or 
sail,  handy,  and  carrying  a  well-proportioned  battery.  This 
type  died  out  with  the  others  in  the  general  demoralization 
following  the  reduction  of  the  fleet  after  the  war. 


ARCHITECTURE   AND   CONSTRUCTION.  369 

The  fourth  type  (Plymouth),  having  a  displacement  of  2400 
tons,  with  a  battery  of  12  guns  and  a  speed  of  12  knots,  was  in 
reality  a  development  of  the  Shenandoah  class,  having  for  an 
increase  of  300  tons  a  gain  in  battery  proportional,  and  a  maxi- 
mum of  speed  both  under  steam  and  sail  without  any  increase  of 
draught.  Of  the  four  types,  this  one  alone,  which  was  a  develop- 
ment of  the  Shenandoah  class,  the  latter  being  modified 
from  the  Hartford,  was  the  only  real  step  in  advance  ;  but 
even  this  type  has  passed  from  the  active  list  at  present. 

Between  1865  and  1873  England  was  the  only  country  in 
which  real  development  was  carried  on.  The  French,  keeping 
closely  within  the  limits  of  their  programme,  were  engaged  in 
developing  speed  and  testing  subordinate  modifications  in  the 
lower  rates  of  their  vessels.  By  this  is  meant  such  modifica- 
tions as  testing  the  value  of  the  topgallant  forecastle,  leading 
to  its  adoption  in  all  rates;  the  suppression  of  the  poop-cabin, 
the  test  of  the  long  ram  bow  for  furnishing  additional  buoy- 
ancy forward,  the  merits  of  double  and  single  screw  propulsion, 
etc. — particulars  which  were  subordinate  to  the  main  architec- 
tural development.  The  United  States  Navy  from  1865  to 
1873  passed  through  a  period  of  uninterrupted  decadence. 
Millions  were  spent  in  the  futile  effort  to  patch  up  the  fast- 
rotting  fleet  of  white-oak  ships  that  had  been  hastily  con- 
structed during  the  war,  while  not  a  single  attempt  was  made 
to  benefit  by  the  rapid  development  of  the  English. 

Between  1860  and  1866  English  attention  had  been  almost 
exclusively  turned  to  the  development  of  the  iron-clad  fleet ; 
that  of  the  unarmored  fleet  consisted  almost  entirely  of  experi- 
ments in  composite  and  iron  construction,  bringing  out  no  new 
types,  but  perfecting  constructional  development.  In  the  lat- 
ter year,  however,  directly  following  the  appearance  of  the 
Wampanoag,  the  same  course  was  followed  as  with  the 
Wabash  ten  years  before.  Before  the  worjd  had  had  time 
to  form  any  judgment  with  regard  to  the  real  value  of  the 
type,  the  lines  of  the  Inconstant  were  laid  down  and 
the  ship  was  pushed  rapidly  to  completion.  In  this  case 
the  development  of  iron  construction  saved  England  from  the 
blunder  committed  in  1858  with  the  Orlando.  It  was  the 
American  vessel  that  had  overshot  the  mark  in  measurements 
for  wooden  construction.  The  English  turned  out  a  seaworthy- 
ship,  but  her  real  utility  is  questionable  owing  to  her  unhandi- 
ness and  the  expense  of  keeping  her  in  service.  The  displace- 
ment of  the  Inconstant  is  5800  tons,  battery  ten  9-inch  and  six 
7-inch  rifles,  speed  16  knots,  and  steaming  capacity  2160  miles 
at  10  knots.  The  Americans  attained  superior  speed  and 


370  AECHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 

steaming  capacity  by  a  sacrifice  of  battery-power.  The  Eng- 
lish attempted  to  realize  all  the  qualities. 

At  the  same  time  two  other  fast  cruisers  approaching  the 
rate  of  the  Congress  were  built  (Yolage  and  Active).  Be- 
tween 1870  and  1873  is  seen  the  same  search  amongst 
dimensions  to  find  the  ones  which  will  best  satisfy  the 
demands  of  speed,  steaming  capacity,  and  battery-power. 
The  Shah,  Raleigh,  Boadicea,  Bacchante,  Euryalus,  and  Ro- 
ver, ranging  in  displacement  from  3500  to  6000  tons,  over- 
shooting the  mark  at  first,  and  apparently  best  satisfied  with 
dimensions  falling  between  the  Piscataqua  and  Congress 
types.  All  of  these  ships  belong  more  properly  to  the  Piscat- 
aqua than  to  the  Wampanoag  type  ;  the  latter  appearing  fully 
developed  in  the  Iris  and  Mercury,  in  which,  as  in  the 
"Wampanoag,  all  is  sacrificed  to  speed  The  modifications  in 
this  case  consist,  first,  in  the  steel  construction,  giving  a  strength 
of  frame  sufficient  to  withstand  the  engine-power ;  second,  the 
reduction  of  dimensions,  giving  a  displacement  of  3700  tons ; 
third,  the  increase  in  speed  to  18  knots. 

In  France  is  found,  on  the  programme  of  1873,  provision 
for  first-rate  fast  cruisers  ;  accepting  the  necessity  for  this  de- 
velopment of  the  general  frigate  type,  this  country  deliberates 
and  studies  the  birth  of  the  type  in  1865  in  the  United  States, 
its  development  for  six  years  in  England,  and  finally  crowns 
the  English  modifications  with  what  to-day  must  be  regarded 
as  the  most  perfect  development  of  the  Piscataqua  and 
Shah  type.  The  Duquesne  and  Tourville  have  a  displace- 
ment of  5400  tons,  speed  of  1 7  knots,  and  steaming  capacity  of 
5000  miles  at  10  knots.  In  these  ships  France  borrows  the 
English  constructional  development  of  iron  sheathed  with 
wood,  while  by  an-  excellent  arrangement  she  secures  a  full 
battery-power  with  an  almost  perfect  command. 

Next  in  order  of  rate  in  England,  but  last  in  development, 
is  what  is  known  as  the  C  class  of  corvettes.  .  Built  of  steel, 
with  a  displacement  of  2380  tons,  they  truly  represent  the  last 
development  of  the  type  whose  foundation  was  the  Hart- 
ford, and  this  type  is  apparently  as  great  a  favorite  in  the 
English  Navy  as  the  Hartford  in  her  day  was  in  that  of  the 
United  States.  In  France  the  second-rate  of  the  programme 
of  1873  is  a  distinctly  new  type.  The  Duguay-Trouin  in  one 
respect  is  a  departure  from  French  custom,  her  dimensions  be- 
ing carried  to  the  maximum  for  this  rate,  giving  her  a  displace- 
ment of  3200  tons,  which  is  an  increase  over  her  own  immediate 
predecessors  of  1200  tons.  Her  battery-power  is  if  anything 
lighter  than  the  proportional  French  average  and  below  that 
of  the  English  and  American  vessels  of  lighter  displacement. 


ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION.  371 

She  is  designed  for  a  speed  of  16  knots  and  a  steaming  capacity 
of  3500  miles  at  10  knots.  The  main  architectural  peculiarity 
of  this  vessel  is  the  arrangement  for  securing  great  command 
of  fire.  Her  battery  is  all  carried  on  the  upper  deck,  whilst 
she  has  a  clear  flush  main-deck ;  the  opening  of  fore-and-aft  lire 
by  carrying  the  gun-platforms  beyond  the  upper-deck  rail  is 
also  a  modification.  Contemporaneously  with  the  Duguay- 
Trouin  the  Americans  introduced  a  new  type  which  comes 
nearer  a  modification  of  the  Raleigh  than  any  other  class, 
although  it  springs  directly  from  the  attempted  modification 
of  the  Hartford  class  referred  to  above  by  which  spar-decks 
were  added  to  them.  The  present  Hartford,  with  her  spar  and 
main  decks,  and  the  development  of  the  type  in  the  Trenton 
show  two  ships  wherein  is  well  exemplified  the  absurdity  of,  as  it 
were,  putting  new  wine  into  old  bottles.  The  Trenton  has  a 
displacement  of  3900  tons,  a  battery  of  eleven  8-inch  rifles, 
and  a  speed  of  13  knots,  with  a  steaming  capacity  of  3500 
miles  at  10  knots.  In  this  ship,  as  in  the  Trouin,  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  second  rate  are  carried  to  an  extreme,  although  in 
this  case  the  Americans  hold  fast  to  the  idea  of  combining 
moderate  speed  with  a  maximum  of  battery-power  and  gen- 
eral cruising  qualities.  The  Hartford,  however,  having  proved 
herself  possessed  of  all  the  excellences  of  her  day,  and  these 
excellences  having  been  secured  by  a  wise  distribution  of 
architectural  elements,  was  sacrificed  to  the  crude  development 
of  a  new  type  by  the  addition  of  a  new  deck.  Although  these 
two  ships  belong  to  the  same  type  and  rate,  no  comparison 
can  be  instituted  between  them,  and  at  the  very  time  that  the 
English  perfect  the  Hartford  type  in  the  C  class  of  corvettes  a 
blunder  of  the  Americans  disrates  the  original. 

Below  the  C  class  in  England  appeared  the  Opal  class  of 
1900  tons,  a  modification  of  the  earlier  Blanche  type  corre- 
sponding and  following  close  after  the  American  Plymouth 
type.  At  the  same  time  a  corresponding  type  appeared  in 
Erance  and  the  United  States.  In  the  former  the  Rigault  de 
Genouilly  has  a  displacement  of  1640  tons,  an  increase  of  400 
tons  over  her  immediate  predecessors,  a  battery  of  eight  5£- 
inch  guns,  and  a  speed  of  15  knots,  with  a  steaming  capacity  of 
4000  miles  at  10  knots.  In  America  the  Marion  has  a  dis- 
placement of  1900  tons,  a  battery  of  one  8-inch  and  seven  5-J- 
inch  guns,  and  a  speed  of  12  knots,  with  a  steaming  capacity  of 
2500  miles  at  10  knots.  The  French  in  this  class  show  the 
same  difference  in  qualities  from  the  English  and  American 
types  that  appeared  twenty  years  before. 

The  English  development  closes  with  the  gun-boats  whose 
types  come  more  directly  from  those  commenced  during  the 


372 


ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 


Crimean  war.  The  displacement  of  these  vessels  ranges  from 
400  to  900  tons,  with  a  diversity  that  scarcely  admits^of  a  dis- 
tinct classification.  The  American  gun-boats  are  reductions  of 
the  Iroquois  class  of  corvettes,  exceeding  the  English  in  aver- 
age displacement,  or  rather  showing  no  types  below  500  tons. 
The  French  gun-boats  are  more  closely  allied  to  English  than 
to  American  types,  although  there  is  but  little  difference  be- 
tween the  three,  the  English  showing  greater  diversity,  the 
Americans  greater  measurements,  and  the  French  greater  pre- 
cision of  rating. 


Chart  of  Architectural  Development. —  Unarmored  Vessels. 


ARCHITECTURE   AND   CONSTRUCTION. 


373 


CONSTRUCTIONAL    DEVELOPMENT. 

Previous  to  1857  wood  construction  was  universal  in  the 
building  of  war-vessels.  About  this  date  England  introduced 
iron  frames  in  her  first  armored  vessels,  passing  rapidly  to  the 
full  development  of  iron  construction  in  armored  ships,  com- 
posite construction  in  the  medium  and  light  classes  of  unar- 
mored  vessels,  and  iron  or  steel  sheathed  with  wood  in  the  first 
and  second  unarmored  rates.  By  1867  the  old  wood  construc- 
tion had  been  entirely  discarded. 


French  Corvette  La  Clocheterie 
(Wooden  System.) 


United  States  Corvette  Plymouth. 
(Wooden  System.) 


In  France  the  wooden  construction  was  almost  exclusively 
used  until  the  development  of  the  programme  of  1873.  Iron 
was  then  introduced  in  the  armored  hulls,  iron  sheathed  with 
wood  in  the  first  and  second  rate  unarmored  ships,  and  com- 
posite construction  in  the  gun-boats  of  less  than  700  tons,  leav- 
ing the  light  second-rates  and  the  third-rates  to  the  old  wood 
construction. 


374  ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 

In  the  United  States  the  wood  construction  is  still  invaria- 
bly followed.  There  are  no  composite  vessels  in  the  navy,  nor 
has  any  attempt  been  made  to  build  one.  There  are  two  or 
three  iron  vessels  of  1000  tons  displacement,  built  during  the 
period  of  greatest  demoralization,  and  on  account  of  political 
pressure  brought  to  bear  in  the  interest  of  iron  merchant-ship 
building.  These  vessels  can  scarcely  be  pointed  at  with  pride, 
since,  throughout  the  naval  world,  pure  iron  construction  is 
found  only  in  transports  and  troop-ships.  In  England,  where 
iron  ship-building  had  its  birth  and  development,  constructors 
have  never  proposed  this  very  excellent  type  of  merchant-ship 
construction  for  war-vessels. 

Wooden  Construction. 

The  keel  in  the  wooden  construction  is  sided  to  a  certain 
proportion  to  the  beam  of  the  vessel,  the  pieces  composing  it 
being  generally  connected  by  a  plain  scarf,  the  stem  carrying 
the  form  up  forward  being  hook-scarfed  to  the  forward  end 
of  the  keel  and  supported  by  the  timbers  of  the  deadwood  and 
apron,  forming  a  solid  mass  at  the  fore-foot.  The  stern  boun- 
dary is  carried  up  in  the  main  stern-post,  which  seats  with  two 
tenons  on  the  after-end  of  the  keel,  being  supplemented  in 
some  vessels  by  a  rudder-post,  but  generally  in  the  larger 
classes  of  vessels  the  latter  gives  way  to  the  equipoise  rudder. 
The  angle  of  the  stern-post  and  keel  is  made  up  into  a  solid 
supporting  mass  by  the  after-deadwood.  The  junction  of 
stern-post  and  keel  is  further  strengthened  by  bronze  castings 
bolted  on  each  side.  The  keel  is  rabbeted  each  side  to  receive 
the  garboard  strake  of  pknking,  and  the  stern-post  and  apron 
prolong  the  rabbet  at  either  end  for  the  hooding-ends  of  the 
outside  planking.  The  floor-timbers  cross  the  keel,  giving  an 
alternate  long  and  short  arm  on  either  side,  the  frames  being 
carried  up  by  futtocks  and  top-timbers  shifting  butts.  Over 
the  floor-timbers  in  the  plane  of  the  keel  a  heavy  keelson  is 
laid  with,  generally,  sister-keelsons  on  each  side,  the  system 
of  keel  and  keelson  forming  the  rigid  back-bone  of  the  ship. 

The  longitudinal  supports  of  the  ship  are  the  boiler-keel- 
sons, parallel  to  the  main-keelson  and  forming  the  supports 
to  the  boilers  ;  the  diagonal  bracing,  composed  of  iron  ribbons  of 
about  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  crossing  each  other 
at  an  angle  of  45°,  and  forming  a  complete  lattice- work  for  the 
ship  extending  from  the  spar-deck  to  the  turn  of  the  bilge. 
These  braces  are  generally  worked  on  the  inner  side  of  me 
frames,  but  in  certain  cases  they  have  been  worked  on  the  out- 
side or  on  both  sides.  The  inner  planking,  formed  of  the 


ARCHITECTURE  AND    CONSTRUCTION. 


375 


Diagonal  Braces. 


thick  strakes,  bilge-strakes,  and  ceiling  ;  the  deck-clamps,  ranges 
of  heavy  plank  for  the  support  of  the  ends  of  the  beams ;  water- 
ways, covering  the  beam-ends  and  corresponding  to  the  deck- 
clamps  underneath  ;  and  the  outside  planking. 

The  transverse  supports  are  the  beams  with  their  connect- 
ing systems  of  knees  and  carlings,  the  breast-hooks  and  tran- 
soms, and  finally  the  decks  themselves, 
which  furnish  both  longitudinal  and 
transverse  support.  Of  late  years  it 
has  been  the  custom  to  make  the  beams, 
knees,  breast-hooks,  and  transoms  of 
iron,  and  it  is  a  very  general  idea 
amongst  those  who  have  not  paid 
especial  attention  to  the  subject  that 
this  modification,  taken  in  conjunction 
with  the  introduction  of  diagonal 
braces,  constitutes  composite  construc- 
tion, which  is  by  no  means  the  case. 
In  the  wooden  construction  the  American  and  the  English 
systems  are  very  closely  allied,  whilst  the  French  differs  from 
both  in  many  details.  These  differences  are,  however,  in  the 
detail  work,  a  description  of  which  would  be  scarcely  war- 
ranted in  the  general  summarizing  of  a  system. 

The  outside  planking  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  strakes 
differing  in  thickness  of  plank  in  accordance  with  the  points 
at  which  the  greatest  strains  are  brought  by  the  motions  of  the 
vessel.  Next  the  keel  on  each  side,  and  tending  to  give  it 
thorough  support,  are  ranges  of  plank  firmly  secured  in  the 
rabbet  of  the  keel  and  thicker  than  the  planking  in  general, 
called  the  garboard  strakes.  Outside  of  the  gun-deck  beams 
is  another  range  of  heavy  planking  called  the  main  wales,  and 
in  two  and  three  decked  vessels  other  strakes  called  middle 
wales  are  worked  abreast  the  other  beams.  In  the  same  way  a 

freat  longitudinal  strengthening  is  gained  in  the  deck-planking 
y  the  outer  range  of  planks  next  to  the  water-ways,  called  the 
thick  strakes. 

It  is  considered  that  all  these  points  are  generally  under- 
stood, and  they  are  simply  referred  to  on  account  of  the 
necessity  of  bearing  them  in  mind  in  following  the  develop- 
ments. 

Diagonal  Construction. 

This  system  of  construction  is  found  only  in  the  English 
royal  yachts  and  in  their  heavy  wooden  steam  and  sailing 
launches,  but  it  is  the  opinion  of  an  eminent  English  naval 
architect  that  had  it  not  been  for  the  very  general  introduction 
of  iron  in  ship-building  it  would  probably  have  taken  precedence 


376 


ARCHITECTURE  AND    CONSTRUCTION. 


over  the  ordinary  wooden  construction.  Its  only  objectionable 
feature  is  its  expensiveness,  while  it  is  much  superior  in  point 
of  lightness  and  structural  strength.  Whilst  in  the  ordinary 
wooden  construction  the  weight  of  hull  ranges  between  46  and 
54  per  cent  of  the  displacement,  it  is  reduced  in  the  diagonal 
system  to  between  32  and  40  per  cent. 


In  this  system  the  keel,  keelsons,  stem  and  stern  posts, 
and  floor-timbers  are  similar  to  the  ordinary  construction. 
The  heavy  frames,  however,  stop  with  the  floor-timbers,  and 
there  is  no  diagonal  iron  framework.  The  outer  and  inner 
planking  of  the  ship  are  the  same  as  in  the  old  construction 
except  that  the  thick  strakes  of  outer  planking  forming  the 
wales  are  done  away  with,  retaining  only  the  heavy  garboard- 


ARCHITECTURE   AND   CONSTRUCTION". 


377 


strakes.  In  place  of  the  futtocks  and  top-timbers  of  the  old  con- 
struction a  double  course  of  diagonal  planking  is  introduced. 
That  part  of  the  inner  planking  which  covers  the  floor-timbers 
is  of  the  ordinary  thickness,  whilst  beyond  the  timber-heads  the 
planking  is  increased  in  thickness  to  give  a  smooth  turn  to  the 
bilge  ceiling.  These  four  or  live  strakes  are  rabbeted  into  each 
other  and  into  the  timber-heads.  The  clamps  and  water-ways 
are  as  in  the  old  type.  In  order  to  give  transverse  strength  to 
this  system,  the  knees  are  constructed  in  a  peculiar  manner. 
The  lowrer  leg  of  the  orlop-deck  hanging  knee  is  carried  down 
beyond  the  head  of  the  floor-timber.  Every  other  knee  is 
forked,  giving  a  housing  to  the  beam-end,  the  two  legs  follow- 
ing the  curve  of  the  clamps  and  water-ways  and  rising  with  a 
spread  of  half  the  height  between  decks  and  beyond  the  foot 
of  the  hanging  knee  over  it. 

This  system  of  construction  has  found  great  favor  in  Eng- 
land in  the  construction  of  yachts,  and  it  has  been  very  suc- 
cessfully applied  to  sailing  merchant-ships  and  steamers. 

Composite    Construction. 

The  object  of  this  construction  is  to  combine,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, all  the  advantages  of  the  wooden  and  the  iron  ship. 
There  are  three  main  systems  of  English  types  ranging  from  a 
close  approximation  to  the  wooden  construction  to  that  of  the 
iron  sheathed  with  wood,  which  latter  forms  the  connection 
between  composite  and  iron  construction.  In  McLain's  sys- 
tem, which  is  the  closest  approximation  to  the  wood  construc- 


Jordan's  Composite  Construction. 

tion,  the  keel,  stem  and  stern  posts,  frame,  and  outer  planking 
are  of  wood.  The  ceiling  or  inner  planking,  however,  is  of 
iron,  forming  a  complete  iron  inner  skin  ;  the  beams,  knees, 
stringers,  keelsons,  transoms,  and  breast-hooks  being  also  of 
iron.  The  wooden  frames  are  of  a  smaller  scantling  than  in 
the  wooden  system,  being  supplemented  by  angle-iron  frames, 
by  means  of  which  the  iron  skin  is  secured  to  them.  The 


378 


ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 


outer  planking  bolts  directly  to  the  wooden  frames,  being  kept 
entirely  clear  of  the  iron  inner  hull.  In  Jordan's  system  the 
frames  are  entirely  of  iron,  inner  and  outer  skins  being  of 
wood,  whilst  the  keelsons,  stringers,  and  transverse  supports 
are  of  iron.  In  Scott's  system  the  frames  are  made  of  T-iron 
instead  of  angle-iron  as  in  Jordan's  system,  and  a  modification 
is  introduced  by  which  the  frames  are  spaced  much  farther 
apart.  Between  the  frames  oak  or  teak  chocks  are  fitted, 


Scott's  Composite  Construction. 


McLain's  Composite  Construction. 


bolted  to  the  frames  and  calked  throughout,  thus  forming  a 
complete  water-tight  course.     These  are  the  main  types  as  rep- 
resented in  England.      In   Russia   is  found  another   system 
which,  doing  away  with  diagonal  braces,  which  it  must  be 
remembered  are   used    with  all  the   systems   just   described, 
makes  use  of  the  McLain  system  in  connection  with  Mr.  Scott 
Russell's  method  of  longitudinal  strengthening.     In  this,  the 
keel,  stem  and  stern  posts,  and  outer  planking  are  of  wood, 
^^^       whilst  the  frame  is  of  iron  with  an  iron  skin  oiit- 
IgJuU  n|     side  of  it,  which  in  general  terms  would  class  the 
type  with  that  of  iron  ships  sheathed  with  wood. 
To  the  outside  of  this  iron  skin  Z-iron  stringers 
are  bolted,  the  space  between  them  being  filled 
H     up  by  chocks  to  form  a  complete  wooden  sheath- 
H    ing.     These  chocks  are   made   shorter  than  the 
^   spaces,  and  are  wedged  in  their  seats.     Outside 
3m'   of  this  sheathing  is  run  the  wooden  outer  plank- 
ing in  the  ordinary  way.     It  will  be  seen  by  the  descriptions 


French  Gun-boat  Crocodile. 
(Composite.) 


French  Transport  Annamlte. 
(Composite.) 


following  that  this  system  can  scarcely  be  classed  as  a  true  com- 
posite. 


ARCHITECTURE  AND    CONSTRUCTION.  379 

The  French  system  as  applied  in  their  light  gun-boats  has 
the  same  wooden  outer  skin,  with  the  ordinary  iron  frame.  The 
outer  planking  is  double,  gaining  great  longitudinal  strength 
by  breaking  seams.  There  is  no  diagonal  bracing.  This  sys- 
tem of  outer  planking  is  the  one  used  in  the  English  Kavy. 
In  the  French  transports  of  the  Annamite  class  a  system  of 
alternate  framing  is  followed,  with  wooden  ceiling  and  double 
outside  planking.  In  these  vessels  additional  longitudinal 
strength  is  gained  by  the  use  of  heavy  iron  box-stringers  in 
place  of  the  ordinary  water-ways. 

Iron  Construction. 

In  tracing  the  development  of  iron  construction  it  is  neces- 
sary to  pass  from  the  consideration  of  unarmored  vessels  to  the 
armored  types,  as  the  pure  iron  construction  is  limited  almost 
exclusively  to  these  vessels.  The  advantages  of  iron  over 
wood  may  be  summed  up  as  being,  1st,  lightness  combined 
with  strength  ;  2d,  durability  when  properly  treated ;  3d,  ease 
and  cheapness  of  construction  and  repair ;  4th,  safety  when 
properly  constructed  and  subdivided.  Its  disadvantages  are : 
(1)  easy  penetration  of  the  bottom  by  rocks  or  by  other  point- 
ed substances ;  (2)  fouling  of  the  bottom  and  consequent  loss 
of  speed  ;  (3)  the  immense  holes  made,  not  only  by  taking  out 
solid  pieces,  but,  what  is  worse,  the  long  rents  or  tears  made 
by  a  penetrating  shot  through  the  thin  side-plates  and  frames. 
Fast  cruisers  cannot  be  built  of  iron  alone  on  account  of  the 
fouling,  and  the  smaller  the  ship  the  greater  the  harm  from 
this  cause.  War-vessels  of  any  kind  are  excluded  from  this 
construction  on  account  of  the  vulnerability  of  the  sides,  com- 
bined with  the  impossibility  to  stop  a  shot-hole  which  is  starred 
with  long  rents.  In  the  heavy  iron-clad,  however,  the  third 
disadvantage  is  done  away  with  by  the  application  of  armor. 
The  second  is  partially  overcome  by  the  surplus  engine-power, 
and  the  first  is  neutralized  by  the  double  bottom,  wing  pas- 
sages and  compartments  which  the  large  roomy  hull  allows  to 
be  introduced. 

The  Brazilian  iron-clad  corvette  Brazil,  although  built  as 
late  as  1866,  is  a  good  example  of  the  primitive  iron  construc- 
tion as  applied  to  vessels  of  war.  The  keel  of  this  vessel  is 
what  is  known  as  the  solid-bar  type,  the  plates  forming  the 
garboard-strakes  turning  down  on  each  side  of  it.  The  frames, 
made  of  upper  and  lower  angle-irons  strengthened  from  the 
amidship  line  to  the  turn  01  the  bilge  by  a  deep  web,  abut 
against  an  interior  keel  formed  of  a  single  plate  surmounted 
by  a  flat  plate-keelson,  the  frames,  keels,  and  keelson  being 


380  ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 

thoroughly  bound  together  by  angle-iron.  The  stem  is  scarfed 
into  the  keel,  rising  as  a  ^continuation  of  it  and  being  rabbeted 
for  the  reception  of  the  bow-plates.  The  main  longitudinal 
strengthening  consists  in  an  iron  bulkhead  rising  from  the 
bilge  to  the  under  side  of  the  main-deck  and  running  fore  and 
aft,  forming  water-tight  wing  passages.  Just  outside  of  the 
edges  of  tlie  plate-keelson  is  what  is  called  an  intercostal 
longitudinal  frame,  consisting  of  short  plates  between  the  webs 
of  the  frames  and  secured  to  them  by  angle-irons ;  these  frames 
run  fore  and  aft.  In  addition  to  these  longitudinal  supports,  a 


Brazil. 


wide  stringer- pi  ate  is  carried  along  underneath  the  water-ways 
of  both  decks.  In  the  formation  of  the  armor-shelf,  the  exte- 
rior angle-irons  of  the  frames,  turned  back  along  the  edge  of 
the  web,  form  the  shelf,  while  the  interior  angle-irons  are  car- 
ried up  unbroken  to  the  plank-sheer.  The  plating  is  the  sys- 
tem generally  applied  of  every  other  plate  lapping  on  both 
edges. 

In  the  Warrior  the  solid-bar  keel  gives  way  to  the  plate- 
keel,  which  in  this  case  is  double,  the  garboard-strakes  butting 
against  the  edges  of  the  internal  plate,  while  the  external  one 
laps  well  over  the  joint.  The  continuous  internal  keel  is  found 
in  this  ship  similar  to  the  Brazil,  secured  by  angle-irons  to  the 
inner  keel-plate  and  the  broad  plate-keelson.  The  lower 
angle-irons  in  this  case  are  continuous,  while  the  upper  ones 


ARCHITECTURE   AND   CONSTRUCTION. 


381 


are  in  short  lengths,  permitting  the  upper  angle-irons  of  the 
frame  to  pass  across  and  form  a  continuous  length  from  plank- 
sheer  to  plank-sheer.  The  web  of  the  frame  is  here  shown  in- 
creased in  depth  to  a  maximum,  being  lightened  as  far  as  pos- 
sible by  circular  sections  cut  out.  The  assemblage  of  a  frame 
consists  of  the  continuous  inner  angle-irons,  one  on  each  side 
of  a  narrow  strip  to  which  the  deep  web-pieces  are  bolted,  and 
the  lower  angle-irons  bounding  the  webs.  In  the  Warrior  will 
be  noticed  six  longitudinal  frames  similar  to  the  continuous 


Warrior. 

inner  keel,  and  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  third  of  these  frames, 
forming  the  seat  of  the  wing-passage  bulkhead,  and  the  sixth, 
running  along  the  outer  edge  of  the  floor-plates,  project  be- 
yond the  angle-irons  of  the  transverse  frame,  being  slotted  to 
permit  these  angle- irons  to  pass  them.  The  wing-passage  bulk- 
head forms  another  longitudinal  support,  extending  fore  and 
aft  from  the  turn  of  the  bilge  to  the  lower  side  of  the  main- 
deck.  The  armor  shelf -plate  in  this  instance  consists  simply 
of  a  broad  plate  bent  at  right  angles  and  secured  by  angle-irons 


382 


ARCHITECTURE   AND   CONSTRUCTION. 


to  the  inner  plating.  This  is  a  noticeable  feature,  as  the  ex- 
treme strain  on  the  plate  in  the  sharp  bend  is  a  plane  of  weak- 
ness. 

The  Bellerophon  shows  the  same  arrangement  of  keel  and 
keelson  with  the  addition  of  wooden  bilge-keels  secured  lightly 
to  the  bottom  plates  by  angle-irons.  The  framing  of  this  ship, 
however,  is  of  the  type  known  as  the  bracket-plate  system. 
The  features  of  this  system  are  the  adoption  of  a  double  bottom 
and  of  angle-irons  connected  by  bracket-plates  instead  of  by 
solid  forged  iron-work.  The  web  of  the  frame  in  this  instance 
is  much  deeper,  giving  a  large  space  between  the  outer  plating 


Detail  of  Bellerophon's  Frame. 


Bellerophon. 

and  the  bottom  formed  by  plating'  the  floor  edge  of  the  trans- 
verse frames.  In  the  Warrior  it  will  be  noticed  this  plating 
only  extended  to  the  third  longitudinal  on  each  side,  while  in 
the  Bellerophon  it  reaches  to  the  wing-passage  bulkhead.  The 
transverse  inner  angle-iron  is  continuous  from  bulwark  to 
bulwark,  the  outer  one  being  in  short  lengths  to  allow  continu- 
ous longitudinals.  The  upper  angle-irons  of  the  longitudinal 
frames  notch  down  over  the  transverse  frames,  while  the  lower 
ones  are  continuous.  The  spaces  between  the  bracket-frames 
lighten  the  assemblage  a  great  deal,  while  the  longitudinals, 
being  of  continuous  plate  like  the  inner  keel,  are  lightened  by 


ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION.  383 

having  holes  cnt  in  them.  In  this  manner  large  water-tight 
compartments  are  secured  ;  for  the  inner  keel,  the  third  longi- 
tudinal, and  the  wing-passage  bulkhead  longitudinal  are  solid. 
The  web  just  underneath  the  armor-shelf  is  of  the  old-style 
solid  plate,  to  give  better  support  than  would  be  gained  by 
bracket-plates.  The  double- bottom  arrangement  continues 
throughout  two  thirds  of  the  length  of  the  ship,  the  frames 
outside  of  this  being  reduced  in  dimensions.  The  armor-shelf 
of  the  "Warrior  proving  a  weak  construction,  that  of  the  Bel- 
lerophon  was  better  worked.  The  outer  angle  was  formed  by 
an  angle-iron  bolted  to  the  vertical  outside  plating,  and  to  a 
flat'  plate  forming  the  armor-seat,  the  iron  being  on  the  inside 
of  each  plate.  This  left  an  open  joint  between  the  lower  edge 
of  the  plating  and  the  upper  edge  of  the  side-plate,  but  the 
joint  is  one  easily  calked. 

In  the  Hercules  the  bracket-plate  system  is  quite  similar^ 
and  additional  stengthening  wras  put  in  by  partially  filling  the 
wing-spaces  with  a  strake  of  heavy  teak  backing.  Two  box- 


ruled  Wing-Passage  of  Hercules.  Floor  of  Hercules. 

keelsons  were  also  run  on  each  side  of  the  main  keelson,  and  the 
main  keelson  itself  was  strengthened  by  being  carried  up  above 
the  floor  and  braced  by  brackets  on  each  side.  The  armor- 
shelf  in  this  instance  was  also  slightly  modified. 

In  the  Invincible  the  wing-passage  and  its  bulkhead  is  done 
away  with,  and  in  place  of  it  the  web  of  the  transverse  frame 
is  deepened  considerably,  carrying  the  double-bottom  arrange- 
ment up  to  the  arm  or- shelf ;  and  whilst  retaining  a  good  depth 
as  security  against  the  outer  skin  being  broken  by  ramming, 
much  space  is  gained  in  the  hold. 

These  ships,  being  constructed  for  ramming,  require  a, 
firmly  braced  stem.  The  stem  itself  is  a  solid  forging,  and 
attaches  to  the  flat  keel  by  a  plain  scarf,  the  outer  keel-plate 
being  carried  some  distance  farther  along  the  turn  of  the  fore- 
foot than  the  inner  one.  The  whole  length  of  the  stem  is 
deeply  rabbeted  to  receive  the  forward  ends  of  the  side-plates 
and  armor,  which  all  house  in  it.  For  a  distance  of  forty  or 
forty-five  feet  from  the  bow  the  bottom  plates  are  doubled  to 
give  additional  stiffness,  each  plate  housing  in  a  separate 


384  ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 

rabbet.  The  rear  side  of  the  stem  is  cut  square,  the  breast- 
hooks  seating  fairly  on  it. 

Stern-posts  are  now  invariably  made  in  single  solid  f  org- 
ings,  and  are  plain  scarfed  to  the  keel  as  with  the  stem.  Com- 
partment bulkheads  form  an  element  of  great  transverse 
strength.  There  is  no  fixed  rule  for  their  application  in  war- 
vessels,  but  the  usual  number  is  seven.  Of  these,  one  is  placed 
well  forward,  called  the  collision  bulkhead,  another  is  far  enough 
aft  to  just  enclose  the  screw-shaft  stuffing-box,  two  others 
are  respectively  forward  of  the  boilers  and  abaft  the  engines, 
and  the  others  divide  the  remaining  space  as  is  best  suited. 
Above  the  water-line,  doors  of  a  sufficient  size  to  render  free 
passage  are  worked  in  the  bulkheads  and  are  on  hinges  having 
clamps  by  which  they  may  be  screwed  up  water-tight.  Below 
the  water-line  the  doors  slide  either  horizontally  or  verti- 
cally, being  worked  by  gearing  on  the  main-deck.  The  wing- 
passages  are  provided  with  small  sliding  doors  generally  kept 
closed.  The  compartments  of  the  double  bottom  are  con- 
nected by  sluice-valves  worked  from  the  main-deck. 

These  points  constitute  the  main  peculiarities  of  iron  ship- 
building as  it  is  at  present  carried  on.  There  are  constant 
modifications  made  in  details,  many  of  which  are  of  the  great- 
est importance,  but  a  description  of  them  would  be  out  of 
place  except  in  a  work  on  iron  ship-construction. 

Iron  Sheathed  with  Wood. 

It  has  been  stated  that  in  no  navy  (except  that  of  the 
United  States)  are  there  to  be  found  iron  ships  of  the  pure 
construction.  When  iron  ship-building  was  first  introduced 
in  England,  two  iron  sloops  were  laid  down  and  experiments 
were  carried  on  with  targets  representing  their  sides,  to  find 
out  the  effect  of  shot  upon  them.  The  frames  of  these  vessels 
were  spaced  only  one  foot  apart,  and  it  was  found  that  a  very 
serious  amount  of  splintering  took  place  when  a  shot  pene- 
trated. It  was  also  found  that  for  thicknesses  beyond  half  an 
inch  the  projectile  was  broken  to  pieces  on  contact.  This  ad- 
vantage for  iron  was,  however,  soon  counterbalanced  by  the 
rapid  increase  of  calibre,  change  to  rifled  guns  and  high  veloci- 
ties-, and  the  introduction  of  steel  and  chilled  projectiles.  The 
great  advantages  offered  by  iron  construction,  however,  ren- 
dered its  introduction  an  absolute  necessity  when  it  became  a 
question  of  speed.  The  rapid  fouling  of  bottoms,  with  its 
consequent  loss  of  speed,  could  only  be  overcome  by  coppering, 
and  this  necessity  introduced  another  and  far  more  serious  dif- 
ficulty, that  of  galvanic  action.  The  introduction  of  the  sys- 


ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION.  385 

tern  of  sheathing  iron  with  wood  is  due  directly  to  Mr. 
Grantham,  an  English  builder.  The  main  principles  laid 
down  by  him  were  to  have  widely  spaced  transverse  frames, 
and  on  the  exterior  of  the  iron  skin  to  work  a  system  of  angle- 
irons  which  should  in  themselves  bring  up  the  strength  of  the 
hull  to  the  standard,  making  up  for  the  loss  by  wide  spacing. 
The  iron  skin  having  been  covered  with  pitch,  a  wooden  filling 
was  introduced  between  the  angle-irons,  wedged  solid  so  as  to 
form  a  complete  wooden  casing.  Over  this  was  placed  a  layer 
of  tarred  paper,  and  then  the  sheathing  proper  of  the  ship  was 
fastened  by  brass  screw-bolts  to  the  wooden  filling,  completely 
insulating  the  iron  hull.  This  sheathing  could  then  be  cop- 
pered. These  exterior  angle-iron  frames,  being  worked  as  a 
support  to  the  inner  ones,  take,  as  a  rule,  an  opposite  direction. 
Thus  if  the  main  inner  frames  are  transverse,  the  exterior  ones 
are  longitudinal,  and  vice  versa.  Grantham's  method  is  in 
reality  the  one  shown  in  the  description  of  the  Russian  com- 
posite system. 

The  English  Admiralty  method  is  somewhat  different. 
Here  the  sheathing  is  in  two  thicknesses,  the  inner  course  being 
tap-bolted  to  the  iron  skin,  the  bolt-heads  being  sunk  well  into 
the  planks  and  covered  with  pitch.  The  outer  course  shifts 
seams  and  butts  with  the  inner  one  and  is  secured  with  brass 
screw-bolts.  Over  this  course  comes  the  copper.  The  Admi- 
ralty system  is  the  one  followed  in  France  in  the  construction 
of  the  first  and  second  rate  fast  cruisers.  The  difficulties  of 
insulation  are  not  yet  solved  by  any  means.  Could  the  sheath- 
ing be  absolutely  excluded  from  moisture  the  system  would 
be  perfect,  but  as  yet  no  means  have  been  devised  by  which  the 
wood  can  be  prevented  from  becoming  wet  and  thus  serving 
the  part  of  the  porous  jar  in  a  voltaic  cell. 

In  examining  and  discussing  different  systems  of  construc- 
tion it  is  necessary  to  always  keep  in  mind  the  great  distinc- 
tions between  composite,  iron,  and  iron  sheathed  with  wood. 
Those  who  cry  down  the  wooden  construction,  in  view  of  the 
rapid  deterioration  of  the  American  unarmored  fleet,  must 
bear  in  mind  that  this  fleet  was  constructed  of  the  worst  possi- 
ble material.  In  discussing  the  advantages  of  the  composite 
system,  those  of  the  diagonal  system  must  not  be  lost  sight  of. 
Above  all,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  disadvantages  of 
the  pure  iron  construction,  as  evidenced  by  English  and  French 
target  experiments,  have  never  been  overcome.  The  iron  and 
steel  sheathed  with  wood  is  an  amelioration,  but  as  yet  it  is  by 
no  means  a  satisfactory  one.  Although  England  has  totally 
discarded  the  wood  construction,  it  must  be  remembered  that 
France  holds  her  own  with  but  a  partial  introduction  of  iron 


386  AKCHITECTURE  AND   CONSTRUCTION. 

and  composite  in  her  highest  and  lowest  rates.  The  subject  of 
constructional  development  is  still  in  its  experimental  stage, 
and  to  those  nations  who,  unlike  Great  Britain,  cannot  depend 
upon  legislative  support  and  sympathy,  nothing  is  more  dan- 
gerous to  the  healthy  development  of  an  efficient  unarmored 
fleet  than  a  hasty  adoption  of  a  new  constructional  type. 

ARMORED  VESSELS. 
ARCHITECTURAL  DEVELOPMENT. 

It  would  be  useless  to  attempt  to  assemble  in  chronological 
order  the  many  propositions  that  have  been  submitted  to  or 
even  entertained  by  different  maritime  governments  looking 
towards  the  building  of  armored  vessels.  The  first  serious  at- 
tempt made  and  effectually  carried  out  was  by  France  in  1855, 
when  there  were  built  five  floating  batteries  carrying  an  armor 
of  five  inches,  which,  although  almost  totally  unmanageable 
from  their  bad  lines  and  realizing  a  speed  of  but  four  knots, 
wrent  into  action  on  the  17th  of  October  in  that  year  and  si- 
lenced the  batteries  of  Kinburn. 

These  vessels  taught  nothing  with  regard  to  architectural 
development,  but  at  the  instance  of  France  the  English  Gov- 
ernment built  nearly  at  the  same  time  some  vessels  quite  simi- 
lar, and  the  attention  which  this  movement  caused  led  to  a 
consideration  of  the  suggestions  of  Captain  Coles,  who,  in  the 
same  year,  sent  into  action  the  little  cupola  vessel  Lady  Nancy. 

Had  it  not  been  for  the  dire  necessity  for  an  armored  ves- 
sel to  hold  the  Merrimac  in  check,  Ericsson  would  not  have 
won  for  the  United  States  the  credit  of  introducing  the  moni- 
tor type  of  vessel.  Whilst  he  was  designing  the  lines  and  ar- 
rangements of  the  Monitor,  Coles  was  engaged  in  almost  pre- 
cisely the  same  work  for  the  Danish  Government,  designing 
the  Rolf  Krake.  . 

From  the  successful  work  of  the  French  floating  batteries 
that  government  passed  at  a  stride  to  the  Gloire,  laid  down  in 
1858.  Scarcely  was  this  vessel's  frame  up  before  the  keel  of 
the  Warrior  was  laid  in  England.  In  designing  these  two 
ships  the  honors  of  development  are  divided  between  the 
countries.  England  introduced  iron  ship-construction,  France 
combined  thickness  and  disposition  of  armor  as  well  as  dimen- 
sions of  vessels  which  required  the  least  change  as  develop- 
ment progressed.  Before  the  end  of  1862  all  Europe  had 
been  aroused  to  the  new  marine  development.  France  and 
England  already  possessed  iron-clad  fleets,  whilst  Spain,  Italy, 
Austria,  Denmark,  Kussia,  Holland,  and  Sweden  wrere  order- 
ing ships  wherever  they  could  be  obtained.  In  the  United 


ARCHITECTURE   AND   CONSTRUCTION.  387 

States  a  powerful  fleet  of  monitors  and  armored  river  gun- 
boats was  being  rapidly  formed,  whilst  to  this  country  the 
eyes  of  the  world  were  turned  for  the  actual  warfare  tests  of 
the  new  idea. 

In  England  the  development  of  the  broadside  sea-going 
iron-clad  extends  from  1858  to  1867.  Commencing  with  the 
Warrior,  there  is  a  gradual  increase  in  dimensions  until  the 
maximum  of  unwieldiness  is  reached  in  the  Minotaur,  the  false 
development  ceasing  at  her  and  falling  back  in  the  Bellerophon 
and  Lord  Warden,  the  last  of  the  pure  broadside  type,  to  nearly 
the  dimensions  laid  down  by  the  French  at  the  commencement 
of  their  work.  In  disposition  of  armor  the  English  departed 
in  the  same  manner  from  true  development.  Commencing 
with  simply  an  armored  battery  in  the  W  arrior,  altering  to  a 
fully  armored  main-deck  in  the  Valiant,  changing  again  in  the 
Achilles  to  an  armored  water-line  and  battery,  and  ending  with 
a  full  water-line  and  main-deck  armor  in  the  Minotaur  arid 
Bellerophon — the  system  adopted  by  France  at  the  start.  Dur- 
ing this  period  Coles's  turret-ship  development  commenced 
with  two  different  types  of  ships — a  harbor-defence  type,  rep- 
resented by  the  old  line-of-battle  ship  Royal  Sovereign,  which 
was  cut  down,  armored,  and  provided  with  revolving  turrets 
mounted  on  a  low  flush  deck,  and  the  Rolf  Krake,  Scorpion, 
and  Wyvern,  constructed  for  foreign  governments,  and  intended 
as  low-freeboard  sea-going  vessels. 

In  France  the  lifetime  of  the  pure  broadside  type  was 
about  the  same  as  in  England.  Commencing  with  the  Gloire, 
a  tentative  development  of  iron  construction  was  made  in  the 
Couronne,  but  was  not  followed  up.  Remaining  satisfied  with 
the  Gloire  type  as  it  was  perfected  in  the  Flandre,  the  French 
built  up  a  homogeneous  and  effective  fleet,  making  but  one 
false  step  in  the  development.  This  was  in  the  attempt  to 
carry  height  and  weight  of  battery  to  a  maximum  by  introduc- 
ing a  two-decked  frigate.  In  the  Magenta  and  Solferino  the 
armor  of  the  upper  gun-deck  was  confined  to  the  battery, 
leaving  the  ends  exposed  as  in  the  Warrior,  but  with  far  more 
injurious  consequences ;  for  the  upper  works  in  these  ships 
being  of  wood  were  open  to  the  ravages  of  fire  caused  by  shell 
and  hot  shot,  which  would  have  inevitably  put  these  ships 
hors  de  combat.  The  turret-ship  development  was  also 
commenced  at  this  period  with  the  ram  Taureau,  an  amplifi- 
cation of  Coles'  Lady  Nancy ;  passing  from  thence  to  the 
Cerbere  type,  which  was  closely  allied  to  the  American  moni- 
tors. In  the  private  ship-yards  of  France,  Germany  had  com- 
menced an  independent  type  with  the  Prinz  Adalbert,  a  false 
design  which  was  repeated  but  once,  in  the  Confederate  ram 


388  ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 

Stonewall.  In  comparing  the  developments  of  France  and 
England,  there  is  one  novel  feature  worthy  of  remark.  France, 
ignoring  iron  construction,  made  no  attempt  to  convert  her 
wooden  line-of-battle  ships  into  armored  vessels.  England, 
throwing  wood  construction  out  entirely  as  unfit  for  application, 
converted  a  number  of  her  wooden  vessels  into  armored  ones. 

In  the  United  States,  attention  was  turned  almost  entirely 
to  the  development  of  the  monitor  type,  passing  from  the 
single  to  the  double  turreted  class,  and  overstepping  the  limit 
in  the  three-turreted  converted  ship  Roanoke.  The  Confed- 
erates having  designed  an  independent  armored  battery-ship 
(Merrimac  type),  the  Federals  developed  it  in  the  'New  Iron- 
sides, carrying  it  to  the  end  in  the  Dunderberg. 

Spain,  Austria,  and  Italy  adopted  the  French  develop- 
ment of  the  broadside  ship,  the  latter  country  making  a  false 
step  in  the  Affondatore,  which  belonged  to  the  Rolf  Krake 
type.  The  northern  nations  introduced  the  American  devel- 
opment almost  unchanged. 

In  1867  England  struck  the  death-blow  to  the  pure  broad- 
side ship  by  the  design  of  the  belt  and  box  ship  Enterprise, 
passing  rapidly  and  in  a  true  line  to  the  Pallas,  Penelope, 
Hercules,  Sultan,  and  ending  with  the  Audacious.  During 
this  period  the  faulty  development  of  Coles's  low-freeboard 
sea-going  turret  system  culminated  in  the  Captain,  with  wrhose 
loss  the  inventor  perished.  His  work  was  not  lost,  however, ' 
for  in  the  Monarch  appears  the  true  development  of  his  sys- 
tem. During  this  period  also  the  English,  taking  the  Ameri- 
can monitor  type  in  connection  with  Coles's  turret,  advanced 
the  combination  in  the  Rupert,  Cerberus,  Glatton,  and  Fury 
(Devastation). 

In  France  the  broadside  type  was  modified  by  introducing 
the  short  main-deck  battery,  supplemented  by  the  spar-deck 
barbette  turrets  in  the  Belliqueuse,  carried  forward  in  the 
Alma  and  culminating  in  the  Ocean  and  Richelieu. 

In  the  United  States,  iron-clad  development  had  entirely 
ceased.  In  Germany  the  Konig  Wilhelm  represented  the  full 
development  of  the  English  Enterprise,  and  the  Friedrich 
Carl  entered  her  fleet  as  the  model  01  the  second-rate  armored 
cruiser  belonging  to  the  Alma  type.  Russia  failed  in  an  at- 
tempt to  advance  the  New  Ironsides  type  in  the  cruising  iron- 
clad Perwenec.  Holland,  with  the  Buffel,  introduced  a  new 
type  of  high-freeboard  monitor,  and  Turkey  appeared  devel- 
oping a  fleet  of  the  Hercules  type. 

Since  1871  the  English  have  in  their  sea-going  frigates 
mainly  developed  individual  ships  of  different  types — the 
Alexandria,  Temeraire,  Nelson,  and  Shannon.  Their  turreted 


ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION.  389 

ships  have  advanced  from  the  Devastation  to  the  Dreadnought 
and  Inflexible,  and  with  these  ships  the  English  have  for  a 
time  rested. 

In  France  development  was  stopped  for  a  time  by  the  war, 
but  recommenced  in  1875,  when  the  Alma  type  was  perfected 
in  the  Yictorieuse,  and  the  Redoubtable  and  Duperre  com- 
menced a  new  departure.  Their  coast-defence  vessels  were 
also  remodelled,  following  closely  the  ideas  expressed  in  the 
Glatton,  improving  on  her  in  the  Tonnerre  type. 

In  Italy  independent  action  appears  in  the  new  cruising 
types  Venezia  and  Palestro,  and  her  architects  rightly  claim 
half  the  honor  of  the  last  development  of  turreted  vessels. 
Whether  to  Italy  or  to  England  belongs  exclusively  the  Duilio 
and  Inflexible  type  is  a  question  that  probably  will  never  be 
satisfactorily  answered. 

Austria  develops  independently  the  Custoza  and  the  Teget- 
thoff. 

Russia  makes  a  false  development  in  the  Popoffkas,  and  a 
true  one  in  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh. 

Germany  carries  the  Monarch  development  to  its  highest 
point  in  the'  Preussen,  and  the  Redoubtable  development  in  the 
Kaiser. 

Chili,  with  the  help  of  England,  produces  a  new  and  true 
type  in  the  Almirante  Cochrane,  and  Japan  arid  Portugal  each 
appear  with  a  well-designed  reduction  of  the  Redoubtable  in 
the  Foo  Soo  and  the  Yasco  da  Gama. 

In  this  rush  of  development  of  twenty  years  it  is  true  that 
all  fleets  have  been  immeasurably  strengthened,  but  it  has  been 
at  a  cost  far  beyond  what  the  result  would  warrant.  It  is  only 
within  the  past  five  years  that  the  development  of  iron-clad 
architecture  can  be  said  to  have  taken  any  steady  course.  As 
yet  the  full  eifects  of  this  forced  and  feverish  course  can 
scarcely  be  realized ;  but  as  fleets  grow  now  slowly  and  steadily, 
those  nations  who  have  waited  a  little  and  profited  by  the  true 
developments  of  the  more  hasty  ones  will  be  in  a  far  better 
position  to  meet  the  sudden  exigencies  of  war  than  those  who 
have  counted  on  numbers  of  vessels  and  gross  tonnage  dis- 
placement as  a  true  criterion  of  naval  strength.  From  the 
number  of  cautious  nations  the  United  States  must  be  ex- 
cluded, since  in  this  country  the  blow  given  to  the  develop- 
ment of  private  ship-building  by  the  civil  war  and  to  the 
development  of  naval  architecture  by  political  intrigue  and 
interference  has  resulted  in  the  nearly  complete  destruction  of 
the  science  itself. 

Nothing  is  more  common  amongst  naval  people  than  specu- 
lations and  arguments  with  regard  to  the  true  methods  of  de- 


390 


ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 


veloping  a  fleet,  and  it  is  generally  taken  for  granted  amongst 
those  who  give  the  subject  but  a  superficial  study  that,  since 
the  designs  that  have  been  created  are  almost  countless  in  their 
variety,  and  that  amongst  those  nations  that  have  attempted  an 
independent  development  there  is  not  one  that  does  not  count 
as  many  failures  as  successes,  the  matter  of  design  is  one  of 
pure  guess-work,  not  stopping  to  think  that,  as  a  rule,  the  de- 
signers themselves  are  men  of  the  highest  abilities,  and  that 
witli  a  ship,  as  with  everything  else,  there  are  certain  limiting 
circumstances  that  the  nature  of  the  vessel  itself  forbids 
violating. 

In  this  respect  a  comparison  of  the  proportions  of  the  dif- 
ferent elements  of  vessels  of  varying  types  affords  a  useful 
lesson. 

RATIOS    OF   THE    PRINCIPAL    ELEMENTS    OF    IRON-CLAD    VESSELS    TO 
THEIR   DISPLACEMENT. 

First-rate,  Sea-going,  Full-rigged  Frigates. 

DISPLACEMENT  RANGING  FROM  10,500  TO  5400  TONS. 


NAMES. 

d 

P 

w 

^ 

Hull  and  Ar- 
mor. 

Ordnance. 

M 

^    \      . 
»3    i    1 

«                   0 

d 
P 

A 

a- 
ill 

1 
1 

Gloire 

.472 
.474 
441 

.144 
.161 
.163 
.180 
.195 
.294 
.147 
.289 

.216 

.149 
.183 
.194 
.171 
.209 
.199 
.221 
.246 

» 

.616 
.635 
.604 
.643 
.671 
.6&3 
.628 
.631 

.617 

.667 
.687 
.687 
.654 
.637 
.630 
.658 
.651 
.030 

.066 
.073 
.065 
.063 
.067 
.061 
.055 
.051 

.066 

.059 
.048 
.047 
.054 
.062 
.065 
.055 
.072 
.058 

.114 
.107 
.134 
.111 
.095 
.118 
.113 
.145 

.121 

.101 
.107 
.101 
.118 
.133 
.138 
.117 
.141 
.158 

.116 
.107 
.107 
.078 
.085 
.064 
.083 
.087 

.111 

.098 
.072 
.072 
.085 
.080 
.090 
.085 
.053 
.060 

.088 
.078 
.090 
.085 
.082 
.074 
.121 
.086 

.085 

.075 
.086 
.093 
.089 
.088 
.077 
.085 
.083 
.096 

Magenta    

Provence  

Marengo  

.463 
.476 
.389 
.481 
.342 

.401 

.518 
.504 
.493 
.483 
.428 
.431 
.437 
.405 
.404 

Richelieu 

Devastation 

Kaiser 

Tegetthoff  . 

KonigWilhelm....  
Warrior 

\chilles 

Minotaur 

Bellerophon              .  .  . 

Sultan                 

Hercules     

Audacious  

Temeraire 

ARCHITECTURE   AND   CONSTRUCTION. 


391 


Second-rate,  Sea-going,  Full-rigged  Frigates. 

DISPLACEMENT  RANGING  BETWEEN  5150  AND  2950  TONS. 


NAMES. 

1 

Armor. 

4 
a 

I1 

i 

6 

|| 

fi 

a 

l 

i! 

J 

H 

•g  (  Alma    . 

519 

234 

7KQ 

AJO 

*\ 
£  (Victorieuse 

47K 

172 

.035 

.  .  I  Pallas  .  . 

488 

•JCO 

AJ.1 

.068 

.114 

&j 
«=  (Shannon  

655 

071 

.074 

.085 

ki\  Hansa  .  . 

416 

104 

(MA 

J  §  -<  Duke  of  Edinburgh  
3  5  •<  Almirante  Cochrane  .  .  . 

.379 

.112 

.491 

.033 
073 

.197 

.215 
073 

.097 
.064 

0-2] 
**-<Drache... 

526 

133 

659 

041 

Oftfi 

oso 

19** 

Turreted  Sea-going  Iron-dads. 

DISPLACEMENT  RANGING  BETWEEN  11,550  AND  8400  TONS. 


Devastation 

301 

341 

642 

054 

117 

146 

041 

Dreadnought  

342 

301 

643 

048 

131 

137 

041 

Inflexible  

327 

362 

689 

070 

117 

103 

021 

Duilio 

341 

315 

656 

053 

117 

108 

066 

Peter  the  Great  

.366 

.051 

.145 

092 

Monarch  

433 

217 

650 

041 

133 

072 

104 

Turreted  Coast-defence  Iron<-clads. 

DISPLACEMENT  RANGING  BETWEEN  5550  AND  2550  TONS. 


Cerberus  

.428 

.369 

.797 

.059 

.077 

.036 

.031 

Hotspur 

430 

309 

639 

030 

133 

069 

.029 

Glatton 

320 

352 

672 

.068 

.114 

.112 

.034 

Cyclops  

.411 

.331 

.742 

.068 

.076 

.082 

.032 

Javary  

.288 

.373 

.661 

.068 

.106 

.051 

.114 

Popoff 

291 

384 

675 

.078 

.150 

.047 

.050 

Onondaga       .   . 

.624 

.117 

.741 

.059 

.102 

.068 

.130 

Tonnerre  

.359 

.371 

.730 

.036 

.118 

.052 

.064 

392  ARCHITECTURE  AND   CONSTRUCTION. 

Although  these  tables  are  too  limited  to  permit  of  a  just 
appreciation  of  the  development  of  iron-clad  architecture, 
much  profit  may  be  derived  from  them.  For  example :  it  is 
known  that  the  French  have  been  slow  in  adopting  iron  hulls, 
and  at  the  first  glance  many  are  inclined  to  sneer  at  their  back- 
wardness, but  an  inspection  of  the  table  will  show  that  their 
caution  was  well  founded.  In  weight  of  hull  they  never 
passed  48  per  cent,  while  the  English  with  their  iron  con- 
struction did  not  reach  that  point  as  a  minimum  until  the 
Hercules  was  designed.  Whilst,  however,  the  French  had 
reached  the  lowest  possible  limits  with  wood  (between  44  and 
48  per  cent),  the  English  by  constant  improvement  steadily 
reduced  the  weight  of  their  iron  hulls  from  52  per  cent  in  the 
Warrior  to  44  in  the  Audacious.  The  gradual  perfection  of 
steel  manufacture  coming  to  their  assistance  permitted  the  Eng- 
lish by  partially  introducing  it  to  reduce  the  weight  to  40  per 
cent.  At  this  point  the  French  take  up  the  iron  hull  and  with 
the  Devastation  reach  39  per  cent.  The  Austrians,  appreciating 
the  value  of  the  saving  in  weight  of  hull,  build  an  all-steel  hull 
in  the  Tegetthoff,  bringing  the  weight  to  its  present  minimum 
of  34  per  cent.  Since  iron  manufacture  has  never  been  in  so 
advanced  a  state  in  France  as  in  England,  it  is  safe  to  state  that 
had  the  Gloire's  hull  been  of  iron,  it  would  have  absorbed  at 
least  52  per  cent  of  the  displacement,  a  very  serious  matter  in 
the  first  stages  of  iron-clad  building.  The  wisdom  of  choosing 
a  wooden  hull  is  then  sufficiently  shown  in  this  one  point  of 
saving  6  per  cent  in  weight,  and  as  the  French  had  commenced 
with  a  complete  armored  side,  they  could  not  build  in  iron 
until  the  weight  of  that  system  was  reduced  to  that  of  wood. 
This  necessity  was  all  the  more  urgent  as  the  percentage  of 
armor  increased  more  rapidly  than  that  of  hull  diminished. 
From  the  Gloire  to  the  Richelieu  and  from  the  Warrior  to  the 
Hercules  the  regularity  of  increase  is  remarkable,  being  about 
the  same  in  both  countries,  and  yet  an  examination  of  the 
weight  of  hull  and  armor  together  shows  the  French  to  have  the 
advantage.  A  strictly  true  comparison  of  percentages  of  armor, 
however,  would  necessitate  a  closer  examination  of  the  sys- 
tem of  application  than  is  permissible  in  a  general  summary. 

The  advantages  of  a  light  hull,  however,  are  well  shown  in 
the  respective  percentages  of  the  Devastation  and  Tegetthoff. 
The  39  per  cent  of  the  Devastation  is  far  beyond  the  English 
limit,  but  it  also  brings  the  hull  and  armor  together  about  the 
same  amount  in  advance,  which  is  a  clear  disadvantage  to  other 
factors.  By  saving  on  the  hull,  however,  the  Tegetthoff  gets 
the  same  high  per  cent  of  armor,  while  weight  of  hull  and 
armor  together  are  at  the  very  lowest  limit. 


A  RCIIITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION.  393 

Passing  to  the  second-rates  we  find  the  weight  of  hull 
averaging  higher  and  that  of  armor  lower,  bringing  the  total 
weight  about  the  same.  The  Duke  of  Edinburgh  is  of  a  special 
type  which  can  hardly  be  compared  with  the  others.  Her 
hull  -of  38  per  cent  is  evidently  of  iron  and  steel  in  the  best 
combination,  whilst  her  very  low  percentage  of  armor  shows 
at  once  that  it  is  extremely  limited,  bringing  the  total  at  least 
12  per  cent  below  the  average,  the  reason  for  which  is  shown 
at  once  by  referring  to  weight  of  engines  and  coal,  which  are 
carried  far  beyond  the  average.  This  vessel  is  intended  to 
steam  16  knots,  with  a  coal  capacity  for  6000  miles  at  10  knots. 

Turreted  vessels  having  a  low  freeboard  should  naturally 
have  a  smaller  percentage  of  weight  of  hull,  which  is  found  in 
the  heavier  types  to  range  between  30  and  34  per  cent  (ex- 
cluding the  Peter  the  Great,  which  is  of  a  comparatively  early 
construction).  As  an  offset  to  this,  armor  is  applied  until  the 
difference  is  made  up,  bringing  the  total  weight  about  the  same. 
The  Onondaga  deserves  especial  examination,  as  showing  the 
attention  (?)  paid  by  Americans  to  this  point.  Her  weight  of 
hull  is  15  per  cent  more  than  that  of  the  heaviest  wooden  hull 
amongst  the  French  frigates,  and  33  per  cent  more  than  that 
of  the  Javary,  a  vessel  of  an  exactly  similar  type.  Her  armor, 
turrets  included,  is  3  per  cent  less  than  that  of  the  Gloire, 
instead  of  being,  as  it  should,  15  per  cent  more,  and  25  per 
cent  less  than  that  of  the  Javary.  Hull  and  armor  together 
are  at  least  10  per  cent  above  the  average.  By  a  bad  construc- 
tion of  hull  a  clear  30  per  cent  of  weight  was  completely 
wasted. 

The  very  low  percentage  of  ordnance  seems  no  doubt 
strange  to  many  who  talk  loosely  of  heavy  guns  and  projec- 
tiles without  thinking  that  this  element  is  one  of  solid  dead 
weight  occupying  an  immense  space.  From  5  to  7  per  cent 
includes  the  entire  range,  from  the  vessel  sacrificing  ordnance 
to  speed  to  the  one  with  a  maximum  of  ordnance  and  moderate 
speed,  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh  being  again  an  exception.  The 
limits  of  weights  of  engines  and  boilers  may  be  placed  at  from 
11  to  13  per  cent,  and  those  of  the  coal  supply  from  8  to  11 
per  cent.  Great  diversity  should  be  expected  in  the  percent- 
ages of  ordnance,  engines,  and  coal  in  the  second-rates,  depending 
upon  their  special  objects,  yet  as  is  seen  there  is  scarcely  4  per 
cent  difference  between  the  extremes.  The  remaining  per- 
centage should  be  about  the  same  throughout,  with  a  slight 
variation  for  the  proportion  of  sail-power,  the  total  allowance 
for  this  latter  being  from  1  to  3  per  cent. 

By  means  of  these  tables  the  beginner  may  get  an  adequate 
idea  of  the  limiting  proportions  of  the  main  elements  of  a 


394  ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 

vessel.  It  is  seen  that  the  factor  absorbing  the  greatest  pro- 
portion of  the  displacement  is  the  one  that  calls  for  a  reduction, 
all  others  requiring  extension.  Weight  of  hull  is  an  obstacle. 
In  armor,  by  an  increase  of  percentage  an  increase  of  defen- 
sive power  is  gained ;  with  ordnance,  an  increase  of  offensive 
powrer;  with  boilers  and  engines,  an  increase  of  general 
effectiveness ;  with  coal,  an  increase  in  endurance ;  while  the 
percentage  of  spars,  crew,  and  stores  is  a  necessary  constant. 
Thus  the  development  of  naval  construction  is  seen  to  be  a 
matter  of  vital  importance.  Had  the  Onondaga  been  properly 
constructed  there  would  have  been  a  useful  percentage  of  fully 
20  per  cent  to  have  been  distributed  in  making  her  a  sea-going 
vessel.  This  fact  is  plainly  brought  out  in  the  breastwork 
modifications  of  the  monitor  type,  in  which  the  breastwork  is  a 
clear  addition  of  dead  weight  on  a  similarly  formed  and  propor- 
tioned body  without  being  of  any  assistance  as  additional  free- 
board. From  the  results  attained  in  the  Tegetthoff  the  lowest 
limit  of  weight  of  hull  attainable  with  present  perfections  of 
steel  construction  may  be  placed  at  34  per  cent  for  first-rate 
frigates  and  about  the  same  for  second-rates.  For  turreted 
vessels  it  may  fall  to  28  or  27  per  cent. 

Although  weight  of  armor  is  in  a  manner  a  direct  measure 
of  defensive  power,  it  is  an  objectionable  feature  and  one  whose 
difficulty  of  counteraction  has  been  almost  insurmountable 
owing  to  the  excessive  cost  of  steel,  whose  superiority  in  the 
end  was  extremely  doubtful.  Within  the  past  few  years,  how- 
ever, a  happy  combination  of  iron  and  steel  has  been  made 
which  will  go  far  towards  saving  percentage  in  weight, 
although  apparently  it  will  for  some  time  to  come  make  a 
saving  in  this  direction  of  only  the  percentage  between  iron 
and  steel  framing.  With  iron  framing  and  compound  armor 
the  same  results  of  weight  of  hull  and  armor  together  may  be 
attained  that  now  hold  with  steel  framing  and  iron  armor, 
with  the  advantages  of  an  increase  in  defensive  power  at 
about  the  same  cost. 

Wherever  it  is  a  question  of  rearmoring  vessels,  the  com- 
pound armor  is  a  great  gain  to  the  fighting  power  of  the  vessel, 
although  in  general  the  expense  of  the  change  is  more  than 
the  result  would  warrant.  The  highest  advantages  of  this 
armor  are  reaped  by  the  second-rate  cruisers,  who  retain  their 
speed  and  coal  capacity  with  an  increase  of  defensive  power 
that  brings  them  within  the  fighting  lines  of  first-rates. 

Capacity  for  fuel  is  a  matter  of  the  greatest  importance  in 
time  of  war.  England  alone  of  all  the  maritime  nations  can 
afford  to  neglect  this  point.  A'  man-of-war  without  steaming- 
power  in  war-time  is  helpless,  and  yet  by  the  precepts  of 


ARCHITECTURE   AND   CONSTRUCTION.  395 

international  law  she  is  debarred  from  getting  this  material 
in  foreign  ports.  Russia,  having  a  peculiarly  vulnerable  home 
coast,  easily  closed  and  hard  to  reach,  has  with  great  wisdom 
sacrificed  all  qualities  in  her  fast  cruisers  to  the  two  of  speed 
and  coal  capacity.  Keeping  her  sail-power  as  the  constant 
factor,  the  two  important  ratios  of  ordnance  and  armor  are 
reduced  to  the  lowest  point,  their  gain  being  entirely  trans- 
ferred to  the  coal  capacity. 

In  considering  the  most  advantageous  method  of  placing 
and  distributing  armor,  problems  without  end  arise  whose  con- 
sideration requires  the  most  careful  weighing  of  all  the  dif- 
ferent circumstances  of  its  use,  and  yet  it  is  in  this  particular 
that  are  generally  found  the  most  positive  assertions  and  criti- 
cisms from  those  who  have  given  but  little  or  no  attention  to 
the  subject.  For  the  protection  of  the  battery  and  above-water 
sections  of  a  vessel  the  extremes  of  position  of  armor  are  the 
vertical,  giving  the  greatest  possible  extent  of  protection,  and 
the  horizontal,  giving  none. 

Arguments  without  end  are  found  in  favor  of  this  or  that 
type,  varying  between  the  two  limits.  The  truth  is,  however, 
that  there  is  scarcely  any  choice  between  these  extremes. 
Experiment  has  fully  proved  that  inclining  armor  at  any  angle 
less  than  50°  is  of  itself  no  advantage  as  regards  preventing 
penetration.  Beyond  this  angle  the  great  increase  of  weight 
necessary  to  make  up  the  vertical  space  required  necessitates 
a  curtailment  in  extent  of  armor  entirely  neutralizing  all  the 
benefits  of  the  inclination.  There  is  left  then  no  choice  be- 
tween the  vertical  complete  protection  and  the  horizontal  or 
armored-deck  system  giving  none  whatever.  In  the  vertical 
protection  the  question  of  distribution  presents  itself  anew, 
varying  between  the  long  rectangle  and  the  circular  turret. 
The  minimum  turret  diameter  may  be  safely  taken  at  20  feet 
inside.  Here  the  greatest  economy  of  room  is  attained,  but 
this  economy  involves  a  reduction  in  the  number  of  guns,  a 
limitation  in  the  position,  and,  unless  the  French  barbette  turret 
be  used,  the  possibility  of  disabling  at  one  blow  the  greater 
part  of  the  offensive  power  of  the  ship  by  jamming  the  turret. 
With  the  same  amount  of  armor  that  is  used  in  a  turret  of  i?<  > 
feet,  the  broadside  may  be  well  covered  for  a  length  of  from 
15  to  18  feet,  giving  protection  to  double  the  number  of  guns. 
This  advantage,  however,  is  purchased  at  the  expense  of  a 
more  unfavorable  disposition  of  weight  and  a  complication  of 
upper-work  framing.  These  points  bear  directly  upon  the 
service  for  which  the  vessel  is  intended,  and  are  so  intimately 
connected  with  the  whole  general  type  of  the  vessel  that  it  be- 
comes the  most  complete  absurdity  to  assert  that  turrets  alone 


396  ARCHITECTURE   AND    CONSTRUCTION. 

or  armored  broadsides  alone  shall  be  used.  As  weight  of 
armor  increases,  the  extent  of  its  protection  becomes  one  of 
the  most  serious  of  questions.  In  ten  years  from  the  date  of 
its  introduction  it  became  impossible  to  completely  protect 
the  hull  of  the  frigate,  and  in  lit' teen  years  we  find  it  necessary 
to  commence  to  strip  the  turreted  vessel  with  her  minimum 
of  freeboard.  If  the  greatest  architects  of  the  world  find  them- 
selves almost  at  a  loss  to  retain  the  effectiveness  of  the  armor 
carried  whilst  keeping  within  proper  bounds  in  weight,  it  is 
certainly  idle  for  those  who  barely  appreciate  the  necessity  for 
covering  battery  and  steering-gear  to  assert  that  armor  should 
be  carried  thus  and  so. 

The  application  of  horizontal  armor  presents  problems 
equally  abstruse;  more  so  in  fact  to  the  designer  who  does 
not  fully  appreciate  all  the  obstacles  to  be  surmounted  and  the 
real  advantages  which  are  to  be  obtained.  A  vessel  having  a 
heavy  steel  deck  that  shall  fully  protect  her  under-water  sec- 
tions and  yet  permit  of  such  a  division  of  above-water  spaces 
as  to  permit  her  to  be  pierced  with  impunity  whilst  that  space 
is  left  available  for  the  many  necessities  of  circulation  and 
storage,  is  a  consummation  of  architectural  skill  the  most  diffi- 
cult of  attainment. 

The  matter  of  properly  proportioning  the  vital  factors  of  a 
man-of-war,  be  she  iron-clad  or  unarmored,  is  one  of  the  highest 
consideration.  To  speak  of  designing  ships  to  carry  40-ton 
guns  and  have  a  speed  of  16  knots,  and  at  the  same  time  not 
to  consider  what  are  the  absolute  limitations  in  their  construc- 
tion, is  as  senseless  as  to  attempt  to  rebuild  a  monitor  without 
first  finding  out  whether  she  will  float  or  not  after  she  is  built. 
The  Onondaga  is  an  example  of  the  first  method  of  construc- 
tion, the  Puritan  of  the  second.  These  two  vessels  represent 
the  condition  of  naval  architecture  and  construction  in  the 
United  States  for  a  period  of  ten  years  during  which  the 
naval  architects  of  all  the  rest  of  the  world  have  been  advancing 
at  giant  strides. 

Whilst  then  wre  may  leave  out  of  consideration  those  types 
of  vessels  which  have  clearly  proved  failures,  there  is  not  a 
single  one  that  has  been  in  any  way  successful  that  is  not  de- 
serving of  the  closest  attention  and  study.  Whilst  amongst 
English  types  we  find  the  greatest  diversity  of  application 
combined  with  the  very  highest  architectural  skill  and  develop- 
ment, it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  France,  Italy,  and  Austria 
have  architects  second  to  none  in  the  wrorld,  men  whose 
national  jealousies  and  ambitions  lead  them  to  totally  independ- 
ent lines  of  thought  and  action  and  whose  works  are  worthy  of 
the  highest  praise. 


.A.  R  T     V. 


PERSONNEL. 


ORGANIZATION-FLEET  DIVISION-BUDGETS. 


PERSONNEL. 


ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

THE  navy  of  this  country  is  as  yet  not  fully  or  independ- 
ently developed,  its  administration  and  budget  being  incorpo- 
rated with  that  of  the  army.  All  vessels  of  a  larger  size  than 
gun-boats  have  been  purchased  from  foreign  governments,  and 
until  lately  there  have  been  no  facilities  for  the  repair  of  ships  ; 
at  present,  however,  a  dock-yard  is  in  course  of  construction  at 
Zarate,  which  when  completed  will  furnish  docking  and  re- 
pairing facilities  for  first-rate  vessels.  This  yard  is,  however, 
hardly  to  be  considered  a  building  yard.  Engines,  boilers,  and 
ordnance  will  be  purchased  from  foreign  markets  for  some  time 
to  come,  as  the  mechanical  industries  are  not  yet  sufficiently 
developed  to  permit  the  establishment  in  the  country  of  the 
necessary  machine-shops.  A  naval  school  has  been  established 
and  measures  have  been  taken  to  introduce  apprentice  instruc- 
tion. 

The  personnel  of  the  Argentine  fleet  is  divided  into  three 
corps  or  divisions : 

NAVAL  DIVISION. 

2  Fleet  Commandants.  22  Cadets. 

5  Colonels.  43  Midshipmen. 
8  Lieutenant-Colonels.  7  Paymasters. 

6  Majors.  26  Machinists. 

7  Captains.  748  Men. 

26  Lieutenants.  —  Apprentices. 

Total 900 

MARINE    INFANTRY   AND   ARTILLERY   DIVISION. 

2000  Men  (National  Guard). 

TORPEDO   DIVISION. 

3  Chiefs.  8  Officers.  80  Men. 

The  yearly  budget  of  the  navy  is  about  $700,000,  or  a 
little  less  than  one  twenty-fourth  of  the  entire  national  expense. 


400  AUSTRIA. 

There  are  no  cruising  squadrons  as  yet,  although  more  than 
half  of  the  fleet  is  kept  constantly  in  commission,  policing  the 
coast  of  Patagonia  and  the  home  coast. 


AUSTEIA. 

The  Imperial  Council  being  composed  of  three  Ministers 
only,  holding  respectively  the  portfolios  of  foreign  affairs, 
war,  and  finance,  the  navy  although  a  branch  of  imperial 
control  (as  distinguished  from  the  separate  cabinets  of  Austria 
and  of  Hungary)  is  not  distinctively  recognized  in  the  Coun- 
cil. The  head  of  the  Marine  Section  of  the  Ministry  of  War 
is  a  Yice- Admiral,  who  is  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  fleet 
and  under  whose  direct  control  is  placed  the  superintendence 
of  all  the  departments  of  the  navy,  the  Admiralty  of  the  war 
station  of  Pola,  and  the  command  of  the  maritime  district  of 
Trieste. 

The  personnel  of  the  navy  has  a  double  "  cadre,"  one  for 
war  and  another,  somewhat  reduced,  for  peace,  there  being 
during  time  of  peace  a  reserve  division  of  officers  composed 
of  those  whose  services  can  best  be  spared.  The  corps  and 
grade  divisions  of  the  personnel  correspond  with  those  of 
other  navies,  the  names  and  cadres  being  as  follows : 

SEA  OFFICEKS. 
•WAR.   PEACE.  WAR.        PEACE. 

1    A  A    -    i  J  Complimentary      146        100  Linienschiffs  Lieutenant, 
1         1  Admiral -j      Q£^  1  Klasse. 

3  2  Vice- Admiral.  73          50  Linienschiffs  Lieutenant, 
7         6  Centre-Admiral.  2  Klasse. 

22       16  Linienschiffs  Capitan.  216        155  Linienschiffs  Fahnrich. 

21        19  Fregaten  Capitan.  244        163  See  Cadet  and  Aspirant. 

25       22  Corvetten  Capitan. 

MARINE  INFANTRY. 

1         1  Contre-Admiral.  19          19  Linienschiffs  Lieutenant, 

1         1  Linienschiffs  Capitan.  1  Klasse. 

4  4  Fregaten  Capitan.  9  9  Linienschiffs  Lieutenant, 

3  3  Corvetten  Capitan.  2  Klasse. 

10          10  Linienschiffs  Fahnrich. 

MARINE   PRIESTHOOD. 

1  Marine  Pfarrer.  2  Marine  Curat.  6  Marine  Kaplan, 

(The  Pastor  and  the  Curates  have  permanent  duty  on  shore.) 

MEDICAL   CORPS. 

1  1  Oberster  Marine-Arzt.  23          18  Linienschiffs-Arzt. 

2  2  Marine-Ober-Stabsarzt.  25          18  Fregatten-Arzt. 

4  4  Mariue-Stabsarzt.  29          19  Corvetten-Arzt. 


AUSTRIA.  401 


TECHNICAL    DEPARTMENT. 

Ship  Building. 

1  Oberster  Ingenieur.  8  Ingenieur,  1  Klasse. 

1  Oberingenieur,  1  Klasse.  8  lugenieur,  2  Klasse. 

2  Oberingenieur,  2  Klasse.  8  lugenieur,  3  Klasse. 
2  Oberingenieur,  3  Klasse.  4  £leve. 

Engine  Building. 

1  Oberster  Ingenieur.  3  Ingenieur,  1  Klasse. 

1  Oberingenieur,  1  Klasse.  3  Ingenieur,  2  Klasse. 

1  Oberingenieur,  2  Klasse.  4  Ingenieur,  3  Klasse. 

2  Oberiugenieur,  3  Klasse. 

Marine  Artillery. 

1  Oberster  Ingenieur.  3  Ingenieur,  1  Klasse. 

1  Oberingenieur,  1  Klasse.  6  Ingenieur,  2  Klasse. 

2  Oberingenieur,  2  Klasse.  6  Ingenieur,  3  Klasse. 
2  Oberingenieur,  3  Klasse.  6  Eleve. 

Building  and  Dock  Construction. 

1  Oberster  Ingenieur.  1  Ingenieur,  1  Klasse. 

1  Oberingenieur,  1  Klasse.  1  Ingenieur,  2  Klasse. 

1  Oberingenieur,  2  Klasse.  2  Ingenieur,  3  Klasse. 

1  Oberingenieur,  3  Klasse. 

Machinists. 

2  Ober  Maschinist.  35  Maschinist,  2  Klasse. 
20  Maschinist,  1  Klasse.  55  Maschinist,  3  Klasse. 

COMMISSARIAT    DEPARTMENT. 

1  Marine-Generaicommissar.  14  Marinecommissar-Adjunct,  1  Kl. 

4  Marine-Obercommissa'r,  1  Klasse.  41  Marinecommissar-Adjunct,  2  Kl. 
4  Marine-Obercommissar,  2  Klasse.  41  Marinecommissar-Adjunct,  3  Kl. 
12  Marinecommissar.  14  Marinecommissar-  Eleve. 

The  number  of  enlisted  men  in  time  of  peace  is  5836,  in- 
creased for  a  war  footing  to  11,532.  These  men  are  all  drawn 
for  service  from  the  coast  provinces,  their  length  of  service 
being  three  years  in  the  fleet  and  seven  in  the  reserve.  From 
the  time  that  men  are  drafted  into  the  service  until  they  pass 
into  the  reserve  a  thorough  system  of  education  is  followed 
out.  The  depot  for  their  reception  is  at  Pola,  where  the  re- 
cruits (received  first  in  shore  barracks)  are  divided  into  twelve 
companies,  the  arrangement  being  as  nearly  as  possible  in  con- 
formity with  the  intelligence  of  the  individual.  Company 
No.  6  is  made  up  entirely  of  firemen  and  coal-heavers  ;  Com- 
pany No.  12,  workmen  employed  in  the  gun-foundries  and 


402 


AUSTEIA. 


'So    - 


g  • 


-5b  * 


§ 


s    «    o 

1 1 1 


"S  s     S      o     * 

8  °p   1    » 

=3-       «    ^   S   I: 


S  S 


- 


.—      w 
&    i2 


dock-yards.  The  remain- 
ing ten  companies  are  the 
sailors  of  the  fleet.  AVhilst 
in  the  company,  the  re- 
cruit is  taught  the  ele- 
ments of  the  drills  and 
discipline,  and  a  certain 
time  is  devoted  each  day 
to  teaching  reading,  writ- 
ing, and  more  especially 
the  German  language,  as  a 
great  number  of  the  re- 
cruits are  totally  ignorant 
of  any  tongue  except  that 
of  their  native  province. 

As  the  recruits  advance 
in  instruction,  they  are 
picked  out  for  the  forma- 
tion of  classes  for  instruc- 
tion aboard  ship,  and  at 
certain  intervals  a  class  is 
transferred  to  the  guard- 
ship  Bellona,  where  their 
instruction  is  extended 
somewhat,  and  during  the 
course  on  this  ship  selec- 
tions are  made  of  those 
who  are  best  qualified  to 
become  helmsmen  and  gun- 
ners. The  course  of  in- 
struction on  this  ship  lasts 
for  from  six  weeks  to  two 
months.  From  the  Bel- 
lona the  classes  are  trans- 
ferred to  the  different 
school-ships  in  accordance 
with  the  especial  line  of 
instruction  that  is  to  be 
followed.  The  seamen  go 
to  the  corvette  Minerva, 
to  which  vessel  also  re- 
cruits who  are  already 
sailors  are  sent  direct  from 
the  depot  without  passing 
through  the  Bellona,  and 
men  who  have  passed  either 


AUSTRIA.  408 

the  helmsman's  or  gunner's  course  come  here  for  their  final 
course  of  seamanship.  The  Minerva  is  kept  cruising  almost 
constantly  for  exercise  in  seamen's  duties,  and  the  course  of  a 
class  is  about  six  months.  At  the  end  of  this  course  those  who 
show  sufficient  aptitude  are  transferred  to  the  other  ships  for 
the  complete  course  ;  the  remainder,  as  well  as  all  men  who 
have  passed  the  entire  course,  return  to  the  depot,  forming  one 
or  more  of  the  twelve  companies  in  readiness  for  transfer  to 
any  ship  going  into  commission. 

Those  who  are  found  too  stupid  or  vicious  to  learn  within 
a  reasonable  time  are  transferred  from  the  ships  to  the  depot, 
where  they  do  the  police  work  and  are  drafted  as  landsmen 
into  cruising  ships.  The  sloop  Saida  is  the  instruction  vessel 
for  helmsmen  and  quartermasters,  the  course  being  about  three 
months.  Men  passing  from  the  Bellona  to  the  Saida  are 
transferred  to  the  Minerva  for  the  final  seamanship  course, 
whilst  the  best  of  those  from  the  Minerva  pass  to  the  Saida 
and  thence  to  the  gunnery-ship  for  complete  instruction. 
The  Adria  is  the  gunnery-ship,  the  term  of  service  being  of 
the  same  length  as  that  of  the  Saida.  On  board  of  this  ship 
thei;e  is  the  ordinary  gunner's  course,  a  superior  course  for 
those  seamen  who  are  selected  for  non-commissioned  officers  of 
marine  infantry,  and  an  officer's  course,  the  higher  petty 
officers  who  are  intended  for  instructors  aboard  ship  being 
admitted  to  the  latter. 

There  is  attached  to  the  depot  a  school  for  machinist  petty 
officers,  having  for  its  object  the  perfection  of  the  theoretical 
and  practical  knowledge  of  the  workmen  chosen  from  amongst 
the  most  capable  of  the  12th  company.  The  length  of  the 
course  is  fixed  at  one  year,  at  the  end  of  which  time  an  ex- 
amination is  held,  and  those  who  pass  successfully  are  ap- 
pointed machinists  and  embarked  in  cruisers  at  once ;  the 
remainder  are  returned  to  the  depot  for  subordinate  duties. 
For  certain  of  those  who  in  depot  give  promise  of  final  success 
without  having  the  knowledge  requisite  for  an  immediate 
entry  into  the  machinist  school,  a  preliminary  six  months' 
course  is  provided. 

This  system  is  a  temporary  one  to  furnish  machinists  until 
the  thorough  establishment  of  a  new  machinists'  apprentice 
school,  the  duration  of  instruction  in  the  latter  being  three  years. 
This  school  is  intended  exclusively  for  the  children  of  persons 
who  have  served  in  the  navy.  The  entrance  age  is  between 
fourteen  and  seventeen,  and  the  children  must  already  have 
served  a  partial  apprenticeship  in  a  machine-shop.  They  are 
obliged  to  serve  for  ten  years  in  the  navy  after  completing  the 
course,  and  in  case  of  failure  for  any  cause  except  incapacity 


404  AUSTEIA. 

they  are  obliged  to  render  one  year  of  general  service  for 
each  year  or  part  of  year  passed  at  the  school.  The  number 
of  apprentices  is  limited  to  50,  and  whilst  at  the  school  they 
receive  in  addition  to  their  clothing  and  sustenance  eight  cents 
a  day. 

There  are  in  general  about  2000  men  in  depot.  The 
Bellona's  complement  is  300,  the  Minerva's  100,  the  Saida's  50, 
and  the  Adria's  500.  The  remainder  of  the  cadre  are  em- 
barked or  on  duty  at  the  dock-yards.  In  addition  to  these 
and  not  counted  in  the  general  draft  are  the  seaman  appren- 
tices, quartered  on  board  the  Schwartzenberg  and  numbering 
about  300.  This  school  is  open  to  all  boys  between  the  ages 
of  fifteen  and  seventeen.  The  course  is  three  years,  with 
obligation  to  serve  ten  more  after  finally  passing. 

On  leaving  the  apprenticeship  at  the  end  of  the  three 
years,  the  boys  pass  to  the  Minerva,  Saida,  and  Adria,  receiving 
certificates  and  advancement  in  grade  in  proportion  to  their 
aptitude.  In  case  of  failure  to  pass  through  the  apprentice 
course  they  are  transferred  to  depot  to  go  through  the  recruit's 
course  and  serve  out  their  time. 

The  Naval  Academy  is  established  at  Fiume.  The  curric- 
ulum of  the  school  is  of  the  same  grade  as  that  of  the  munici- 
pal superior  schools.  Candidates  are  appointed  by  competi- 
tive examination,  and  must  be  between  the  ages  of  13  and  15. 
The  course  is  four  years,  at  the  expiration  of  which  the  student 
passes  into  service  with  the  grade  of  cadet. 

Aspirants  are  students  passing  into  the  service  without  hav- 
ing gone  through  the  academy  course.  They  .must  be  between 
the  ages  of  15  and  17  and  have  successfully  passed  through  the 
course  of  one  of  the  municipal  superior  schools.  Upon  enter- 
ing they  take  the  regular  course  on  board  the  school-ships,  taking 
the  grade  of  cadet  at  the  final  successful  examination. 

One -Year  Volunteers. 

This  institution  is  a  favor  accorded  to  young  men  who, 
having  prepared  themselves  by  a  course  of  study  for  a  certain 
profession,  do  not  wish  to  serve  full  time  under  their  draft. 
During  one  year  they  receive  naval  instruction  sufficient  to  fit 
them  as  sailors  or  petty  officers  in  time  of  war.  Particular 
attention  is  paid  to  as  far  as  possible  follow  a  course  in  conso- 
nance with  their  previous  studies.  At  the  end  of  the  course 
they  pass  into  the  reserve.  Professional  mariners  may  enjoy 
this  privilege  upon  presenting  certificates  stating  that  they  have 
successfully  passed  examinations  before  any  native  or  foreign 
marine  school.  They  must  in  addition  thoroughly  understand 


BRAZIL.  405 

German  and  one  other  of  the  languages  spoken  generally 
throughout  the  empire.  During  their  year  of  service  they 
receive  the  pay  of  third-class  seamen  and  their  clothing. 
After  passing  the  different  school -ships  they  enter  the  reserve 
as  officers  if  there  are  vacancies,  otherwise  as  cadets.  Students 
who  are  preparing  themselves  for  engineers  follow  the  courses 
of  machinists  or  constructors  in  the  same  way.  Students 
whose  professions  are  in  no  way  in  accordance  with  that  of  the 
naval  officer  are  sent  to  the  Adria  for  a  thorough  course  of 
gunnery.  They  enter  the  reserve  at  the  end  of  a  year  as  petty 
officers  or  seaman  gunners,  according  to  the  rate  of  their  exam- 
inations. Medical  students  have  their  year  of  service  confined 
strictly  to  hospital  duty,  passing  into  the  reserve  as  medical 
cadets,  to  serve  as  such  in  hospitals  only,  during  war-time. 
Doctors  having  diplomas  practise  for  a  year  in  the  hospitals 
and  pass  to  the  reserve  with  the  grade  of  lieutentant.  They 
are  liable  for  sea  service  in  time  of  war. 

The  depot,  school-ships,  machinists'  school  and  apprentice 
school  are  all  at  Pola,  and  at  the  same  place  there  is  a  school 
for  the  children  of  both  sexes  of  people  in  the  naval  service  in 
indigent  circumstances. 

In  addition  to  these  departments  of  the  navy,  there  is  a 
Hydrographic  Department,  charged  with  the  care  of  the  Obser- 
vatory, correction  of  charts,  and  preparation  of  almanacs  ;  the 
Permanent  Artillery  Commission,  charged  with  all  ordnance  ex- 
periments ;  the  Permanent  Commission  of  Naval  Constructions, 
charged  with  the  examination  of  all  modifications  and  improve- 
ments in  the  construction  and  outfit  of  war-vessels  ;  the  dock- 
yard at  Trieste;  and  the  arsenal  at  Pola.  The  iron-clads  and 
large  wooden  vessels  of  the  Austrian  Navy  are  built  in  the 
private  ship-yards  of  San  Marco  and  San  Rocco  at  Trieste, 
under  the  superintendence  of  constructing  engineers.  These 
yards  are  fully  equal  to  building  iron-clads  of  the  largest  type. 

Austria  lias  no  foreign  squadrons  in  time  of  peace.  Her 
foreign  cruisers  are  wooden  corvettes  which  make  cruises  of 
from  one  to  two  years'  duration.  Her  iron-clads  are  commis- 
sioned singly  to  cruise  for  short  periods  in  the  Adriatic.  In 
time  of  war  her  whole  iron-clad  fleet  is  put  in  commission,  the 
fleet  being  divided  into  squadrons  of  nine  vessels  each. 

BRAZIL. 

The  Emperor  of  Brazil  is  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  land 
and  naval  forces  of  the  empire  and  President  of  the  Supreme 
Council  of  War.  The  navy  has  a  separate  representative  in  the 
Cabinet,  the  Minister  of  Marine  being  always  a  civilian.  In 


406 


BRAZIL. 


I  i 


=  1 
1  ! 

a  s 


the  Supreme  Council  of  War  the  navy  is  represented  by  four 
members,  naval  officers  of  the  highest  grades.  The  organiza- 
tion of  the  naval  ministry  consists  of  a  civil  and  a  naval 
department.  The  head  of  both  departments  is  the  Minister, 
assisted  in  the  civil  one  by  a  Director-General,  four  Direc- 
tors of  sections  and  the  under-officers  of  the  sections.  The 
naval  department  consists  of  a  Naval  Council  having  a  vice- 
president,  members,  and  a  secretary.  In  addition  to  the  Naval 
Council  there  is  an  Adjutant-General's  Bureau  with  a  vice- 

Admiral  at  the  head  who  is 
,  V  _, ",  the  immediate  executive,  a 
Controller's  Bureau  and  a  Fi- 
nance Bureau,  all  within  the 
limits  of  the  Navy  Department 
prop'er.  There  are  five  naval 
arsenals,  situated  at  Rio  Ja- 
neiro, Bahia,  Pernambuco, 
Para,  and  Matto  Grosso.  At 
the  ports  of  Rio  Janeiro,  Es- 
piritu  Santo,  Bahia,  Sergipe, 
Alagoas,  Pernambuco,  Para- 
hyba,  Ceara,  Rio  Grande  do 
N  o  r  t  e ,  Pianhy,  Maranhfio, 
Para,  Matto  Grosso,  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Porto  Alegre, 
Santa  Catarina,  Parana,  and 
San  Paulo  are  established  offi- 
ces of  naval  control  under  the 
superintendence  of  a  Captain 
of  the  Port,  these  places  being 
recruiting  depots.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  departments  there 
is  a  Naval  School, '  Observa- 
tory, and  Library  at  Rio  Ja- 
neiro. 

The  naval  personnel  is  di- 
vided into  two  main  classes, 
the  active  and  the  reserve,  the 
latter  forming  a  .very  small 
minority.  The  grade  divisions 
of  rank  are  as  follows : 

There  is  a  corps  of  pilots 
having  no  relative  rank,  and 
chaplains  are  assigned  from  the 
different  sees  without  rank. 
Warrant  officers  have  the 


6       o 


.2    .2 


CHILI.  407 

grade  of  second  lieutenant.  Machinists  are  graded  into  first, 
second,  and  third  class,  the  first  class  having  the  grade  of  sec- 
ond lieutenant  and  the  others  no  official  grade. 

Candidates  for  entrance  into  the  Naval  Academy  are  required 
to  be  between  the  ages  of  14  and  17.  The  duration  of  the 
course  is  three  years,  during  which  time  the  exercises  are  pur- 
sued almost  exclusively  on  shore.  At  the  date  of  graduation 
the  cadet  takes  rank  at  once  as  midshipman.  The  average 
complement  at  the  Academy  is  100.  The  cadre  of  the  person- 
nel of  the  navy  is  821  officers,  100  cadets,  2993  men,  842  men 
of  the  marine  battalion,  and  1528  apprentices ;  total,  6184. 

The  Brazilians  have  no  foreign  squadrons,  their  practice 
being  to  send  occasional  cruisers  to  different  parts  of  the  world. 
Their  own  waters  are,  however,  divided  into  squadron  cruising 
grounds  as  follows  :  Sea  coast,  three  districts,  each  employ- 
ing a  squadron  of  from  three  to  seven  vessels ;  river  stations, 
five,  as  follows :  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  Uruguay,  Amazon,  Para- 
guay, Rio  Plata,  each  one  having  a  flotilla  of  from  six  to 
twelve  gun-boats  and  iron-clads. 

CHILI. 

There  is  no  distinct  Navy  Department  in  Chili,  that  admin, 
istration  forming  one  of  the  sections  of  the  War  Department, 
having  one-  of  the  senior  naval'  officers  at  its  head.  The  cen- 
tral administration  is  at  Valparaiso,  and  is  in  reality  controlled 
by  the  civil  governor  of  that  district,  who  has  on  his  staff  a  naval 
officer  with  the  title  of  Major-General,  for  the  superintendence 
of  maritime  affairs.  Attached  to  the  naval  section  are  a  Hydro- 
graphic  Office,  Observatory,  and  Naval  School,  and  an  Appren- 
tice School.  The  navy  is  manned  in  time  of  peace  entirely 
from  voluntary  enlistment.  The  war  cadre  is  not  known. 
That  for  peace  is  148  officers  and  5400  men,  in  addition  to 
which  there  is  a  battalion  of  marine  infantry  and  a  battalion  of 
marine  artillery  of  the  Civil  Guard,  amounting  in  all  to  1200 
men,  making  a  grand  total  of  6800. 

The  grades  of  Chilian  naval  officers  correspond  to  those  of 
other  services,  except  that  there  is  no  grade  of  Admiral.  The 
Chilians  have  neither  foreign  cruising  squadrons  nor  single 
cruisers,  except  an  occasional  single  ship  visiting  the  northern 
Pacific  ports  and  the  Brazil  coast.  There  is  but  one  dock-yard 
for  general  repairs  at  Valparaiso.  The  vessels  composing  the 
fleet  with  the  exception  of  small  gun-boats  are  purchased  in 
foreign  markets.  The  navy,  although  small,  is  in  excellent 
discipline,  and  is  rapidly  developing  in  strength  and  general 
efficiency. 


408  CHINA — ENGLAND. 


CHINA. 

The  control  of  naval  affairs  forms  one  of  the  sections  of  the 
Ministry  of  War,  the  central  administration  being  at  Pekin, 
whilst  the  general  administration  is  divided  amongst  three  coast 
districts,  at  each  of  which  is  a  dock-yard  for  construction  and 
repair.  To  these  districts  correspond  three  distinct  fleet  di- 
visions ;  1st,  Canton  squadron ;  2d,  Foo  Chow  squadron ;  3d, 
Shanghai  squadron.  At  Foo  Chow  are  the  principal  machine- 
shops  and  building-yard ;  at  Shanghai  the  powder  factory  and 
arsenal ;  at  Canton  the  naval  school-ships.  The  fleet  is  manned 
by  a  coast  conscription,  the  length  of  service  being  indefinite ; 
cadre  unknown. 

ENGLAND. 

The  government  of  the  navy  is  vested  in  a  board  known  as 
the  Board  of  Admiralty.  •  This  board  consists  of  five  members, 
namely :  the  First  Lord,  who  is  always  chosen  from  civil  life  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Cabinet ;  the  Senior  Naval  Lord  (naval  offi- 
cer) ;  the  Third  Lord  (naval  officer) ;  the  Junior  Naval  Lord  (na- 
val officer),  and  the  Civil  Lord  (civilian).  Under  the  board  is  a 
Parliamentary  Secretary,  changing,  like  the  five  lords,  with  the 
government  in  power.  The  fixed  administration,  independent 
of  political  parties,  consists  of  one  permanent  Secretary  (naval), 
a  Controller  of  the  Navy  (Yice-Admiral),  Accountant  General 
(naval),  Director-General  of  the  Medical  Department  (naval), 
Director  of  Engineering  and  Architectural  Works  (army), 
Director  of  Transports  (naval),  Director  of  Contracts  (naval), 
Director  of  Naval  Construction  (naval),  Director  of  Naval 
Ordnance  (naval),  and  a  Superintendent  of  Victualling  and 
Stores.  The  First  Lord  has  supreme  authority  and  all  questions 
are  settled  by  his  decision.  The  Senior  Naval  Lord  directs  the 
movements  of  the  fleet  and  is  responsible  for  its  discipline. 
The  Third  Lord  has  the  management  of  the  dock-yards  and 
superintendence  of  ship-building.  The  Junior  Naval  Lord 
deals  with  the  victualling  of  the  fleet  and  with  the  transport 
department.  The  Civil  Lord  has  control  of  the  accounts,  and 
the  Financial  Secretary  has  charge  of  the  purchase  of  all 
stores.  The  immediate  chiefs  under  the  board  are  the  heads 
of  bureaus  or  departments.  In  addition  to  those  above  named 
there  are  others  not  directly  connected  with  the  Admiralty 
Administration  :  the  Chief  of  the  Hydrographic  Bureau, 
the  Adjutant-General  of  Marines,  the  Astronomer  Eoyal,  and 
the  President  of  the  Naval  College. 

In  the  central  administration  the  financial  secretary  as- 
sisted by  the  Civil  Lord  exercises  a  rigorous  control  over  all  the 


ENGLAND.  409 

expenses,  guarding  against  extravagance  by  means  of  a  system 
of  inspection.  For  mis  duty  there  are  two  bureaus,  the  agents 
of  which  carry  on  a  rigorous  and  personal  inspection  of  all 
coming  within  their  provinces  in  the  different  dock-yards. 
The  inspectors  of  the  first  bureau  are :  1  inspector  of  machinery, 
1  inspector  of  works  in  progress,  1  inspector  of  timber,  2  ex- 
aminers of  completed  works,  2  examiners  of  store  accounts. 
In  the  second  bureau  are :  1  inspector  of  coal,  3  inspectors  of 
dock-yard  accounts,  1  examiner  of  shop  accounts,  and  1  in- 
spector of  buildings  and  coast-guard  posts. 

For  the  general  administration  there  are  four  naval  estab- 
lishments of  the  first  class,  Portsmouth,  Devonport,  Chatham, 
and  Sheerness,  and  four  of  the  second  class,  Deptford, Woolwich, 
Pembroke,  and  HaulbowTline.  In  addition  to  these  there  are 
15  colonial  depots :  Gibraltar,  Malta,  Halifax,  Bermuda,  An- 
tigua, Jamaica,  Ascension,  Sierra  Leone,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Trincomalee,  Singapore,  Hong  Kong,  Esquimalt,  Sydney,  and 
Queenstown. 

The  four  first-class  home  stations  are  each  under  the  im- 
mediate command  of  a  commander-in-chief  of  the  station. 
The  Admiral  exercises  a  military  command  over  all  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  reserve,  the  depots,  school-ships,  and  vessels  in 
commission.  The  discipline,  instruction,  and  inspection  are 
under  his  immediate  direction.  He  has  charge  also  of  the 
police  of  the  coasts  and  harbors  of  his  district  in  time  of  peace 
and  their  defence  and  protection  in  time  of  war.  With  regard 
to  the  administration  of  the  dock-yard  he  is  only  charged  with 
a  general  surveillance,  and  under  ordinary  circumstances  he 
never  interferes  with  its  affairs.  He  has  the  powrer  to  interfere 
in  cases  of  necessity,  but  is  obliged  under  such  circumstances 
to  render  an  immediate  account  of  his  actions  to  the  Admiralty. 

The  immediate  command  of  the  dock-yard  is  entrusted  to 
a  Rear  Admiral  superintendent,  whose  assistants  are  the  heads 
of  the  different  departments  of  works. 

The  navy  is  manned  entirely  by  voluntary  enlistment. 
There  are  two  main  cadres  of  personnel,  the  active  force  and 
the  reserve.  The  latter  force  is  kept  up  by  voluntary  enlist- 
ment for  periods  of  five  years,  with  obligation  to  serve  twenty- 
eight  days  in  each  year.  This  service  carries  with  it  certain 
marine  privileges,  pay,  and  after  twenty  years  of  service  a  life 
pension.  Its  advantages  correspond  quite  closely  to  those  of  a 
life  insurance.  The  apprentice  system  is  also  a  permanent 
source  of  supply  to  the  active  personnel. 

The  period  of  enlistment  in  the  active  service  is  for  five 
years,  with  increase  of  pay  and  allowances  for  continuous 
service. 


410 


ENGLAND. 


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ENGLAND.  411 

The  coast-guard  service,  although  not  strictly  naval,  forms 
an  auxiliary  naval  force,  and  is  drawn  entirely  from  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  navy.  No  person  is  eligible  for  the  coast-guard 
who  has  not  served  eight  years  in  the  Navy  and  who  has  not 
qualified  as  a  trained  man  or  a  si-ninan  gunner. 

The  effective  cadre  of  the  British  Navy  is  as  follows : 

OFFICERS.  MEN. 

Executive  Corps 2,252    Petty  Officers 16,500 

Engineer  Corps 870  Blue  Jackets,  Firemen,  etc. . .  18,600 

Pay  Corps 526    Boys 6,300 

Chaplains 164    Coast  Guard 3,954 

Medical  ( 'orps 415    Naval  Reserve 18,000 

Coast  Guard 346 

Naval  Reserve 405  Total 63  354 

Officers    4^978 

4,978 

Grand  total 68,332 

In  addition  to  this  cadre  there  are  two  corps  of  marine 
troops.  The  marine  infantry,  intended  exclusively  for  service 
aboard  ship,  consists  of  three  divisions  of  sixteen  companies 
each,  comprising  in  all  300  officers  and  11,092  non-commis- 
sioned officers  and  privates ;  the  marine  artillery,  intended 
for  garrison  duty  and  to  a  limited  extent  as  gunnery  servants 
on  board  ship  (in  the  proportion  of  32  to  a  first-rate),  16  com- 
panies, comprising  a  cadre  of  100  officers  and  2800  non-com- 
missioned officers  and  privates. 

The  number  of  civil  employes  in  the  dock-yards  amounts 
to  about  20,HOO. 

Officers  of  the  executive  corps  are  drawn  exclusively  from 
the  naval  school  established  on  board  the  school-ship  Britannia. 
Those  of  the  engineer  corps  are  drawn  from  the  engineer 
school-ship  Marlborough.  The  other  corps  are  drawn  from 
civil  life. 

The  Royal  Naval  College  at  Greenwich  is  an  institute  at 
which  officers  of  the  executive,  construction,  and  engineer 
corps  take  an  advanced  course  of  instruction,  for  the  purpose 
of  raising  the  standard  of  naval  education  and  efficiency.  All 
officers  between  the  grades  of  captain  and  sub-lieutenant  are 
eligible  after  passing  a  preliminary  examination.  This  insti- 
tution, organized  first  in  Great  Britain,  is  rapidly  being  de- 
veloped in  all  the  other  European  navies. 

At  the  Portsmouth  dock-yard  there  is  a  special  gunnery 
and  torpedo  school  for  the  purpose  of  advanced  instruction. 

The  highest  grade  of  officers  in  the  naval  reserve  is  that  of 
lieutenant.  This  grade  is  opened  to  masters  of  the  merchant 
service  under  45  years  of  age.  The  grade  of  sub-lieutenant  is 


412  FRANCE. 

open  to  the  chief  mates  of  the  merchant  service.  The  grade  of 
midshipman  is  open  to  young  gentlemen  who  have  served  not 
less  than  two  years  in  one  of  the  mercantile  training-ships, 
and  who  are  not  over  18  years  of  age.  There  is  an  honorary 
reserve  corps  in  which  the  grade  of  commander  is  reached,  offi- 
cers of  this  corps  having  served  in  the  active  reserve. 

The  course  of  instruction  at  the  naval  school-ship  (Bri- 
tannia) is  two  years,  and  the  required  entering  age  is  between 
12  and  13|. 

All  cadets,  midshipmen,  and  acting  sub-lieutenants  in  active 
service  are  required  to  pass  a  written  examination  every  year 
on  board  the  ship  where  they  may  be  serving.  The  results 
of  these  examinations  are  forwarded  to  the  Admiralty,  and  it  is 
by  means  of  them  that  these  officers  take  their  rank  in  the  grade 
of  sub-lieutenant.  Those  officers  who  make  a  specialty  of 
gunnery  or  navigation  and  pilotage  receive  extra  pay  while 
doing  duties  in  these  specialties.  A  premium  of  extra  pay  is 
also  offered  to  those  officers  who  acquire  fluency  in  some  one 
of  the  generally  used  modern  foreign  languages. 

The  squadron  divisions  for  foreign  service  exclusive  of 
colonial-port  stations  are : 

Channel  Squadron.  East  India  Squadron. 

Mediterranean  Squadron.  Australian  Squadron. 

North  American  Squadron.  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Squadron. 

Pacific  Squadron.  East  Coast  of  Africa  Squadron. 

China  Squadron.  South  American  Squadron  (Brazil). 

The  average  strength  of  a  squadron  during  time  of  peace 
is  eight  vessels,  the  great  majority  being  light  corvettes  and 
gun-boats. 

An  independent  naval  establishment  has  been  organized 
for  the  protection  of  the  interests  of  the  Indian  Empire,  called 
the  Indian  Navy.  There  are  also  independent  Australian  and 
Canadian  services  at  the  support  of  the  colonies,  and  regarded 
as  auxiliary  forces  for  colonial  coast-defence. 


FRANCE. 

The  French  Navy  is  represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  a  Min- 
ister of  Marine,  who  'is  invariably  chosen  from  the  active  list 
of  Admirals.  The  Minister  has  as  his  immediate  assistant  and 
Chief  of  Staff  a  Vice  or  Eear  Admiral.  The  central  adminis- 
tration of  naval  affairs  is  the  Naval  Ministry  at  Paris,  composed 
of  a  Ministers'  Cabinet  and  five  Sections  or  Directions,  which 
are  subdivided  into  Bureaus. 


PRANCE.  413 


FIRST    DIRECTION. 

Personnel. — First  Bureau :  The  Staff  of  the  Fleet,  con- 
trolling all  affairs  of  the  Admiralty  Council,  prefectures,  officers, 
naval  schools.  Second  Bureau  :  Technical  Corps  and  General 
Agents,  having  charge  of  construction  and  engine  corps,  hy- 
drographic  office,  commissariat  clerks,  chaplains,  hydraulic  en- 
gineers, watchmen,  etc.  Third  Bureau  :  Sailors  of  the  Fleet 
and  Maritime  Justice.  Fourth  Bureau  :  Marine  Infantry  and 
Artillery. 

SECOND    DIRECTION. 

Materiel. — First  Bureau :  Naval  construction  and  hy- 
draulic works.  Second  Bureau :  Ordnance.  Third  Bureau : 
Equipment. 

THIRD   DIRECTION. 

Administrative  Service. — First  Bureau  :  Naval  inscription 
and  navigational  police  (control  of  merchant  service).  Second 
Bureau  :  Fisheries  and  maritime  control.  Third  Bureau  :  Pay 
and  clothing.  Fourth  Bureau  :  Subsistence  and  hospitals. 


FOURTH    DIRECTION. 

Colonies. — The  administration  of  colonial  affairs  is  entirely 
under  the  direction  of  the  Minister  of  Marine. 


FIFTH    DIRECTION. 

General  Accounts. — First  Bureau  :  Funds  and  regulations 
for  their  expenditure.  Second  Bureau :  Expenses  abroad. 
Third  Bureau  :  Examination  of  accounts.  Fourth  Bureau : 
Examination  of  receipts  and  expenditures.  Fifth  Bureau  :  In- 
terior service,  archives,  and  libraries. 

These  being  the  main  divisions  of  control,  there  are  certain 
commissions  intimately  connected  with  the  regulation  of  af- 
fairs, most  of  the  committees  being  permanent  in  character. 

The  Council  of  Naval  Works  examines  the  technical  points 
connected  with  the  introduction  or  manufacture  of  naval  ma- 
terial. 

The  Superior  Council  of  Health  superintends  sanitary 
matters. 

The  Council  of  Captures  and  Losses  regulates  prizes  and 
reimbursements. 


414  FRANCE. 

The  Lighthouse  Committee  controls  all  lighthouse  affairs. 

The  Forestry  Committee  has  charge  of  all  standing  timber 
and  timber  lands. 

The  Committee  of  Inspection  of  Fuel  has  charge  of  the 
purchase,  storage,  and  issue  of  fuel. 

The  Permanent  Commission  of  Control  and  Revision  of  the 
Regulations,  Armament,  and  Clothing  attends  to  all  matters  of 
change  of  regulation. 

Tfhe  Consulting  Commission  for  the  Arrangement  of  Dis- 
putes has  general  consultation  superintendence. 

The  Superior  Commission  of  Submarine  Defences  has  con- 
trol of  torpedoes. 

The  Central  Commission  for  the  Examination  of  Works  of 
Officers  is  a  committee  through  whose  hands  pass  all  the  naval 
reports  made  by  officers  for  the  benefit  of  the  service. 

The  Permanent  Commission  of  Libraries  has  charge  of  li- 
braries for  naval  stations,  ships,  and  prisons. 

The  Direction  for  the  Regulation  of  the  Affairs  of  Pensioners- 
and  retired  people  of  the  service  forms  a  separate  department 
of  the  Ministry.  The  Hydrographic  Office,  Bureau  of  Longi- 
tudes, Museum,  Naval  and  Apprentice  Schools  and  the  Artil- 
lery experimental  firing-ground  of  Gavre  form  separate  de- 
partments. 

The  general  administration  of  affairs  is  carried  on  at  the 
naval  ports.  The  maritime  territory  of  France  is  divided  into 
five  grand  districts,  each  under  the  control  of  a  Prefet  Mari- 
time, who  is  a  Vice- Admiral,  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  sta- 
tion ;  the  districts  are  subdivided,  each  subdivision  being  under 
the  control  of  a  Chief  and  a  Captain  of  the  Port.  The  First 
District  extends  from  the  Belgian  frontier  to  Cherbourg; 
headquarters,  Cherbourg ;  sub-districts,  Dunquerque,  Havre,, 
and  Cherbourg.  The  Second  District  extends  from  Cher- 
bourg to  Quimper,  including  adjacent  islands ;  headquarters, 
Brest ;  sub-districts,  Saint  Servan  and  Brest.  The  Third  Dis- 
trict extends  from  Quimper  to  the  Loire,  including  adjacent 
islands  ;  headquarters, .  L' Orient  ;  sub-districts,  Nantes  and 
L'Orient.  The  Fourth  District  extends  from  the  Loire  to  the 
Spanish  frontier  ;  headquarters,  Rochefort  ;  sub-districts,  Bor- 
deaux, Rochefort,  and  Bayonne.  The  Fifth  District  com- 
prises the  whole  Mediterranean  coast  and  Corsica ;  headquar- 
ters, Toulon  ;  sub-districts,  Marseilles,  Bastia,  and  Toulon. 

The  Prefet  Maritime,  being  at  the  head  of  maritime  affairs 
in  his  district,  is  assisted  by — 1st.  Major-General  of  Marine, 
who  has  immediate  command  of  all  the  personnel  in  the  district, 
the  instruction  of  officers  and  men,  details  for  dock-yard  duty, 
library,  observatory,  hydrographic  establishment,  inspection 


FUANCE.  415 

of  vessels  fitting  out,  and  the  receipt  and  transmission  of 
reports.  This  office  is  as  a  rule  filled  by  a  Kear-Adniinil. 
2d.  A  Commissary-General,  who  has  control  of  the  receipt 
and  distribution  of  funds,  enlistment  of  civil  employes,  the 
direction  of  the  marine  inscription,  administration  of  police, 
detail  of  officers  of  the  commissary  department,  and  general 
charge  of  all  accounts  kept  in  the  district,  receiving,  arranging, 
and  forwarding  them.  3d.  A  Director  of  Port  Movements 
(Captain  of  the  Port),  who  has  charge  of  all  vessels  either  in  or 
out  of  commission,  superintending  their  movement,  anchorages, 
ballasting,  careening,  entrance  into  basins,  etc.,  charge  of  fire 
apparatus,  clearing  of  channels,  placing  of  buoys,  lights,  and 
signals,  -ith.  A  Director  of  Naval  Constructions.  5th.  A 
Director  of  Artillery.  6th.  A  Director  of  Hydraulic  Works 
and  Buildings.  7th.  A  Council  of  Health,  composed  of  the 
surgeons  stationed  in  the  district.  All  of  these  officers  are 
found  at  the  headquarters  port  ;  at  the  ports  of  the  sub-districts 
there  are  always  two  naval  representatives  :  1st.  The  "  Chef 
de  Service,"  who  is  a  Commissary-General  and  whose  principal 
charge  is  in  relation  to  the  inscription.  2cl.  The  Captain  of 
the  Port,  who  in  general  is  a  Lieutenant. 

The  French  Navy  is  manned  by  voluntary  enlistment  and 
by  inscription.  Every  seafaring  person  is  placed  upon  the  in- 
scription list  upon  reaching  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  between  that 
and  twenty  he  is  bound  to  present  himself  at  the  headquarters 
of  the  district  within  which  he  lives.  Here  he  passes  through  a 
preliminary  course  of  instruction  on  board  the  school-ships  last- 
ing for  a  few  months,  at  the  expiration  of  which  time  if  his 
services  are  not  required  in  the  fleet  he  is  granted  a  leave  of 
absence,  without  pay,  which  may  be  extended  from  time  to- 
time.  During  this  period  he  may  make  foreign  voyages,  the  only 
restriction  being  that  he  shall  not  change  his  calling.  At  the 
end  of  five  years  he  passes  into  the  first  reserve,  where  for  a 
period  of  two  years  he  cannot  leave  the  country.  At  the 
end  of  this  time  he  passes  into  the  second  reserve  and  is  prac- 
tically free,  being  only  liable  to  service  under  especial  circum- 
stances. Special  inducements  are  held  out  for  seafaring 
people.  None  but  those  who  are  or  have  been  inscribed  are 
allowed  to  fish  in  French  waters  or  to  be  employed  on  French 
coasting  vessels.  While  they  are  serving  their  time,  troops 
canrtbt  be  billeted  on  them ;  they  travel  at  military  rates,  and 
have  the  benefits  of  naval  hospitals  and  naval  insurance. 

In  drafting  for  active  service  great  care  is  taken  to  only 
draft  those  who  can  be  best  spared  from  their  homes,  leaving 
the  others  at  almost  entire  freedom. 

At  Brest  there  is  a  special  school  of  instruction  for  appren- 


416 


FRANCE. 


ticcs,  wlio  are  re- 
ceived under  ordin- 
ary restrictions  with 
regard  to  age  and 
character,  and  who 
are  obliged  to  serve 
for  ten  years  after  fin- 
ishing their  appren- 
ticeship. The  appren- 
tice school  and  the 
schools  of  instruction 
for  the  "  inscrits"  are 
amongst  the  best  of 
their  kind  in  the 
world,  complete  rec- 
ords being  kept  of 
every  man  under  in- 
struction and  the 
system  of  rewards 
being  such  as  to  ren- 
der the  inscription  a 
benefit  to  the  sea- 
faring population  in- 
stead of  being  a  draft 
on  them. 

All  officers,  with- 
out distinction  of 
corps,  below  the 
grade  of  Capitaine  de 
Fregate,  are  obliged 
once  in  two  years  to 
submit  to  the  Minis- 
ter of  Marine  an  es- 
say on  any  subject 
that  they  may  choose 
that  is  of  interest  to 
the  profession.  These 
essays  are  examined 
and  reported  upon  by 
a  special  committee. 
Those  that  are  unsat- 
isfactory are  return- 
ed, and  the  writer  is 
required  to  furnish  a 
satisfactory  one  with- 
in three  months. 


FKANCE.  417 

Those  that  are  satisfactory  are  recorded  or  disposed  of  by  being 
published  at  government  expense  in  the  Itevue  Maritime 
or  Journal  Officiel.  Rewards  for  satisfactory  essays  range 
from  an  honorable  mention  to  promotion  and  the  gift  of  the 
"  Legion  d'Honneur."  Officers  showing  an  especial  aptitude 
are  placed  on  a  list  for  special  duty.  In  this  way  all  depart- 
ments requiring  specialists  are  filled  by  the  best  talent  of  the 
service. 

Promotions  are  by  seniority  except  in  the  highest  grades. 
Retirement  takes  place  forcibly  after  65  years  of  age  or  45 
years  of  active  service.  The  officers  of  every  corps  are  gradu- 
ates of  separate  naval  schools,  except  in  the  medical  corps, 
where  the  naval  tutelage  consists  of  a  course  of  naval-hospital 
practice  combined  with  an  advanced  course  of  medical  lectures. 
In  time  of  peace  the  grade  of  Admiral  is  honorary,  bringing 
no  especial  command  except  that  of  appointment  by  chance  to 
Minister.  The  marine  artillery  and  infantry  do  no  service  in 
the  fleet.  The  former  have  charge  of  the  manufacture  of  ord- 
nance and  the  garrisoning  of  naval  fortifications ;  the  latter  do 
garrison  duty  at  dock-yards,  arsenals,  and  in  the  colonies.  The 
Genie  Maritime  superintend  the  construction  of  ships  and  en- 
gines, hydraulic  works,  buildings,  hydrographic  work,  and  civil- 
engineering  duty.  They  have  no  duty  in  the  fleet.  Machinists 
have  duty  almost  exclusively  in  the  fleet  or  in  the  schools  of 
instruction  of  firemen.  The  effective  force  of  the  fleet  is 
1783  officers  and  46,500  men ;  in  addition  to  this  force  there 
are  155  officers  of  Genie  Maritime,  825  officers  of  commissariat, 
557  medical  officers,  61  chaplains,  63  machinists,  1769  persons 
connected  with  the  administration ;  four  regiments  of  marine 
infantry,  16,000  men ;  4500  men  of  the  marine  artillery,  and  5 
companies  of  gendarmerie  with  a  complement  of  660,  making 
a  grand  total  of  71,104  exclusive  of  the  civil  employes  of  the 
administration.  Properly  the  marine  artillery  and  infantry 
should  be  excluded,  as  their  service  is  principally  colonial  and 
carried  on  by  the  army  in  other  nations. 

The  French  have  six  foreign-squadron  cruising  grounds,  in 
which  are  included  the  colonial  stations.  The  squadrons  are 
divided  as  follows : 

MEDITERRANEAN. 

1st.  Squadron  of  evolutions ;  consisting  of  from  nine  to 
twelve  iron-clads  and  several  despatch  vessels,  having  head- 
quarters at  Toulon  and  cruising  throughout  the  sea.  2d.  Station 
of  Algiers.  3d.  Levant  division,  consisting  of  one  or  two 
vessels  stationed  permanently  on  the  Egyptian  and  Greek 


418  GERMANY. 

coasts,  and  generally  one  cruising  division  of  the  squadron  of 
evolutions.  4th.  Constantinople  station ;  one  or  two  vessels 
stationed  permanently  at  Constantinople  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Danube. 


NORTH    ATLANTIC. 


1st.  Subdivision  of  Newfoundland  and  station  of  St. 
Pierre  and  Miquelon,  a  small  squadron  cruising  on  the  fishing 
grounds.  2d.  Division  of  the  Antilles,  a  small  squadron  cruising 
on  the  United  States,  Mexican,  and  Central  American  coasts. 
3d.  Three  stations  of  Martinique,  Guadaloupe,  and  Guiana. 


SOUTH    ATLANTIC. 


1st.  South   Atlantic   division,   cruising  on   the  Brazilian 
coast.     2d.  Senegal  station,  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa. 


CHINA    SEAS. 

1st.  China  seas  division,  cruising  on  the  coast  of  China  and 
Japan.  2d.  Station  of  Cochin  China,  with  cruisers  on  that 
coast,  Siam,  and  the  Dutch  East  Indies. 

INDIAN    SEAS. 

Indian  station,  with  cruisers  at  each  of  the  French  posses- 
sions. 

PACIFIC    OCEAN. 

1st.  Pacific  division,  cruising  on  the  west  coast  of  South 
America.  2d.  Tahiti  station.  3d.  New  Caledonia  station. 

These  stations  require  during  peace  a  total  of  about  75 
vessels  and  11,000  men. 

GERMANY. 

The  navies  of  the  different  states  of  the  empire  are  con- 
solidated into  a  single  one  under  the  chief  command  of 
Prussia,  controlled  by  an  Imperial  Ministry.  The  cabinet 
representative  of  the  navy  is  chosen  from  amongst  the  General 
officers  of  the  army,  bearing,  whilst  Minister  of  Marine,  the 
honorary  title  of  Admiral,  and  having  naval  officers  for  his 
immediate  staff.  The  Imperial  Admiralty  is  divided  into 
three  grand  sections :  1st.  The  Military  Section,  composed  of 
the  Bureaus  of  Mobilization,  Naval  ancf  Military  Affairs,  Gen- 
eral Military  Affairs,  Instruction,  Exploration  and  Coast  De- 


GERMANY.  419 

fence,  Justice,  Sanitary  and  Medical  Affairs.  2d.  The  Tech- 
nical Section,  composed  of  the  Bureaus  of  Equipment,  Docks, 
Construction  of  Vessels,  Construction  of  Engines,  Construction 
of  Ordnance,  Construction  of  Torpedoes  and  Torpedo  Defence. 
3d.  The  General  Section,  composed  of  Bureaus  of  Construc- 
tional Affairs,  Budget  and  Pay,  Administration  of  Garrisons, 
Indemnities,  Judiciary,  Hydrography,  and  Observatory.  In  ad- 
dition to  these  sections  there  are  connected  with  the  Admiralty  : 
1st.  A  Commission  for  the  Examination  of  Officers  of  Marine 
Superintendence.  2d.  The  Administration  of  the  Naval  Sta- 
tions of  Kiel,  Wilhelmshaven,  Dantzic,  and  Friedrichsort,  and 
the  Naval  Academy. 

The  navy  is  manned  by  inscription  from  the  maritime  dis- 
tricts, the  obligation  of  service  commencing  on  the  1st  of 
January  of  the  year  in  which  the  age  of  20  is  reached.  Active 
service  continues  for  three  years,  at  the  end  of  which  time 
men  pass  into  the  First  Reserve  for  a  further  period  of  seven 
years,  during  which  time  they  are  called  for  exercise  twice  in 
four  years  in  time  of  peace,  and  on  the  breaking  out  of  war 
they  are  called  into  active  service.  At  the  end  of  the  seventh 
year  in  the  first  reserve  they  pass  into  the  second  reserve  for  a 
further  period  of  five  years  (seewehr).  The  Second  Reserve 
also  includes  those  who  have  been  subject  to  service  but  who 
have  not  been  called  on :  these  latter  are  exercised  twice  in 
twelve  years.  Sailors  of  the  merchant  marine  are  authorized 
to  present  themselves  between  the  ages  of  20  and  24  years. 
Mariners  who  have  followed  the  sea  for  five  years  have  only 
to  serve  for  one  year ;  those  who  have  been  to  sea  four  years 
serve  two  years.  For  tradespeople  and  mechanics  the  term  of 
active  service  may  be  reduced  to  one  year.  The  maritime 
population  of  Germany  is  estimated  at  45,000  men,  of  which 
number  12,000  may  be  called  into  service  at  any  time,  not 
counting  sailors  of  the  merchant  service  absent  from  home. 

The  cadre  of  the  executive  corps  of  officers  is  as  follows : 

1  Admiral  (Honorary).  75  Capitan-Lieutenant. 

1  Vice- Admiral.  148  Lieutenant  zur  See. 

4  Contre- Admiral.  128  Unter-Lieutenant  zur  See. 

23  Capitan  zur  See.  100  See-Cadet. 
45  Corvetten  Capitan. 

The  sailors  of  the  fleet,  divided  into  two  divisions,  one 
being  stationed  at  Kiel  and  the  other  at  Wilhelmshaven,  num- 
ber 821  petty  officers  and  5621  men.  There  is  also  one  di- 
vision of  apprentices,  numbering  12  petty  officers  and  400 
boys. 

Apprentices  are  entered  between  the  ages  of  14  and  16, 


420  GERMANY. 

and  engage  to  serve  for  twelve  years.  The  first  two  years 
they  are  placed  aboard  cruising  school-ships,  and  for  another 
year  they  are  under  general  harbor  instruction.  At  the  end 
of  the  third  year  they  pass  into  the  fleet,  and  if  successful  in 
their  examinations  they  are  promoted  at  once  to  seamen. 

Officers  of  the  Second  Reserve  are  recruited  from  five  differ- 
ent sources  :  1st.  From  officers  who  have  retired  from  active 
service  and  who  are  less  than  31  years  old.  2d.  From  masters 
of  the  merchant  marine.  3d.  From  one-year  volunteers  who  are 
seafaring  people.  4th.  From  certain  auxiliary  officers.  5th. 
From  young  men  who  have  successfully  passed  a  master's  ex- 
amination. Persons  from  the  last  three  categories  must  serve 
for  one  year  at  least  in  the  fleet,  at  the  end  of  which  time  they 
receive  the  brevet  of  Sub-Lieutenant  of  Reserve.  Officers  of 
the  Reserve  may  be  promoted  after  a  certain  length  of  service 
to  the  grades  of  Lieutenant  and  Lieutenant-Captain,  and  if  they 
are  under  24  years  of  age  they  may  pass  into  the  active  roster. 

Machinists  are  recruited  from  volunteers  and  also  from 
tradespeople  of  the  inscription,  and  before  entering  the  fleet 
they  pass  through  a  course  of  dock-yard  instruction.  In  the 
permanent  fleet  there  are  24  Machinist-Engineers,  divided  into 
3  Superior  Engineer-Machinists,  9  Engineer-Machinists,  and 
12  Sub-Engineer-Machinists.  The  total  cadre  of  the  dock- 
yard division,  which  includes  machinists,  petty  officers,  me- 
chanics, firemen,  and  coal-heavers,  numbers  1475  men. 

In  the  Pay  Department  there  are  26  Commissaries  and  29 
Sub-Commissaries. 

The  Medical  Corps  comprises  1  Surgeon-General,  5  Surgeon- 
Majors,  17  Surgeon-Majors  (subs),  and  22  Assistant  Surgeons 
divided  into  three  classes. 

The  Marine  Infantry  consists  of  a  single  battalion  of  six 
companies,  organized  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  line  of  the 
army,  and  comprising  in  its  cadre  47  officers  and  984  men, 
there  being  a  Colonel  in  command.  The  officers  are  all  re- 
cruited from  regiments  of  the  line. 

The  detachment  of  Marine  Artillery  is  composed  of  three 
companies  organized  similarly  to  the  Fortress  Artillery  of  the 
army ;  112  officers  and  346  men.  This  detachment  mans  the 
batteries  and  coast-works  under  the  control  of  the  navy.  In 
time  of  peace  it  is  employed  principally  in  the  fabrication  of 
munitions.  The  officers  are  all  recruited  from  army  artillery 
regiments. 

"  Attached  to  the  infantry  battalion  is  a  small  body  called 
the  staff-guard,  consisting  of  52  Sergeant-Majors  and  Sergeants, 
who  have  charge  of  the  police  duties  aboard  ship  and  at  the 
dock-yards. 


HOLLAND.  421 

The  Technical  Corps  of  Officers  forms  two  divisions,  one 
of  Naval  Constructions  and  the  other  of  Engine  Constructions, 
having  grades  not  assimilated  with  those  of  officers  of  the 
fleet.  There  are  62  officers  in  the  corps. 

CONSTRUCTION.      ENGINES. 

Directors 3  3 

Superior  Engineers 4  3 

Engineers 11  11 

Sub-Engineers 13  9 

At  Kiel  a  Naval  Institute  has  been  established  on  the  same 
principles  as  the  Greenwich  Koyal  Naval  College,  for  the 
benefit  of  officers  of  higher  rank  than  cadet.  Officers  as  high 
as  the  grade  of  Captain  are  admitted  for  a  course  of  two  years. 
By  this  means  the  standard  of  general  efficiency  is  raised. 
Officers  receive  instruction  in  all  branches  of  their  profession. 

The  men  of  the  fleet  are  divided  into  two  divisions,  one 
being  stationed  at  Kiel  and  the  other  at  Wilhelmshaven. 
Each  division  is  subdivided  into  two  classes.  To  pass  from 
the  second  to  the  first  class,  good  conduct,  a  service  at  sea  of 
48  months,  and  a  certificate  of  complete  instruction  is  required. 
The  men  of  the  first  class  receive  a  higher  pay  and  form  the 
body  of  the  petty  officers  of  the  fleet. 

Firemen  and  coal-heavers  may,  by  proper  application,  pass 
through  the  grades  of  Machinist  to  the  Corps  of  Engineer  Ma- 
chinists. In  general  the  Machinists  are  all  drawn  from  ap- 
prentices of  that  class. 

The  Germans  are  just  commencing  the  introduction  of 
permanent  foreign  squadrons. 

HOLLAND. 

The  King  of  Holland  is  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Dutch 
Navy,  the  Crown  Prince  being  Rear-Admiral  and  Chief  of 
Staff.  The  navy  is  represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  a  civilian 
Minister  of  Marine,  the  central  control  being  divided  into  sec- 
tions and  bureaus  in  a  similar  manner  to  that  of  other  European 
nations.  The  general  administration  is  centralized  at  four 
dock-yard  stations — Amsterdam,  Willemsoord,  Hellevoetsluis, 
and  Fijenoord — Amsterdam  being  the  principal  building-yard, 
and  Fijenoord  being  the  boiler  and  engine  factory. 

The  grades  of  the  Dutch  Navy  correspond  with  those  of 
other  services,  the  names  of  those  of  the  executive  corps  being : 

Luitenant-Admiraal.  Luitenant  ter  Zee  le  klasse. 

Vice-Admiraal.  Luitenant  ter  Zee  2e  klasse. 
Schout-bij-Nacht.  (  le  klasse. 

Kapitein  ter  Zee.  Adelborst  -j  2e  klasse. 
Kapitein  Luitenant  ter  Zee.  (  3e  klasse. 


422  ITALY. 

In  addition  to  the  dock-yard  at  Amsterdam  there  is  a  Naval 
School  and  school-ships  for  the  instruction  of  seamen  and 
apprentices.  At  Hellevoetsluis  there  is  a  school  for  machinists. 
Great  attention  is  paid  in  Holland  to  the  development  of 
torpedo  instruction,  a  special  corps  of  officers  being  drawn  from 
the  executive  corps. 

The  cadre  of  the  navy  is  filled  from  both  volunteer  and 
inscription  methods,  the  latter  resembling  the  French.  This 
cadre  amounts  to  788  officers  and  6426  men,  not  including 
1000  native  sailors  and  600  marines  in  the  East  Indian  local 
service. 

In  addition  to  this  force  there  is  a  corps  of  Marine  Infantry 
amounting  to  52  officers  and  2100  men. 

There  are  two  main  divisions  of  the  Dutch  fleet,  the  first 
for  home  service  and  the  second  for  East  India  service.  The 
foreign  squadrons  are  :  1.  The  Curacoa  station.  2d.  The 
Surinam  station.  3d.  The  East  India  fleet,  which  is  divided 
into  three  main  squadrons  and  four  subordinate  flotilla  stations 
for  the  purpose  of  patrolling  the  coasts  of  Borneo,  Sumatra, 
Java,  and  the  Celebes  Islands.  Single  cruisers  are  sent  out 
at  short  periods  to  make  cruises  around  the  world,  whilst  a 
large  division  is  kept  ready  for  service  in  the  shallow  home 
waters. 

ITALY. 

The  Italian  Navy  is  represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  a  Minister 
of  Marine.  The  central  administration  is  divided  into  four 
main  departments  :  1st.  The  Personnel,  under  the  control  of  a 
Secretary-General.  2d.  The  Materiel.  3d.  Artillery  and 
Torpedoes.  4th.  Merchant  Marine.  There  is  an  Admiralty 
Council  for  the  general  consideration  of  naval  affairs,  and  a 
Scientific  Bureau  for  the  regulation  of  hydrographic  affairs. 
The  general  arrangement  of  bureaus  and  superintendencies  is 
similar  to  that  of  France,  the  whole  central  department  being 
classed  under  the  head  of  the  General  Staff. 

For  the  general  administration  of  affairs  v  there  are  two 
dock-yard  stations,  Spezzia  and  Venice,  with  a  third  in  process 
of  formation  at  Tarenta. 

The  grades  of  the  executive  corps  of  the  service  are  as 
follows  : 


Contro-Ammiragle.  Luogotenento  di  Vascello. 

Capitano  di  Vascello.  Sottotenento  di  Vascello. 

Guardia  Marina  di  la  classe. 


ITALY.  423 

All  of  the  officers  of  this  corps  are  drawn  from  the  cadets 
of  the  Naval  School,  the  course  being  four  years  of  instruction. 
At  present  the  cadets  pass  two  years  at  Naples  and  two  at 
Genoa,  but  it  is  the  intention  to  establish  a  single  Academy 
at  Spezzia.  There  are  three  divisions  of  this  corps :  the  active, 
the  reserve  or  retired,  and  the  officers  at  stationary  residence, 
the  latter  being  those  who  have  waived  promotion  in  consid- 
eration of  having  fixed  duties  at  a  seaport. 

The  Medical  Corps  is  divided  in  the  same  manner  as  in 
other  countries,  the  grades  being : 

Medico  Ispettore.  Medico  di  Fregata,  2a  classe. 

Medico  Direttore.  MWH™  di  Tnrvptta  -S  1&  classe- 

Medico  di  Vascello.  -orvetta  ^  2&  dasse 

Medico  di  Fregata,  la  classe. 

The  Technical  Corps  or  Corps  du  Genie  and  the  Commis- 
sary Corps  are  called  the  naval  auxiliary  corps. 

GENIE. 

Ispettore  Generale.  Sotto  Ingegnere  di  la  classe. 

Direttore  delle  Costruzioni  Navali.  Sotto  Ingegnere  di  2a  classe. 

Ingegnere  di  la  classe.  Allieve  Ingegnere  (Cadet). 
Ingegnere  di  2a  classe. 

COMMISSARIAT. 

Commissario  Generale  di  la  classe.  Sotto  Commissario  di  3a  classe. 

Commissario  Generale  di  2a  classe.  Sotto  Commissario  Aggiunto  di  la 

Commissario  di  la  classe.  classe. 

Commissario  di  2a  classe.  Sotto  Commissario  Aggiunto  di  2a 

Sotto  Commissario  di  la  classe.  classe. 

Sotto  Commissario  di  2a  classe.  Scrivano  (Clerk). 

These  corps  at  present  have  relative  military  rank,  bur 
measures  have  been  taken  to  give  both  a  strictly  civil  organiza- 
tion, as  it  is  considered  that  their  duties  are  not  compatible 
-with  military  subordination. 

The  Machinists'  Corps  comprises  but  three  grades — 

Machinists.        First  Chief  Machinists.        Second  Chief  Machinists. 

These  grades  are  entirely  recruited  from  the  master-machinists 
or  petty-officers  grade  of  firemen.  The  grade  of  Chief 
Machinist,  which  was  the  highest  until  of  late  years,  has  been 
abolished,  the  duties  being  performed  by  officers  of  the  Corps 
du  Genie. 

For  the  purpose  of  naval  inscription  the  coast  of  Italy  is 
divided  into  three  departments,  Spezzia,  Naples,  and  Venice, 
subdivided  into  22  districts,  under  controls  similar  to  those  of 


424  JAPAN. 

France.  All  persons  interested  in  a  trade  bearing  upon  navi- 
gation are  liable  for  service  on  reaching  the  age  of  20.  They 
are  then  drawn  into  one  of  two  divisions  according  to  lot. 
The  first  is  under  obligations  to  render  service  for  four  years 
either  at  sea  or  in  the  dock-yards,  at  the  end  of  which  time 
they  are  granted  a  leave  for  six  years,  which,  though  not  con- 
fining them  to  the  country,  may  be  rescinded  at  any  time.  At 
the  end  of  the  tenth  year  they  pass  into  the  Second  Reserve,  and 
are  not  liable  except  for  extraordinary  service.  The  second 
division  receive  at  once  a  leave  for  ten  years,  at  the  end  of 
which  time  they  pass  to  the  Second  Reserve.  There  is  also  a 
system  of  voluntary  enlistment  and  apprenticeship. 

The  Corps  of  Marine  Infantry  is  recruited  from  the  inscrip- 
tion in  the  same  manner  as  the  army.  The  headquarters  are  at 
Naples.  This  corps  is  made  up  of  three  battalions  (one  for 
each  department),  and  the  service  is  divided  between  the  fleet 
and  the  dock-yards.  There  is  no  marine  artillery  in  the 
Italian  Navy. 

The  effective  cadre  of  the  Italian  Navy  is  1084  officers  and 
14,200  men,  90  officers  of  Marine  Infantry  and  3000  men.  In 
comparison  with  the  number  of  petty  officers  and  men,  there 
are  fewer  officers  in  this  navy  than  in  any  in  the  world.  The 
Italians  have  no  cruising  squadrons;  single  vessels  do  the* 
foreign  service,  while  the  home  service  is  confined  to  a  single 
large  squadron  of  evolutions. 


JAPAN. 

The  navy  is  represented  in  the  Council  of  State  by  a. 
Minister  and  two  V  ice-Ministers,  the  central  administration 
being  carried  on  by  a  department  constructed  much  in  the 
same  manner  as  in  most  European  countries.  The  general 
administration  is  at  present  also  almost  entirely  directed  by 
the  Navy  Department.  There  is  but  one  dock-yard  at  present 
completed  and  in  operation,  that  of  Yokoska  in  the  Bay  of 
Yeddo,  in  connection  with  which  there  is  quite  an  extensive 
foundry  at  Yokohama. 

At  Nagasaki,  although  there  is  no  especial  dock-yard,  there 
are  repair-shops,  a  marine  railway,  and  a  partially  completed 
dry-dock.  At  Kobi  there  are  repair-shops,  and  an  attempt  has 
been  made  to  establish  a  dock-yard  at  Tokio,  but  the  shallow 
approaches  render  it  of  but  little  importance.  Connected  with 
the  central  administration  there  is  a  Hydrographic  Office, 
Observatory,  Naval  School,  and  schools  of  instruction  for 
Marine  Infantry  and  Artillery.  At  present  the  navy  is  manned 


NORWAY   AND    SWEDEN.  425 

entirely  from  volunteer  enlistment,  but  a  system  of  inscription 
is  being  perfected  by  which  every  person  following  a  maritime 
trade  will  be  liable  for  service  between  the  ages  of  18  and  45. 
The  officers  heretofore  have  for  the  greater  part  been  educated 
in  foreign  naval  schools,  but  at  present  the  Naval  Academy  at 
Tokio  is  fully  equal  to  the  task  of  keeping  the  cadre  full. 
This  Naval  School  is  modelled  after  the  general  European 
plan,  the  course  being  four  years.  Officers,  as  a  rule,  are  ap- 
pointed from  the  Noble  class.  The  cadre  of  the  navy  at  pres- 
ent is  300  officers,  5138  men,  and  113  cadets.  The  grades  and 
corps  correspond  closely  with  those  of  foreign  powers.  But 
very  few  foreign  officers  are  now  employed  in  the  naval  ser- 
vice, none  at  all  in  the  fleet,  their  duties  being  confined  to  in- 
structional and  yard  superintendence. 

As  yet  the  Japanese  have  not  instituted  any  squadron  ser- 
vice whatever,  keeping  nearly  every  vessel  of  their  fleet  in 
constant  commission  for  instructional  service.  It  is  the  inten- 
tion, however,  to  establish  both  home  and  foreign  squadron 
service  as  soon  as  the  naval  development  will  permit  it  to  be 
done.  The  cadre  of  the  Japanese  Navy  is  1180  officers  and 
4270  men. 

NORWAY  AND  SWEDEN. 

The  navies  of  Norway  and  Sweden  are  distinct  services, 
each  having  its  own  complete  organization  and  administration. 
The  Norwegian  Navy  is  represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  a  Rear- 
Admiral,  Chief  of  the  Marine  Department,  who  is  assisted  by 
a  second  Rear- Admiral,  Chief  of  Staff.  The  central  control 
at  Stockholm  is  divided  into  three  main  sections,  with  Control- 
lers at  their  heads,  and  subdivided  into  bureaus.  The  general 
administration  is  divided  in  control  between  two  dock-yards, 
Christiania  and  Stockholm.  There  is  also  a  Naval  Academy, 
Hydrographic  Office,  and  Observatory. 

The  Swedish  Navy  is  represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  a  Min- 
ister of  Marine,  the  central  control  having  two  main  divisions, 
Chancellery  and  Command.  There  is  in  addition  a  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  Personnel,  a  Military  Department,  Construction, 
Department,  Commissariat  Department,  Pilotage  Department, 
Naval  School,  and  Hydrographic  Office.  The  general  admin- 
istration is  divided  between  the  two  naval  stations  of  Carls- 
krona  and  Stockholm. 

The  personnel  of  both  navies  is  recruited  by  voluntary 
enlistment,  there  being  a  special  arrangement  for  conscription, 
in  case  of  war  in  the  maritime  districts,  of  all  persons  between 
the  ages  of  22  and  35  years. 


426  RUSSIA. 

The  grades  of  officers  of  the  different  corps  are  similar  to 
those  of  other  services,  there  being  no  grade  of  Admiral.  The 
cadre  of  the  two  navies  is  : 

SWEDEN.  NORWAY. 

Officers 518        Officers 104 

Men 5,051        Men 5.10 

Total 6,223 

The  Norwegian  fleet  is  entirely  confined  to  coast-defence 
vessels,  no  cruisers  being  now  sent  out.  The  Swedish  fleet  is 
well  provided  with  cruisers,  but  there  are  no  foreign  squad- 
rons, the  foreign  cruising  being  confined  to  single  ships. 

RUSSIA. 

The  Russian  Navy  is  represented  in  the  Council  of  State 
by  the  Admiral-General,  a  prince  of  the  blood,  who  is  Com- 
mander-in-Chief  of  the  naval  force.  The  head  of  the  central 
administration  is  a  Minister  chosen  from  the  list  of  Vice- Ad- 
mirals. There  are  six  sections  or  departments  of  control :  1st. 
The  Chancellery,  having  charge  of  the  expenditure  of  the  Bud- 
get. 2d.  The  Department  of  the  Personnel.  3d.  The  Hydro- 
graphic  Department.  4th.  The  Technical  Committee,  divided 
into  three  sections — Construction  of  Vessels,  Construction  of 
Machinery,  and  Construction  of  Ordnance.  5th.  The  Supreme 
Naval  Tribunal.  6th.  The  Direction  of  the  Health  Service. 
The  general  administration  is  divided  between  the  naval  sta- 
tions of  St.  Petersburg,  Sebastopol,  Odessa,  and  the  naval  sta- 
tions of  the  Caspian  and  Aral  seas  and  Petropaulovsk  on  the 
Amoor  River. 

The  personnel  of  the  Russian  Navy  is  recruited  by  inscrip- 
tion throughout  the  maritime  districts,  the  inscription  carry- 
ing with  it  certain  benefits  to  the  seafaring  population,  as  in 
other  countries.  There  are  two  divisions,  active  and  reserve, 
the  time  of  service  being  seven  years  in  the  active  division 
and  three  in  the  reserve.  The  grades  correspond  with  those 
of  other  navies.  The  effective  strength  is  4219  officers  and 
26,683  men. 

The  fleet  is  divided  into  five  divisions  with  so.uadron  sub- 
divisions :  1st.  The  Baltic  Fleet,  divided  into  the  Squadron  of 
Evolutions,  Division  of  School-ships,  Lighthouse  and  Survey 
Squadrons,  and  Cruisers,  the  latter  being  engaged  in  long 
foreign  cruises  independently.  2d.  Black  Sea  Fleet,  Division 
of  School-ships,  Coast  Guard-ships,  Lighthouse  Service,  Hydro- 
graphic  Service,  Port  Guard-ships,  and  Cruisers  confined  to 
the  Black  and  Mediterranean  seas.  3d.  The  Caspian  Flotilla. 


SPAIN.  427 

4th.  The  Siberian  Flotilla.     5th.  All  vessels  in  course  of  con- 
struction at  St.  Petersburg  or  Odessa. 

SPAIN. 

The  Minister  of  Marine  is  invariably  chosen  from  the 
grades  of  Yice  or  Rear  Admiral,  having  an  officer  of  one  of 
these  grades  as  an  Assistant  Secretary  and  Chief  of  Staff.  The 
affairs  of  the  Ministry  are  controlled  by  bureaus  and  sections, 
with  special  committees  for  the  regulation  of  certain  special 
affairs.  For  the  immediate  superintendence  of  the  naval  ad- 
ministration the  Spanish  coast  is  divided  into  three  depart- 
ments, each  commanded  by  an  officer  of  high  rank.  The 
headquarters  of  the  Department  of  the  East  are  at  Cartagena, 
those  of  the  South  at  Cadiz,  and  those  of  the  North  at  Ferrol ; 
the  Eastern  Department  including  the  Balearic  Isles,  and  the 
Southern  the  Canaries.  Cuba  and  Porto  Eico  form  a  fourth 
department,  with  headquarters  at  Havana ;  and  the  Philippine 
Islands  a  fifth,  with  headquarters  at  Manila.  The  Com- 
mander-in-Chief  of  the  department  is  also  in  command  of  the 
fleet  at  the  station. 

For  the  purposes  of  naval  inscription  the  departments  are 
subdivided  into  provinces  and  districts,  there  being  in  all  110 
districts,  each  of  which  is  in  charge  of  a  naval  officer  so  far  as 
marine  inscription  is  concerned.  The  corps  and  grade  divi- 
sions of  the  active  personnel  correspond  with  those  of  other 
nations,  the  grades  of  the  executive  corps  being  as  follows : 

Almirante.  Tpnipnfp  dp  "NTavio  J  **  cl> 
Vice-Almirante.  NaV1°  (  2*  cL 

Gefe  de  Escuadra.  Alfarece  de  Navio. 

Capitan  de  Navio.  Guardia  Marina. 
Capitan  de  Fregata. 

The  grades  of  the  Medical  Corps  are  : 

Medical  Inspector.  First  Surgeon. 

Medical  Sub-Inspector.  Second  Surgeon. 

Surgeon-Major. 


The  grades  of  the  Commissary  Corps  are : 

Superintendent.  First  Asst.  Commissary. 

\  (1st  class).  Second  Asst.  Commissary. 

Purveyor  j  (2d  dags)  Third  Agst  Commissary. 

Commissary  j  jjftfij*  Supernumeraries. 


428  SPAIN. 

Chaplains  have  their  ecclesiastical  rank,  and  also  a  naval 
grade : 

Sub  Vicar-General.  Second  Chaplain. 

First  Chaplain.  Sacristan  (lay  official). 

Chorister  (lay  official). 

The  Technical  Corps  embraces  in  one  body  the  ship  and 
engine  constructors,  called  Engineers  of  the  Fleet,  and  having 
the  grades  of — 

General  Officer.  Frigate  Captain. 

Brigadier.  Lieutenant. 

Ship-of-the-Line  Captain.  Ensign. 

For  service  in  working  engines  aboard  ship  there  is  a  corps 
of  machinists : 

-cv    *  HT    i-   •  «.    (  1st  class.  Third  Machinists. 

First  Machinists  j  2d  dasg  Fourth  Machinists. 

Second  Machinists.  Assistant  Machinists. 

The  total  active  personnel  of  the  fleet  is  1792  officers  (ex- 
clusive of  Midshipmen,  Chaplains,  and  the  Technical  Corps) 
and  14,000  men. 

In  addition  to  this  cadre,  there  is  a  corps  of  Marine  Artil- 
lery (Technical). 

1  General  Officer.  16  Captains. 

3  Colonels.  20  Lieutenants. 

7  Lieutenant-Colonels. 

And  a  corps  of  Marine  Infantry  which  is  divided  into  two  half 
brigades  of  two  battalions  each,  besides  two  companies  of 
native  infantry  at  the  Philippines.  The  strength  of  this  corps 
is  170  officers  and  6256  men,  making  a  grand  total  of  1962 
officers  and  20,256  men. 

For  the  administration  of  justice  each  department  has  a 
district  court,  the  maritime  superior  court  being  at  Madrid. 

The  Naval  Academy,  situated  at  Ferrol,  furnishes  all  the 
officers  of  the  executive  corps  of  the  service.  The  age  of 
entrance  to  the  Academy  is  between  12  and  14  years,  the 
length  of  the  course  at  the  school  being  two  years  and  a  half. 
At  the  expiration  of  this  time  they  pass  to  a  school-ship  as 
second-class  midshipmen,  where  they  remain  one  or  two  years 
according  to  the  needs  of  the  cadre,  when  they  pass  to  active 
service  as  midshipmen  of  the  first-class,  and  after  one  year  are 
commissioned  Ensigns  ('Alfarece). 

There  are  special  schools  under  naval  control  for  the  educa- 
tion of  pilots  of  the  merchant  service,  another  school  for  ma- 
chinists, and  an  academy  for  the  Artillery  and  Technical  Corps. 


TURKEY.  429 

At  Madrid  there  is  a  Hydrographid  Bureau  and  a  Naval 
Museum,  and  at  San  Fernando  a^  Naval  Observatory. 

The  Spanish  have  five  squadron  cruising-grounds :  the 
Mediterranean,  South  American,  West  Indian,  Asiatic,  and 
Atlantic,  and  a  small  African  station  limited  to  the  Spanish 
possessions  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea. 

At  each  of  the  prominent  ports  both  of  the  home  and  colo- 
nial coasts  there  is  a  naval  control  under  the  superintendence 
of  a  Captain  of  the  Port. 

Promotion  in  all  grades  of  the  service  except  to  that  of 
Rear-Admiral  is  by  seniority.  Rear-Admirals  are  appointed 
by  choice  from  the  list  of  Line-Ship  Captains.  All  persons  in 
the  maritime  districts  who  follow  a  calling  connected  in  any 
way  with  the  sea  are  subject  to  the  inscription,  and  none  but 
those  who  are  inscribed  can  engage  in  fishery  or  work  upon 
the  wharves  or  piers.  The  term  of  service  is  four  years  in  the 
active  and  four  in  the  reserve  division.  Each  department  has 
a  separate  school-ship  and  divisional  formation,  so  that  those 
persons  who  are  inscribed  are  seldom  removed  from  their  im- 
mediate homes  except  for  short  cruises.  There  is  a  system  of 
voluntary  enlistment  by  which  the  main  part  of  the  active 
cadre  is  kept  constantly  full.  In  Spain  as  in  Italy  the  merchant 
service  is  entirely  under  the  control  of  the  navy.  In  the  head- 
quarter ports  of  Spain,  unlike  those  of  other  nations,  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief  has  no  flag-ship  and  does  not  display  a  broad 
pennant.  Flag-ships  represent  strictly  the  commands  afloat. 
This  is  a  point  of  importance,  as  all  ports  visited  by  foreign 
men-of-war  have  a  commanding  naval  authority  of  high  rank, 
although  there  is  no  visible  sign  of  such  command. 

TURKEY. 

The  navy  is  represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  a  Minister  of 
Marine  and  in  the  Divan  or  Chancellery  by  an  Assistant  Secre- 
tary. For  the  central  administration  there  is  an  Admiralty 
Council  composed  of  Admirals  and  General  Officers.  The 
service  is  divided  -into  four  sections :  1st.  Personnel.  2d. 
Materiel.  3d.  Naval  Constructions.  4th.  Health.  Each  con- 
trol has  an  Admiral  at  its  head  with  the  title  of  Director.  The 
Minister  has  the  supreme  control  of  all  naval  affairs. 

The  fleet  is  recruited  by  inscription  from  the  maritime  dis- 
tricts, there  being  no  reserve  proper.  The  length  of  service 
is  eight  years. 

The  personnel  of  the  navy  consists  of  1868  officers  and 
30,000  men,  in  addition  to  which  there  is  a  corps  of  marine 
infantry  numbering  91  officers  and  4500  men.  The  grades 


430  UNITED    STATES. 

correspond  with  those  of  other  countries  except  that  there  is- 
no  grade  of  Admiral,  and  the  grade  of  Ensign  corresponds 
closely  with  that  of  Midshipman  in  other  services,  there  being 
no  Naval  Academy  and  no  grade  of  Cadet. 


UNITED  STATES. 

The  navy  is  represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  a  Secretary  of 
the  Navy,  who  is  invariably  a  civilian ;  the  President  of  the 
United  States  being  the  Commander-in-Chief,  but  without  any 
immediate  naval  executive.  The  central  control  is  divided 
into  eight  bureaus  under  the  superintendence  of  naval  officers 
of  the  different  corps  having  the  grade  of  Commodore  :  1st. 
Bureau  of  Navigation,  subdivided  into  the  Office  of  Detail, 
having  charge  of  the  personnel  of  the  fleet ;  Hydrographic 
Office,  Naval  Observatory,  and  Signal  Office.  2d.  Bureau  of 
Ordnance,  having  charge  of  all  artillery  matters,  including  the 
torpedo  station  at  Newport.  3d.  Bureau  of  Equipment  and  Re- 
cruiting, having  charge  of  outfits,  recruiting,  and  the  apprentice 
service.  4th.  Bureau  of  Yards  and  Docks,  having  charge  of  all 
naval  grounds  and  buildings.  5th.  Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery. 6th.  Bureau  of  Provisions  and  Clothing,  having  charge 
of  supplies  and  accounts.  7th.  Bureau  of  Steam  Engineering, 
having  charge  of  the  design  and  care  of  engines  and  boilers. 
8th.  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair.  The  Naval  Acad- 
emy is  under  an  independent  control  attached  directly  to  the 
superintendence  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

The  'general  administration  is  divided  into  departments  at 
the  different  dock-yards,  each  department  corresponding  with 
a  bureau  of  the  central  control,  and  all  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  a  commandant  who  is  an  officer  of  the  executive  corps 
having  the  grade  of  Commodore.  There  are  no  naval  maritime 
districts  in  the  United  States,  naval  authority  being  limited 
strictly  to  the  dock-yard  government.  There  are  seven  dock- 
yards :  Portsmouth  (New  Hampshire),  Charlestown  (Massachu- 
setts), Brooklyn  (New  York),  League  Island  (Pennsylvania), 
Norfolk  (Virginia),  Pensacola  (Florida),  and  Mare  Island  (Cali- 
fornia). In  addition  to  these  there  are  three  subordinate 
stations  for  coaling,  recruitiiig,  and  repairing:  New  London 
(Connecticut),  Port  Royal  (South  Carolina),  and  Key  West 
(Florida).  The  Coast  Survey  and  Lighthouse  establishments, 
although  not  under  the  control  of  the  Navy  Department, 
employ  naval  officers  almost  exclusively. 

Officers  of  the  Executive  and  Engineer  Corps  are  drawn 
exclusively  from  graduates  of  the  Naval  Academy.  The 


UNITED   STATES. 


431 


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432  UNITED   STATES. 

other  corps  are  drawn  from  civil  life.  Promotion  is  strictly 
by  seniority  in  all  grades.  All  officers  except  those  in  the 
Constructors'  and  Professors'  Corps  are  obliged  to  pass  a  rigid 
examination  in  being  promoted  from  one  grade  to  another. 
The  course  of  study  at  the  Naval  Academy  is  four  years  for 
both  executive  and  engineer  officers;  the  cadet  then  passes 
into  the  fleet  for  a  period  of  two  years  for  active  service,  at 
the  end  of  which  time  he  is  eligible  for  promotion  to  the  next 
grade.  On  reaching  the  age  of  62  years  or  after  45  years  of 
service,  officers  are  retired  from  the  active  list.  Officers  fail- 
ing twice  in  examination  for  promotion  may  be  retired  as 
mentally  unqualified  for  active  service. 

In  addition  to  these  grades,  in  the  regular  line  of  promotion 
there  are  five  subordinate  ;  grades  of  what  are  called  Warrant 
Officers  namely,  Boatswain,  Gunner,  Carpenter,  Sailmaker, 
and  Mate. 

The  cadre  of  the  active  list  of  the  navy  is  1678  officers, 
7500  men,  and  700  apprentices. 

There  is  also  a  corps  of  Marine  Infantry  numbering  75  offi- 
cers and  2500  men. 

The  method  of  enlistment  is  entirely  voluntary,  for  periods 
of  three  years,  with  special  inducements  for  re-enlistment. 
There  is  no  reserve  division  of  the  service,  the  active  cadre 
representing  the  entire  disposable  force.  Apprentices  are  en- 
listed between  the  ages  of  14  and  18,  with  obligatory  service 
until  they  reach  the  age  of  21.  They  are  first  put  in  training- 
ships,  where  they  remain  between  two  and  three  years,  enter- 
ing the  fleet  as  soon  as  they  are  considered  fully  instructed. 
After  entering  the  fleet  they  are  eligible  to  advancement  as 
seamen  and  petty  officers. 

The  cruising  fleet  is  divided  into  five  squadrons — the 
North  Atlantic,  South  Atlantic,  European,  Asiatic,  and  Pacific 
— with  one  vessel  in  constant  commission  cruising  in  the  chain 
of  great  lakes  on  the  northern  boundary,  and  one  in  the  Rio 
Grande  on  the  Mexican  boundary.  Four  ships  (one  steam 
frigate  and  three  sailing  corvettes)  are  also  kept  constantly  in 
commission  as  cruisers  with  apprentices  for  instruction.  The 
iron-clad  fleet  is  kept  in  partial  commission  ready  for  service, 
but  in  fresh  water,  in  order  to  prevent  the  fouling  and  corrosion 
of  the 'bottoms. 


INCOMPLETE   INFORMATION.  433 


DENMARK. 

The  navy  is  represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  a  Minister  of 
Marine,  the  central  administration  having  an  "officer  of  high 
rank  at  its  head,  bearing  the  title  of  Director-General.  The 
control  is  divided  into  three  sections:  1st.  The  Admiralty. 
2d.  The  Commissariat.  3d.  The  Judiciary.  The  Admiralty  is 
subdivided  into  departments  of  Personnel,  Materiel,  and  Health. 
Grades  of  personnel  are  similar  to  those  of  other  navies.  The 
cadre  of  the  navy  is  120  officers  and  2761  men.  There  are 
no  foreign  cruisers. 

GREECE. 

The  navy  is  represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  a  Minister  of 
Marine,  and  the  central  control  is  superintended  by  an  Admiral 
bearing  the  title  of  Inspector-General  of  the  Fleet.  The  grades 
of  officers  correspond  to  those  of  other  navies.  The  cadre  of 
the  personnel  of  the  fleet  is  71  officers  and  581  men. 

PERU. 

The  navy  is  not  a  separate  organization,  being  represented 
in  the  Cabinet  by  a  Minister  of  War,  and  having  at  its  head  an 
Admiral  Commander-in-Chief.  The  control  is  confined  to  the 
port  of  Callao,  where  in  time  of  peace  the  fleet  is  kept 
almost  permanently  at  anchor.  Administration  and  cadre  un- 
known. 

PORTUGAL. 

The  navy  of  Portugal  is  represented  in  the  Cabinet  by  a 
Minister  of  Marine,  who  has  also  the  Colonial  Service  under 
his  jurisdiction,  as  with  the  French.  The  King  of  Portugal  is 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  navy  (taking  the  rank  of  Admiral 
amongst  his  titles),  the  immediate  executive  control  of  the 
naval  personnel  being  superintended  by  a  Vice-Admiral 
Commander-in-Chief,  assisted  by  a  Board  of  Admiralty.  Both 
the  central  and  general  controls  are  at  Lisbon,  where  is  situated 
the  only  dock-yard.  The  grades  of  the  personnel  of  the 
Portuguese  Navy  are  similar  to  those  of  other  nations.  The 
cadre  is  393  officers  and  3200  men. 

The  Portuguese  fleet  is  distributed  in  squadrons  at  the 
different  colonial  stations,  although  they  do  but  little  cruising. 
A  squadron  is  kept  in  commission  at  Lisbon,  cruising  to 
Madeira  and  the  African  coast  in  the  fall  of  the  year.  In 
addition  to  the  dock-yard  there  is  a  Naval  School  and  Observa- 
tory, and  a  small  repair-yard  at  Oporto.  The  navy  is  recruited 
by  voluntary  enlistment. 


434 


NAVAL  BUDGETS. 


NAVAL    BUDGETS. 


TOGETHER  WITH  THE  PROPORTION  WHICH   THEY  BEAR   TO   THE   ENTIRE    EXPENSES  OF  THE 
GOVERNMENT  FOR  THE  CORRESPONDING  YEAR.      (IN  DOLLARS  OF  AMERICAN  COIN.) 


AUSTRIA. 

BRAZIL. 

DENMARK. 

ENGLAND. 

1875.  .  . 

$5,038,980 

A 

$10,737,267 

| 

$1,258,180 

TV    . 

$53,447.020 

i 

1876.  .  . 

4,705,090 

A 

11,992,977 

£ 

1,193,700 

TV 

55,317,245 

) 

1877.  .  . 

4,705,090 

TV 

5,467,730 

tV 

1,193,700 

TV 

56,821,915 

* 

1878.  .  . 

4,805,480 

TV 

5,467,730 

TV 

1,323.308 

I 

54,892,960 

A 

1879.  .  . 

4,354,900 

TV 

6,138,301 

* 

1,589,418 

£ 

£9,811,580 

TV 

FRANCE. 

GERMANY. 

GREECE. 

HOLLAND. 

1875... 

$27,277,496 

TV 

$4,511,955 

A 

$360,070 

A 

$2,617,994 

i 

1876.  .  . 

27,277,496 

TV 

5,267,120 

TV 

391,978 

*v 

2,726,517 

i 

1877.  .  . 

73,253,303 

i 

7,144,250 

TV 

422,941 

A 

2,781,076 

i 

1878.  .  . 

32,592,387 

TV 

14,672,671 

4 

426,941 

*v 

2,753,677 

i 

1879... 

32,183,416 

TV 

11,434,197 

TV 

749,731 

TV 

2,627,732 

4 

ITALY. 

JAPAN. 

NORWAY  AND 
SWEDEN. 

PORTUGAL. 

*V 

1875.  .  . 

$7,468,184 

& 

$1,800,000 

*v 

$1,526,275 

TV 

$1,468,800 

1876.  .  . 
1877... 

7,543,390 
8,326,156 

A 

A 

2,700,000 
3,549,700 

A 

*V 

1,725,350 
2,204,040 

tV 

TV 

1,554,406 
1,878,665 

iV 
A 

1878... 

8,870,282 

A 

3,217,500 

tV 

1,944,875 

ffe 

1,876,264 

TV 

1879... 

8,864,877 

A 

2,636,300 

A 

1,896,750 

A 

1,952,837 

TV 

RUSSIA. 

SPAIN. 

TURKEY. 

UNITED 
STATES. 

TV 

1875... 

$20,084,813 

A 

$6,560,355 

TV 

$2,600,000 

A 

$23,000,000 

1876... 

20,030,705 

A 

0,586,235 

TV 

3,200,000 

* 

21,497,626 

TV 

1877... 

19,895,028 

A 

5,739,806 

aV 

3,200,000 

n 

18,963,310 

TV 

1878... 

18,839,706 

*V 

5,196,955 

A 

2,560,000 

A 

14,959,935 

TV 

1879... 

20,956,465 

*V 

5,196,955 

A 

2,560,000 

A 

17,365,301 

A 

KRUPP'S    COAST   AND   NAVAL   GUNS. 


435 


KRIJPP'S  CAST-STEEL  COAST  AND  NAVAL  GUNS  OF  30  AND  35  CALIBRES 

LENGTH. 


12  cm. 


15  cm. 


17  cm. 


Of  Of  Of  Of  Of'  Of 

30  calibres    35  calibres    30  calibres    3T>  calibres   30  calibres    35  calibres 
length.         length.         length.         length.         length.    ,     length. 


-Calibre 
Totallength 
Length  of  bore 
Weight  of  gun 
Weight  of  steel  shell 
•Battering  charge 
JHuzzle-velocity 
f  total 


kg 


m 

mt 


?rgy 


per  cm.  of  circumference... 

per  cm*,  of  cross  section.... 

per  1000  kg  of  weight  of  gun. 

fof   500m  .......... 


Hemaining  velo- 

cityof  steel 

shell 


Energy 


1000" 
1500" 
2000" 
2500" 

500" 
1000" 
1500" 
2000" 
2500" 

500" 
1000" 
1500" 


2500" 
500" 

per  cm*      "  1000  " 
of  cross  -{   "  1500" 


total    -| 


Percm- 
°f 


section 


2000 
2500 


mt 


When    striking  fat  the  muzzle  at  a 


at  right  angles 
the  steel  shell 
penetrates  a 


distance .  cm 
of   500m          "         " 

wrought    Iron-'i 
Plate  of  the  fol-     "  I500" 
lowing     thick-     "  2000 " 
ness  L  "  2500  " 

fat  the  muzzle  at  a 

distance,  cm 

Or  two  plates  of  |  of   500  m 
the     following -I   "1000"  " 


thickness 


1500" 
2000" 
2500" 


120 

3GOO 

3275 

2015 

20 

9 

575 
&37.03 
8.94 
2.98 
167.2  , 
516.5  : 
464.5 
418.5 
380 
348.5 
271.9 
219.9 
178.5 
147.1 
123.8  j 
7.21! 
5.83 
4.74 

»•*! 

j  3.28 

I  2.40! 

!  1.94 

i  1.58 

j  1.3o! 

|  1.09, 

23.5 

'  20 
17 
15 
18 
11 

10  -f  18 
10  +  14 
10  +  11 
10+8 
10+  5 
10+  3 


120 

4200 

3875 

2260 

20 

9 

605 

373.12' 
9.90 
3.30 

165 

543 

487.5 

438.5 

397 

362 

300.5 

242.2 

196 

160.7 

133.6  j 
7.97 
6.43 
5.2o' 

<•»: 

3.54 
2.66 
2.14 
1.73 
1.4-J 
1.IH 

25.5 

22 

18.5 

16 
14 
12 


10  +  20 
W  +  16 
,10  +  12.5 


149.1  I 
4470 
4050 
4200 
38.5 
17 
575 
649 
13.85 
3.71 
155 
526.7 
482 
442 
406.7 
375 
544.4 
455.9 
383.4 
324.59 
276 
11.62 
9.73 
8.18; 

J:3 

3.12! 
2.6l' 
2.20 
1.86 
1.58' 

29.5 

26 

22.5 

20 

17.5 

15.5 


15  +  20 
15  +  16 
15  +  12 
15+8 


149.1 
5220 
4800 
4750 
38.5 
17 
605 
718 
15.34 
4.1 
151 
554 
506.7 
464 

426.3  | 
393 

602.3  ! 
503.8 
422.5 
356.6 
303.1 
12.86 
10.75 
9.02 
7.61 
6.47 
3.45 
2.89 
2.42 
2.04 
1.74 

31.5 

28 

24.5 

21.5 

18.5 

16.5 


172.6 


5180 


6700 


575 

1011.1 
18.18 
4.32 
151 
533.3 
494.5 
458.6 
425.5 


747.8 
643.1 
553.7 
482 
15.65 
13.45 
11.57 
9.96 
8.67 
3.72 
3.20 
2.75 


2.36 
2.06 

34 

30.5 

27 

24 

21.5 

19.5 


1?2.6 
6040 
5555 
7500 
60 
26 
605 
1119.4 
20.13 
4.78 
149 
560.5 
520 
482 
447 
415.8 
960.8 
826.9 
710.5 
611.04 
528.7 
17.28 
14.87 
12.78 
10.99 
9.51 
4.11 
3.53 
3.04 
2.61 
2.26 

37 

as 

29.5 
26 

23.5 
21 


10+9 

10+   6.5  |15+   5 

10+  4      J15+  1 


J15  +  22.51I 
J15  +  18       18+18 
^5  +  14 
15  +  10 


,18  +  25.5 
18  +  21 

18  +  14.5  -18  +  17 
I18  +  13 


15+   7 
15+  4 


18  +  11 

'l8+  7 


!l8+  9.5 


18+   3.5  |18  +  6 


436 


KEUPP'S   COAST  AND   NAVAL   GUNS. 


KRUPP'S  CAST-STEEL  COAST  AND  NAVAL  GUNS  OF  30  AND  35  CALIBRES 

LENGTH — (CONTINUED.) 


20  cm. 

21  cm. 

24  cm. 

Of 
30  calibres 
length. 

Of 
35  calibres 
length. 

30  calibres 
length. 

Of 
35  calibres 
length. 

Of 
30  calibres 
length. 

Of 
35  calibre* 
length. 

Calibre  . 
Total  ler 
Length  < 
Weight  < 
Weight  ( 
Batterin 
Muzzle-v 

Energy^ 

Remaini 
city  o1 
sh 

Energy- 

When 
at  righ 
the  st< 
penetr 
wrougl 
Plate  o 
lowing 
ness 

Or  two  ] 
the     f 
thickn< 

.  .  .  mm 

200 
6000 
5425 
11000 
95 
40 
575 
1600 
25.5 
5.1 
145.5 
539.5 
505 
474.5 
445.5 
419 
1409.4 
1237.4 
1090.3 
961.1 
850.1 
22.43 
19.69 
17.35 
15.30 
13.53 
4.49 
3.94 
3.47 
3.06 
2.71 

40.5 
36.5 
33 
30 
27.5 
25 

25  +  23 
25  +  18.5' 

25+14 
25+10 
25+   5.5 
25+  0 

200 
7000 
6425 
12500 
95 
40 
605 
1773 
28.25 
5.65 
142 
567.5 
532 
498.7 
468 
439.7 
1559.5 
1370.5 
1204.3 
1060.6 
936.2 
24.82 
21.81 
19.17 
16.88 
14.90 
4.96 
4.36 
3.83 
3.38 
2.98 

43.5 
39.5 
36 
32.5 
29.5 
27 

25  +  26.5 
25  +  22 

25  +  18 
25  +  13 

25+  9 
25+  4.5 

209.3 
6280 
5670 
12500 
108 
45 
575 
1820 
27.68 
5.29 
145.6 
541 
509 
479 
451.5 
426.4 
1611.1 
1426.1 
1263 
1122.2 
1000.8 
24.50 
21.69 
19.21 
17.07 
15.22 
4.68 

<:» 

3.67 
3.26 
2.91 

42 
38 
35 
31.5 
29 
26.5 

25  +  24.5 
25  +  20 

25  +  16 

25  +  12 
25+  8 

25+4 

209.3 
7330 
6720 
14000 
108 
45 
605 
2014.8 
30.64 
5.86 
144 
568.8 
535.2 
503.3 
473.8 
447 
1780.9 
1576.7 
1394.4 
1235.7 
1099.8 
27.09 
23.98 
21.26 
18.79 
16.73 
5.18 
4.58 
4.05 
3.59 
3.20 

45 
41 
37.5 

x       M 

31 

28.5 

25  +  28.5 
25  +  23.5 
25+19.5 
25+15 
25  +  11 
25+  7 

240 
7200 
6480 
19000 
160 
65 
575 
2700 
35.8 
5.96 
142 
544 
514.7 
487 
461 
437.5 
2415 
2165 
1934.2 
1732 
1561 
32.01 
28.65 
25.65 
22.99 
20.71 
5.34 
4.78 
4.28 
3.83 
3.45 

47.5 
43.5 
40 
37 
34 
31.5 

30  +  26.5 
30  +  21.5 
30  +  17.5 
30  +  13 
30+  8.5 
30+  3.5 

240 
8400 
7680 
21500 
160- 
65 
605 
2985 
39.8 
6.6 
139 
572.5 
541.5 
512.6 
485 
459.3 
2673 
2391.4 
2143 
1918.4 
1720.5 
35.  fl 
31.72 
28.  J 
25.  J 
22.88 
5. 
5. 
4. 
4. 
3. 

51 
47 
43. 
40 
36. 
34 

30  +  31 
30  +  26 
30+21. 
30+17 
30  +  12. 
30+  8 

gth 

«i 

)f  gun 

..  kg 

)f  steel  si 
?  charge 
elocity 

lell  " 

m 

total.... 
per  cm.  c 
per  cm2, 
per  10001 

ng  velo- 
•  steel 

-      1 

total    - 

per  cm. 
of 
circum- 
ference 

per  cm2 
of  cross  - 
section 

striking 
t  angles 
jel  shell 
ates      a 
it    Iron-  ' 
fthefol- 
thick- 

alates  of 
ollowing  • 
;ss 

mt 

>f  circumference  ...   " 
of  cross  section  " 
eg  of  weight  of  gun  .   '  ' 
fot  500m  m 
"  1000  "  u 

!"  1500"  " 

"2000"  " 
11  2500  "               ..." 

'  "   500  "  mt 

"1000"  " 

"1500"             ..." 

"  2000  "  " 

.  "2500"  " 
•  "    500  "  " 

"1000"  " 

"1500"  " 

"2000"                      " 

"2500"  " 

'  "    500  "                      " 

"  1000  "  " 

"1500"  " 
"2000"  "  4 
(  "  2500  "        .       ..." 

'at  the  muzzle  at  a 
distance,  cm 
of  500m         " 
"  1000  " 
"  1500  " 

"2000"            "         " 
u  2500  u            „         ., 

at  the  muzzle  at  a 
distance,  cm 
of  500m         "        " 
"  1000  "           "         " 
"1500" 
"2000" 
"  2500  " 

KRUPP  S    COAST   AND    NAVAL   GUNS. 


437 


IVKUPP'S  CAST-STEEL  COAST  AND  NAVAL  GUNS  OF  30  AND  35  CALIBRES 

LENGTH — (CONTINUED.) 


26  cm. 


28  cm. 


."•<'      cm. 


Of 

•  30  calibres 
length 


Calibre 

Total  length 

Length  of  bore 

Weight  of  gun 

Weight  of  steel  shell 

Battering  charge 

Muzzle-velocity 

f total 

^  j  per  cm.  of  circumf  ei-ence . . . 

1  per  cm2,  of  cross  section 

[  per  1000  kg  of  weight  of  gun . 
fof  500m... 


kg 


Energy 


.Remaining  velo- 
city of  steel 
shell 


total    -j 


Energy 


per  cm. 

of 

circum- 
ference 


1000" 
1500" 
2000" 
2500" 

500" 
1000" 
1500" 
2000" 
2500" 

500" 
1000" 
1500" 
2000" 
2500" 

500" 
1000" 
1500  " 
2000" 
2500" 


mt 


per  cm" 
of  cross  -J 
section   I 
I  t 

"When    striking  fat  the  muzzle  at  a 
at  right  angles  distance, 

'the  steel  shell  ]  of   m  m 
penetrates       a 
wrought    Iron- 


Plate  of  the  fol- 
lowing thick- 
ness 


Or  two  plates  of 
the     following 

thickness 


1000 
1500 
2000 
2500 


260 
7800 
7020 
25000 
205 
83 
575 
3454.5 
42.29 
6.51 
138 
546.8 
519.9 
494.4 
470.1 
447 
3123.5 
2*24.1 
2553.5 
2308.7 
2087.5 
38.24 
34.57, 
81.26! 
28.26 
25.56 
5.88 
5.32 
4.81 
4.35 
3.93! 

51.5 

48 

44.5 

41.5 

38 

35.5 


Of  Of  Of  Of  Of 

35  calibres   30  calibres   35  calibres   30  calibres   35  calibres 

length.         length.         length.         length.         length. 


260 

9100 

8320 

28100 

205 

83 

605 

3824.4 
46.82 
7.20 
136 
575.9 
547 
520.1 
494.6 
470.3 
3458 
3126.5 
2826.8 
2556 
2311.3 
42. ^3 
38.28 
34.61 
31.29 
28.29 
6.51 
5.89 
5.32 
4.81 
4.35 

56 

51.5 

48 

44.5 

41.5 


280 

8400 

7560 

&3200 

255 

m 

575 

4297 


120.6 

548.6 

523.5 

499.4 

476.5 

454.7 

3912 

3561.2 

3242 

2951.3 

2686.7 

44.47 

40.48 

36.85 

33.55 

30.62 

6.  .35 

5.78 

5.27 

4.79 

4.37 

55.5 
51.5 

48 
44.5 
41.5 
38.5 


280 

9800 

8960 

37300 

255 

103 

605 

4757.3 

54.08 

7.73 

l->7.5 

577.3 

530.8 

525.5 

501.4 

478.4 

4330.8 

3942.5 

35S9.1 

3267.3 

2974.4 

49.23 

44.82 

40.80 

37.14 

33.81 

7.03 

6.40 

5.83 

5.31 

4.83 


56 

52 

48.5 

45 

42 


305 

9150 

8220 

42900 

329 


575 
5544.2 

57.86 
7.59 
129 

550. 7. i 

527.4 

505.1  ' 

483.8  I 

463.3  ! 

5085.3  j 

4664.5  j 

4278.5  ' 

3924.4 

3509.6 

53.70 

48.68 

44.65 

40.961 

37.57 

6.96 

6.38 

5.86 

5.37 

4.821 

60.5  i 
56.5  ' 
53 

49.5 
46.5  : 


305 

10700 

9770 

48400 

329 

132 

605 

6137.9 
64.05 
8.40 
127 
579.4 
554.9 
531.5 
509 
487.5 
5629.9 
5164 
4736.7 
4:334.7 
"3985 
58.75 
53.89 
49.43 
45.34 
41.59 
7.71 
7.07 
6.48 
5.95 
5.45 


61 

56.5 

53.5 

50 

47 


at  the  muzzle  at  a 

distance. cm  135  +  26.5    35  +  31.5    38  +  26.5    38  +  32.5   40  +  34       40  +  37 
of   500m 


1000 
1500 
2000 
2500 


:r>  — 21.5  .35  +  26.5  38  +  23 

35  +  17  35  +  21.5  38  +  18 

35  +  12.5  35  +  17  38-fl3 

35+   7.5  35  +  12.5  38+   8 

354.  2  35+   7.5  38+  2.5 


38  +  27  40+26.5  40  +  32.5 

!38  +  23.5  40  +  21.5  40  +  27.5 

138  +  18.5  40  +  17  40  +  23 

;38  +  13.5  40+13  40  +  18 

38+  8.5  40+  7  40+13.5 


438 


KRUPP'S    COAST   AND   NAVAL   GUNS. 


KRUPP'S  CAST-STEEL  COAST  AND  NAVAL  GUNS  OF  30  AND  35  CALIBEES 

LENGTH — (CONTINUED.) 


35^  cm.                            40 

cm. 

Of 
30  calibre* 
length. 

Of                      Of 
35  calibres       30  calibres 
length.             length. 

Of 
35  calibre* 
length.. 

Calibre 
Total  lei 
Length 
Weight 
Weight 
Batterin 
Muzzle-\ 

Remaini 
city  o 
sh 

Energy 

When 
at  righ 
the  st< 
penetr 
wroug! 
Plate  o 
lowing 
ness 

Or  two  ] 
the     f 
thickn< 

.  .  mm 

355 
10650 
9510 
68000 
525 
210 
575 
8847 

79.  as. 

8.94 
129 
.554.3 
534.$ 
515.1 
496.6 
478.7 
8221.5 
7640.2 
7099.8 
6598 
6131.3 
73.72 
68.50 
63.66 
59.16 
54.97 
8.31 
7.72 
7.17 
6.67 
6.19 
70.5 
67 
63.5 
60 
57 
54 
50  +  34 
50  +  29 
50  +  24 
50  +  19 
50+14.5 
50+  9 

355 
12400 
11260 
76500 
525 
210 
605 
9794.5 
87.82 
9.  CO 
127 
583*.  2 
562.2 
542 
522.5 
503.6 
9101.8 
8458.2 
7860.2 
7304.3 
6787.8 
81.61 
75.84 
70.48 
65.49 
60.86 
9.20 
8.55 
7.94 
7.38 
6.86 
76.5 
72.5 
68.5 
64.5 
61 
58 
50  +  40.5 
50  +  35.5 
50  +  30.5 
50  +  26 
50  +  21 
50  +  16 

400 
12000 
10700 
97200 
740 
295 
575 
12470 
99.23 
9.92 
128.5 
556.3 
538.2 
520.8 
503.8 
487.5 
11673 
10927 
10228 
9574.6 
8962.6 
92.89 
86.95 
81.40 
76.19 
71.32 
9.29 
8.70 
8.14 
7.62 
7.13 
79 
75 
71.5 
68 
65 
62 
60  +  32.5 
60  +  27.5 
60  +  22.5 
60  +  17.5 
60+12 
60+  5.5 

400 
14000 
12700 
109500 
740 
295 
605. 
13805 
109.86? 
10'.  991 
126.5 
585.4   1 
566.  a 
547.  9» 
530.1    - 
512.9 
12923 
12C97 
11888 
10599 
9922.3 
102.84 

96.  aj 

90.11 
84.35 
78.96 
10.2* 
9.63. 
9.01 
8.44 
7.90 
85.5 
81 
77 
73 
70 
66.5- 
60  +  41 
60  +  35.5 
60  +  30.5 
60  +  25.5 
60  +  20 
60  +  15.     ' 

igth 

jf  bore 

44 

3f  gun 

..  kg 

3f  steel  s 
g  charge 
'elocity 

hell  

44 

.  .   m 

"  total  .  . 
per  cm. 
per  cm2 
per  1000 

ng  velo- 
r  steel 
ell 

' 
total    - 

per  cm. 
of 
circum- 
ference 

per  cm2 
of  cross 
section 

striking 
t  angles 
*el  shell 
ates      a 
it    Iron-  * 
fthefol- 
thick- 

olates  of 
ollowing  ' 
?ss 

.  .  mt 

of  circumference 

m 

of  cross  section            

kg  of  weight  of  gun  

C  of   500  m                      » 

"  1000  " 

"  1500  " 

44 

"2000"        

mt 

i     "  2500"  

f    "   500  " 

"  1000  " 

"  1500  "                      

"2000"  
"  2500  " 

r  "  500  " 

44 

"  1000  "        

44 

"  1500  "  

44 

"  2000  " 

.        " 

"2500"                 

f    "    500  " 

44 

"  1000  "                                .   . 

.        " 

"  1500  "                 

"  2000  " 

44 

"  2500  " 

4, 

at  the  muzzle  at  a  distance, 
of  500m 
"  1000" 
"1500" 
"2000" 
"2500" 
at  the  muzzle  at  a  distance, 
of   500m 
"  1000  " 
"  1500" 
"2000" 
"  2500  " 

..cm 
.  .cm 

INDEX. 


PAGE 

Alabama  and  Hatteras.  duel 170 

Kearsarge,  "      171 

Architectural  Development— Unarmored  fleets 361 

Conditions  affecting  English 361 

French 362 

United  States 362 

Chart  of  372 

Armored  fleets 386 

Argentine  Confederation  Fleets,  Table  of 3 

Description  of 4 

Ordnance,  Description  of 180 

Type  of  small-arms  used 311 

Personnel 399 

Armor — Table  of  penetration  of  English  guns . .  ...  319 

French     "     321 

German   "     320 

Krupp's  new  long  guns 435 

Application  of 395 

Armstrong  Breech-loaders,  Table  of  measurements  of  182 

Description  of 193,  194 

Muzzle-loaders,  Description  of 192-194 

Projectiles 209 

Fuses ., 211 

Grooves  ! 192 

Assaults— Fort  Sumter 160 

Fisher 160 

Corean  Forts 161 

Assimilated  Rank— Grades  of  Austrian  officers 402 

Brazilian  officers 406 

English  officers 410 

French  officers 416 

United  States  officers 431 

Atlanta  and  Weehawken,  duel 171 

Austrian  Fleets,  Armored,  Table  of 5 

General-service,  Table  of 9 

Armored  vessels.  Ratios  of  elements 390 

Ordnance,  Table  of 177 

Description  of  , 180 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Personnel,  Departmental  organization  of 400 

Names  of  grades 400 

Inscription  and  instruction 401 

Relative  rank 402 

Cadre ....  400 


440  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Austrian  cruising  stations 405 

Budgets 434 

Bellerophon,  Construction  of  iron  hull  of 382 

Boat-carriages—English 197 

French 335 

German 263 

United  States 289 

Bombardments— Callao 149 

Danube  Earthworks 149 

Fort  Darling 142 

Donelson 142 

Fisher 147 

Henry 140 

Hindman 144 

Jackson  and  St.  Philip 152 

McAllister 147 

Sumter 151 

Wagner 146 

Grand  Gulf  Earthworks 144 

Hateras  Inlet 139 

Hilton  Head 140 

Kagosima 146 

Roanoke  Island 141 

Simonoseki  . .  145 

Bouvet  and  Meteor,  duel 172 

Brazil,  Construction  of  iron  hull  of 380 

Brazilian  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 10 

Description  of 11 

Unarmored,  Table  of 18 

Ordnance,  Description  of 180 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Personnel,  Departmental  organization  of 405 

Grades  and  relative  rank 406 

Cadre 407 

Cruising  stations 407 

Budget 434 

Breech-loaders— Armstrong 193 

French,  model  1870 225 

model  1864 228 

Finspong  276 

German 244 

Krupp's  new  long  guns,  table  of  measurements 435 

United  States 285 

Whitworth 218 

Breech  Mechanism— Armstrong,  original 193 

improved 195 

French,  model  1870 226 

model  1864 229 

Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon 306 

Gatling  machine-gun 309 

Krupp  cylindro-prismatic 246 

Small-arms 311 

United  States 287 

Whitworth 218 

Brooks's  torpedo  for  harbor  defence. 345 

Brookwell  broadside  gun-carriage 250 

Cadre— Argentine  Navy 399 

Austrian       "     400 

Brazilian      "     .  407 


INDEX.  441 

PAGE 

•Cadre— Chilian  Navy   407 

Danish         "     433 

Dutch          "     422 

English       "     411 

French        "     417 

German      "     419 

Greek          "     433 

Italian        "    424 

Japanese    " 425 

Norwegian  " . .  426 

Portuguese  Navy 433 

Russian  " 426 

Spanish  "     428 

Swedish  "     426 

Turkish  " 429 

United  States  "    432 

Cartridges— English 207 

French 236 

Charleston  blockaders,  Dash  at 166 

Chart  of  architectural  development 372 

Chilian  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 13 

Description  of 13 

General-service,  Table  of 13 

Ordnance,  Description  of 181 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Personnel,  Departmental  organization  of 407 

Cadre 407 

Chinese  Fleet,  Table  of 16 

Description  of 16 

Ordnance,  Description  of 181 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Personnel 408 

Compressors— Elswick 201 

Bow 202 

English  hydraulic 203-206 

French  friction 231 

Brookwell 250 

Vavasseur 220 

German  hydraulic 257-263 

United  States  boat-carriage 289 

central  recoil-check 295 

hydraulic , 296 

Ericsson's  friction 296 

turret-carriage ^ 

English  wooden  slide-carriage 196 

German  boat-carriage 264 

Construction,  Ship,  Development  of 3* 

Wooden 3?4 

Diagonal ^ 

Composite 377 

Iron 379 

Iron  sheathed  with  wood * 

Iron  hull  of  Brazil 

Warrior 381 

Bellerophon 

Hercules 

Invincible 

Gun— Palliser 

Armstrong 


442  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Construction,  Gun  —  Whitworth 218 

Vavasseur 219 

Woolwich 186- 

Krupp 244 

Finspong 375 

American  smooth-bore 283 

Uchatius 180 

American  converted 285 

French    225 

Cruising  Stations,  Squadron— Argentine 400 

Austrian 405 

Brazilian 407 

Dutch 422 

English 412- 

French 417 

Italian 424 

Russian 426 

Spanish 429 

United  States 432 

Dashes— Passes  of  the  Mississippi 165 

Vicksburg  (Arkansas  passing  Farragut's  fleet) 166 

Charleston  blockading  fleet 166 

Monitor  and  Merrimac 170 

Alabama  and  Hatteras 170 

Weehawken  and  Atlanta 171 

Kearsarge  and  Alabama 171 

Meteor  and  Bouvet 172: 

Denmark  Fleet,  Armored 17 

General-service 18 

Ordnance,  Description  of 181 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Personnel,  Departmental  organization  of 433 

Budgets 434 

Directing-bar  Carriage— French 234 

United  States 293 

Distinguishing  marks  of  English  projectiles 216 

Distribution  of  armor 395 

Elevating-gear—Woolwich  rack  and  pinion 201 

boat-gun 197 

hydraulic 205 

French 231,  233,  234 

German  rack  and  pinion 252 

boat-gun 250 

United  States  boat-gun 289 

breech-loader 29& 

smooth-bore 293 

Hotchhiss  revolving  cannon 306- 

Gatling  machine-gun 308 

English  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 20 

Description  of 23 

Fast  cruisers,  Table  of 36 

Description  of 42 

General-service,  Table  of 48 

Ordnance,  Table  of  measurements  of 182 

Description  of 186 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Revolving  turret 358 

Conditions  affecting  architectural  development 361 

Ratios  of  elements  of  iron-clad  vessels ...  390- 


INDEX.  443 

PAGE. 

English  Personnel— Departmental  organization 40g 

Dock-j-ards 409 

Enlistment 409 

Grades  and  relative  rank 410 

Coast-guard 411 

Cadre 411 

Royal  Naval  College 411 

Gunnery  and  torpedo  instruction 411 

Naval  reserve 411 

Probationary  course  of  young  officers 412 

Indian  navy 412 

Cruising  stations 412 

Budgets 434 

Ericsson— Torpedo  vessel 33g 

Development  of  Monitor 386 

Turret  gun-carriage 298 

Broadside  slide-carriage 297 

Revolving  turret 357 

Field-carriages— United  States 289 

English 196 

French 236 

German 264 

Finspong  breech-loader 276 

Fleets— Architectural  development  of  armored 389 

unarmored * 361 

Argentine 3 

Austrian 5 

Brazilian 10 

Chilian 13 

Chinese 16 

Danish 17 

Dutch 84 

English : 20 

French 51 

German 73 

Greek '. 82 

Italian 90 

Japanese 98 

Norwegian 99 

Peruvian 103 

Portuguese 104 

Russian 106 

Spanish 116 

Swedish 99 

Turkish 121 

United  States 128 

French  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 51 

Description  of 55 

Rapid  cruisers,  Table  of 62 

Description  of 65 

General-service,  Table  of 70 

Ordnance,  Table  of  measurements  of 221 

Description  of 225 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Towing  torpedo 333 

Revolving  turret 359 

Barbette  fixed  turret 360 

Conditions  affecting  architectural  develr >pment 362 

Ratio  of  elements  of  iron-clad  vessels  ...  390 


444  INDEX. 

PAGE 

French — Wooden  hulls,  superiority  over  English  iron  ones 392 

Personnel— Departmental  organization 412 

Maritime  prefectures 414 

Enlistment  and  inscription 415 

Grades  and  assimilated  rank 416 

Official  reports 416 

Promotion 41? 

Cadre 417 

Cruising  stations 41? 

Budgets 434 

Fuses— Boxer  time 

Armstrong  time 211 

Pettman  percussion 

French  percussion ? 238 


German  percussion 266 

Krupp  time 267 

United  States  Navy  time 302 

Borrmann  time 303 

Boxer  time 303 

Schenkel  percussion -V- 304 

Torpedo  time 347 

McEvoy's  time • 347 

percussion 348 

Hill's  chemical 348 

friction 348 

sulphuric-acid 349 

Harvey's  chemical 349 

electric 349 

Oas-checks— Woolwich  projectile 210 

•      French 227-229 

Armstrong,  original 194 

improved 195 

Broadwell 246-248 

Catling  machine-gun 308 

•General  Actions— Memphis 163 

Heligoland 163 

Lissa 164 

Point  Tetas .173 

Oerman  Fleets,  Armored,  Table  of 73 

Description  of 75 

Fast  cruisers,  Table  of 80 

General-service,  Table  of 81 

Ordnance,  Table  of  measurements. 241 

Description  of 244 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Ratios  of  elements  of  iron-clad  vessels 390 

Personnel— Departmental  organization 418 

Inscription 419 

Cadre 419 

Grades 419 

Fleet  divisions 421 

Budgets 434 

Grades— Officers  of  navy  of  Argentine  Confederation 399 

Austria 400 

Brazil 406 

England 410 

France 416 

Germany 419 


INDEX.  445 

Grades— Officers  of  navy  of  Holland 431 

Italy 42-j 

Spain 427 

United  States 431 

Grand  Gulf,  Bombardment  of  earthworks  of 144 

Greek  Fleet,  Table  of 83 

Description  of 83. 

Ordnance,  Description  of 278 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Departmental  organization 433 

Budgets 434 

Grooves— French Ig7 

French  modified 187 

Woolwich  . .   187 

English  plain 187 

Armstrong,  for  breech-loader 192 

shunt 192 

French,  model  1870 228 

Krupp v 245 

Parrott 288 

Dahlgren 288 

Whitworth 219, 

Guns— Muzzle-loaders:  Woolwich 186 

English  converted 189 

Armstrong 192-194 

French 229 

United  States  smooth-bore 283 

converted 285 

Parrott 285 

Breech-loaders:  Armstrong,  original * 193 

improved , 195 

French,  model  1870 225 

model  186 228 

Krupp,  government  pattern 244 

new  long 43S 

Finspong 276 

United  States 287 

Penetration  of  English,  in  armor  targets 319 

German,  "      320 

French,  "      321 

Krupp's  new  long 435 

Gun-carriages— Field:  English 196 

French 236 

German 264 

United  States 289 

Boat:  English 197 

French 235 

German 263 

United  States 289 

Turret :  English 203 

French, 232 

German 263 

Razkazoff  depression 279 

Ericsson's 298 

Broadside :  French  slide 230 

directing-bar 234 

Vavasseur 220 

German  Brookwell 219 

slide 251 


446  INDEX. 

PAGE 

•Gun-carriages— Broadside :  German  half -slide 259 

United  States  Marsilly 292 

directing-bar 293 

slide 296 

Ericsson's  slide 296 

United  States  friction-drum 299 

Mitrailleuse:  French 236 

Hotchkiss 306 

Gatling 308 

French  centre  pivot 233 

German     "         "      260 

United  States  pivot 295 

-Gun-locks— United  States  cannon 305 

Gatling 309 

Gunpowder— English 206 

French 236 

German 265 

United  States 299 

Harvey  towing  torpedo 331 

JHatteras  Inlet,  Bombardment  of 139 

Heligoland,  Action  off 163 

Hercules.  Construction  of  iron  hull  of 383 

Herreshoff  torpedo-boat •„ 341 

Hilton  Head,  Bombardment  of 140 

Holland  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 84 

Description  of 86 

Unarmored,  Table  of 88 

Ordnance,  Description  of 272 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Personnel  —  Departmental  organization 421 

Grades 421 

Cadre 422 

Cruising  stations 422 

Budgets 434 

Hotchkiss  machine-gun 305 

projectiles 806 

magazine  rifle 315 

Hydraulic  Compressors— English 203-206 

German 257-263 

•United  States 296 

Loading  apparatus,  English 205 

Gun-lift.  English 205 

Inscription,  Maritime— Austrian 401 

French 415 

German 419 

Italian 423 

Japanese 425 

Spanish 429 

Invincible,  Construction  of  iron  hull  of 388 

Iron-clads  versus  wooden  vessels— Hampton  Roads 167 

Roanoke  River 167 

Albemarle  Sound 168 

Black  Sea 168 

Ylo 169 

Iquique  Harbor 169 

Italian  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 90 

Description  of v : 91 

Fast  cruisers,  Table  of 94 

General-service,  Table  of 95 


INDEX.  447 

PAGE 

Italian  Ordnance,  Table  of  measurements  of 269 

Description  of 272 

Types  and  calibres  of 317 

Personnel— Departmental  organization 422 

Grades 422 

Inscription 423 

Cadre 424 

Budgets 434 

-Japanese  Fleets,  Armored,  Table  of 96 

Description  of 97 

Unarmored,  Table  of 97 

Ordnance,  Description  of 272 

Types  and  calibres  of 318 

Personnel— Departmental  organization 424 

Dock-yards 424 

Cadre 425 

Inscription  and  enlistment 425 

Budgets 434 

Kagosima,  Bombardment  of 146 

Kearsarge  and  Alabama,  duel 171 

Xrupp  Guns— Standard  German,  Measurements  of 242 

New  long  guns  of  30  to  35  calibres 435 

Description  of  standard  German 244 

Groove 245 

Lay's  torpedo .- 329 

Lewis's  torpedo 343 

Lissa,  Battle  of 164 

Loading-gear,  English  hydraulic 205 

Loading-plate—French 239 

German 249 

United  States 287 

Machine-guns— Gatling 308 

Hotchkiss 305 

Nordenfeldt 276 

Palmcrantz 276 

Marine  Infantry  and  Artillery— Argentine 399 

Brazilian 407 

Chilian 407 

Dutch 422 

English 411 

French 417 

German 420 

Italian 424 

Spanish 428 

Turkish 429 

United  States 432 

Memphis,  Action  off 163 

Menzing  towing- torpedo 333 

Meteor  and  Bouvet,  duel 172 

Mitrailleuse,  French 230 

Monitor  and  Merrimac,  duel 170 

Muzzle-loading  Guns— Woolwich 186 

Armstrong 192 

Whitworth    218 

Vavasseur 219 

French 229 

United  States  smooth-bore 283 

rifles 285 

dipping-gear,  Scott's 202 


448  INDEX. 

PAGET 

Nipping-gear—French 233 

German 255 

Vavasseur  220 

Nordenf  eldt  machine-gun 276 

Norwegian  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 99 

Description  of 100 

Unarmored,  Table  of 101 

Ordnance,  Table  of  measurements  of 273 

Description  of 276 

Types  and  calibres  of 318 

Personnel— Departmental  organization 425 

Enlistment 425 

Cadre 426 

Budgets 434 

Ordnance— Argentine 180 

Austrian 177,  317 

Brazilian 180,  317 

Chilian .181,  317 

Chinese 181, 317 

Danish 181, 317 

Dutch * 272,317 

English 182,  317 

French ,  * 221, 317 

German 241, 317 

Greek 272,  317 

Italian 269, 317 

Japanese 272, 318 

Norwegian 273,  318 

Peruvian 279, 318 

Portuguese 279,  318 

Russian ' . .  -277,  318 

Spanish 280, 318 

Swedish 273,318 

Turkish 280,  318 

United  States 281,  318 

Palliser  gun-construction 217" 

projectiles 208 

Palmcranz  machine-gun 276 

Passage  of  Forts— Jackson  and  St.  Philip 154 

Yicksburg  (up  stream) 156 

(down  stream) 159- 

Port  Hudson  Earthworks 156 

Morgan 157' 

Passes  of  the  Mississippi,  dash 165 

Penetration  of  Armor— English  guns 319 

French     "     321 

German   "    320- 

Krupp's  new  30  and  35  calibre  guns 435 

Personnel— Argentine  Confederation 399 

Austrian 400 

Brazilian 405 

Chilian 407 

Chinese 408 

Danish 433 

Dutch 421 

English 408 

French 412 

German 418 

Greek...  43S 


INDEX.  449 

PAGE 

Personnel— Italian 422 

Japanese. .   424 

Norwegian 435 

Peruvian 433 

Portuguese 433 

Russian 426 

Spanish 427 

Swedish 425 

Turkish 429 

United  States , 430 

Peruvian  Fleet,  Description  of 103 

Ordnance,  Description  of 279 

Types  and  calibres  of 318 

Personnel,  Departmental  organization  of 433 

Point  Tetas,  Action  off 173 

Portuguese  Fleet — Armored  corvette 104 

Unarmored  fleet,  Table  of , 105 

Ordnance,  Description  of 279 

Types  and  calibres  of 318 

Personnel— Departmental  organization 433 

Cadre 433 

Cruising  stations 43% 

Budgets 434 

Primers— English  friction 212 

electric 213 

French  percussion 239 

friction 239 

German  friction 267 

United  States  percussion 304 

friction 304 

Projectiles— Distinguishing  marks  of  English 216 

Woolwich 208 

Palliser 209 

Armstrong  segment 209 

German  "         265 

Whitworth 219 

French 237 

German 265 

United  States 299 

Hotchkiss 306 

Ratios  of  elements  of  iron-clad  vessels,  Table  of 390 

Razkazoff  depression  gun-carriage 279 

Roanoke  Island,  Bombardment  of 141 

Russian  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 106 

Description  of 108 

General-service,  Table  of 112 

Ordnance,  Table  of  measurements  of 277 

Description  of 279 

Types  and  calibres  of '•*> '  • ; 

Personnel — Departmental  organization 42(5 

Inscription 426 

Fleet  divisions 426 

Budgets 434 

Scott's  gun-carriage 200 

nipping-gear 202 

Sights-English 213 

French 239 

German 267 

United  States. ..  305 


450  INDEX. 

PACK 

Simonoseki,  Bombardment  of '. U"> 

Singer's  torpedo  for  harbor  defence 346 

Slides— English  upper-deck  gun 198 

ordinary  broadside 199 

heavy  broadside 200 

turret .' 205 

French  ordinary  broadside 232 

heavy  broadside 231 

barbette  turret 232,  360 

centre  pivot 234 

German  broadside 251 

heavy  pivot 257 

half         "      259 

centre     "       260 

United  States  ordinary  pivot 295 

heavy  broadside 296 

turret 298 

Slide-rollers—French 232 

German 255 

Small-arms— Snider 311 

Tabatiere 311 

Krnka ; 312 

Springfield 312 

Peabody-Martini 313 

Werndl 313 

Mauser  314 

Le  Gras 314 

Berdan 315 

Hotchkiss  magazine 315 

Remington *. 315 

Spanish  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 116 

Description  of 117 

Uuarmored,  Table  of 118 

Description  of 120 

Ordnance,  Description  of... 280 

Types  and  calibres  of 318 

Personnel—  Departmental  organization 427 

Grades 427 

Cadre ..428 

Inscription 429 

Cruising  stations 429 

Budgets : 434 

Sumter,  Bombardment  of. , 151 

Assault  of 160 

Swedish  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 99 

Description  of * 100 

Unarmored,  Table  of 101 

Ordnance,  Table  of  measurements  of. ...  273 

Description  of 276 

Types  and  calibres  of 318 

Personnel —  Departmental  organization 425 

Enlistment -125 

Cadre I--1'1. 

Budgets 434 

Thorneycroft  torpedo-boat 339 

Torpedoes- Whitehead !^> 

Lay 329 

Harvey  towing 331 

Menzing      "      333 


INDKX.  451 

PAGR 

Torpedoes— French  towing :«? 

American  spar 334 

Wood  .and  Lay's  spar :5.Ti 

Lewis's  drifting. 348 

Frame 345 

Bn  ><>ks's  channel 845 

Singer's        "        346 

Barrel          "        346 

( 'learing  channels  of :dO 

Torpedo  Boats— Thorneycroft 339 

Yarrow 340 

1  Irrreshoff 341 

Submarine 343 

Launches 342 

Vessels— Pietro  Micca 94,  336 

Rau 102-a37 

Vesuvius 47,  337 

Ziethen 337 

Uzreef 337 

Alarm 130,  337 

Intrepid 139,  388 

Destroyer £38 

Uhlan 339 

Fuses— Time 347 

MeEvoy's  time 347 

Hill's 348 

McEvoy's  percussion 348 

Friction 348 

Sulphuric-acid % 349 

Harvey's .' 349 

Electric 349 

Actions— Shah  and  Huascar 351 

Russian  boats  off  Batoum 351 

Constantine  and  Turkish  vessel 352 

Cushing's  attack  on  Albemarle 352 

Russian  attack  on  Duba  Saife 352 

at  Sulina 888 

Rustschuk ar>3 

Soukum  Kaleh 353 

Confederate  attack  on  Minnesota 353 

Housatonic 353 

Training-gear—German  windlass •-•">•''• 

for  cabin  carriage 254 

heavy  slides 25H 

English  windlass 200 

rack  and  pinion 200 

French  rack  and  pinion 231 

barbette  slide 232 

centre  pivot 234 

United  States  rack  and  pinion 296 

Turkish  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 121 

Description  of 123 

Unarmored,  Table  of 125 

Ordnance,  Description  of 280 

Types  and  calibres  of :51S 

Personnel  -Departmental  organization 429 

Inscription 429 

Cadre 429 

Budget I- 1 


452  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Turret  —  United  States  monitor 357' 

English  revolving 358 

French         "         35!) 

barbette 3GO 

Carriages:  French 232 

English 20:5 

German 203 

United  States 2f»8 

Uchatius  gun-construction 180 

United  States  Fleet,  Armored,  Table  of 128 

Description  of  129 

Unarmored,  Table  of 131 

Description  of 134 

Ordnance,  Table  of  measurements  of 281 

Description  of 283 

Types  and  calibres  of 318 

Conditions  affecting  architectural  development 362 

Ratios  of  elements  of  monitor  Onondaga 391 

Monitor  turret 357 

Personnel — Departmental  organization 430 

Dock-yards 430 

Grades  and  assimilated  rank 431 

Cadre -I3S 

Enlistment 432 

Cruising  station 432 

Budgets 434 

Spar-torpedo 334 

Vavasseur  construction 219 

compressor 220 

nipping-gear 220 

Vents-French 227 

Armstrong  B.  L 193 

German 248 

United  States 287 

Vent-guards,  French 240 

Vicksburg,  Dash  of  the  Arkansas  past  Farragut's  fleet 166 

Wads— English  papier  mach6 210 

French  sea-weed 238 

Warrior,  Construction  of  iron  hull  of 381 

Weehawken  and  Atlanta,  duel 171 

Whitehead  torpedo 325 

Whitworth  gun-construction 218 

groove 219 

projectiles 219 

breech  mechanism 218 

Windlass  for  in  and  out  gear— English 200 

German 253 

Wood  scale,  English 213,  216 

Woolwich— Description  of  guns 186 

Measurements  of  guns  182 

Groove 187 

Projectiles 208 

Yarrow  torpedo-boat 340 


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